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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 i
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 ii
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 iii
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
I. COURSE NUMBER : GE 3
II. DESCRIPTIVE TITLE : Mathematics in the Modern World
III. CREDIT : 3 Units – 3 hours lecture per week
PRE-REQUISITES : NONE
IV. COURSE DESCRIPTION :

This course deals with nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical,

intellectual, and aesthetic dimensions, and application of mathematical tools
in daily life

The course begins with an introduction to the nature of mathematics as an

exploration of patterns (in nature and the environment) and as an application
of inductive and deductive reasoning. By exploring these topics, students are
encouraged to go beyond the typical understanding of mathematics as
merely a set of formulas but as a source of aesthetics in patterns of nature,
for example, and a rich language in itself (and of science) governed by logic
and reasoning.
The course then proceeds to survey ways in which mathematics provides a
tool for understanding and dealing with various aspects of present-day living,
such as managing personal finances, making social choices, appreciating
geometric designs, understanding codes used in data transmission and
security, and dividing limited resources fairly. These aspects will provide
opportunities for actually doing mathematics in a broad range of exercises
that bring out the various dimensions of mathematics as a way of knowing,
and test the students' understanding and capacity. (CMO No. 20, series of
2013)
V. COURSE MATRIX:
Desired Learning Outcomes Course Topics

MIDTERM

At the end of the unit, Unit 0: Vision, Mission, Core Values,

students must have: and Outcomes
1. Identified, described, explained 1. University vision, mission, core values and
and internalized the vision, outcomes
mission, core values of the 2. College of Education outcomes
university and the institutional 3. Degree outcomes
college/campus, degree and 4. Course outcomes
course outcomes.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
LO1: Discussed, summarized Unit 1. Mathematics in our World
and explored the patterns of 1.1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the
nature that could relate to World
mathematical concepts. 1.2 The Fibonacci Sequence
1.3 Mathematics for our World
 Identified patterns in nature
and regularities in the world.

 Determined the patterns in

the Fibonacci Sequence

 Reflected on the importance

of Mathematics in nature and
the world

LO2. Discussed the language Unit II. Mathematical Language and

and symbols of mathematics. Symbols
 Discussed the language, 2.1 Expression Vs Sentences
symbols and conventions of 2.2 The Language of Sets
mathematics 2.3 The Language of Relations and
Functions
LO3. Translated about 2.4 Elementary Logic
mathematics and 2.5 Formality
mathematical concepts, ideas
and principles using different
types of reasoning.
 Translated verbal phrase to
mathematical phrase and vice
versa.

LO4. Solved real-life problems Unit III. Problem Solving and

involving patterns, Reasoning
recreational and non-routine 3.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
problems 3.2 Intuition, Proof and Certainty
 Wrote clear and logical proofs. 3.3 Polya’s Four-Steps in Problem Solving
3.4 Problem Solving Strategies
 Solved problems involving 3.5 Problem Solving with Patterns
patterns and recreational 3.6 Recreational and Non-Routine Problems
problems following Polya’s four
steps;.

LO5. Organized methods and

approaches for proving and
solving problems.
Used different types of reasoning
to justify statements and
arguments made about
mathematics and mathematical
concepts.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 At the end of the examination,
the students must have:
Achieved 75% from the  Midterm Examination
Midterm examination

FINALS

LO6. Applied variety of Unit IV. Descriptive Statistics

statistical tools to process and 1. Measures of central tendency and
manage numerical data. dispersion (Grouped and Ungrouped Data)
 Solve for the measure of central 1.1 Mean
tendency and dispersion 1.2 Median
1.3 Mode
 Solve problems involving
measures of central tendency
and dispersion.

 Solve problems involving the Unit V. Normal Distribution

normal curve distribution.

 Use a variety of statistical tools Unit VI.

to process and manage
numerical data 1. Regression
 Apply the use of statistical data 2. Correlation
in making important decision 3. Chi-Square
 Make an interpretation, decision 4. Hypothesis Testing,
and conclusion of a research
problem
At the end of the examination,
the students must have:
 Final Examination
Achieved 75% from the Final
examination

VI. COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

1. Passed long exam (Midterm and Final Exam)
2. Passed Quizzes
3. Submitted work sheets (problem-based learning
worksheets/performance task)
4. Submit problem sets and activities
VII. GRADING SYSTEM:
MIDTERM GRADE TENTATIVE FINAL
Class Standing = 60 % Class standing = 60%
Quizzes = 15% Quizzes = 15%
Activities = 15% Activities = 15%
Performance Task = 30% Performance Task = 30%
Mid-term exam = 40% Final Exam =40%
100% 100%

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 vii
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Unit 1 MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this unit, the students must be able to:

1. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world;

2. determine the patterns in numbers and in the Fibonacci sequence;
3. Solve problems involving different number patterns;
4. Create a synthesis about the importance of Mathematics in nature and the
world.

INTRODUCTION

Mathematics exists everywhere and is applied from the

simplest to the most complex activities or problem we encounter
in our daily lives. For instances like paying for our bills, measuring
the right amount of ingredients needed in cooking, constructing
houses, buildings and bridges and etc. This is one subject thought
as the sole objective language that we in the modern world
understand each other.
Merriam dictionary defines mathematics as the science of
numbers and their operations, interrelations, combinations,
generalizations, and abstractions and of space configurations of
their structure, measurement, transformations and
generalizations.
Mathematics came from an ancient word manthanein
means “to learn”. The Greek root mathesis means “knowledge” or
its other form máthema meaning science, knowledge, or learning,
and mathematikos or mathemata means “fond of learning”. These
might be the theory of the early mathematicians and philosophers
which lead them continue to seek for knowledge and truth.
Mathematics is not just about numbers. Much of it is
problem solving and reasoning- inductive and deductive. It also
discusses intuition, proof, and certainty. It utilizes Polya’s 4-step
in problem solving, varied problem solving strategies,
mathematical problems involving patterns and recreational
problem using mathematics.

"If people do not believe that mathematics is simple, it is only

because they do not realize how complicated life is." - John
von Neumann

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
LESSON 1: Patterns in Nature and the
World W

Patterns in Nature and the

Regularities in the World

What is a Pattern?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

According to Ian Stewart (1995), we live in a universe of

patterns. Everyday the sun moves in cycle from east to west. No two
fingerprints are ever exactly the same. Snowflakes are unique but
they all have six-fold symmetry. Tigers and Zebras are covered in
patterns of stripes, leopards and hyenas are covered in patterns of
spots. Intricate trains of waves march across the ocean; very similar
trains of sand dunes march across the desert. Colored arcs of light
adorn the sky in the form the rainbows, and a bright circular halo
sometimes surrounds the moon on winter nights. Spherical drops of
water fall from clouds. Mathematics is used in recognizing,
classifying, and exploiting patterns. By using mathematics to
organize and systematize our ideas about patterns we had
concluded that nature’s patterns are not just there to be admired,
they are the critical clues to the concept that determine natural
processes.

A regularity (Collins,2018), is the fact that the

same thing always happens in the same
circumstances.
Pattern is a discernible regularity in the world
or in a man-made design and the elements repeat
in a predictable manner.
Patterns in Nature (Wikipedia) are visible
regularities of form found in the natural world and
recur in different contexts and can sometimes be
modeled mathematically.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 SYMMETRY
Symmetry (dictionary.com) a
geometrical or other regularity that is
possessed by a mathematical object and is
characterized by the operations that leave
the object invariant. In everyday language,
it refers to a sense of harmonious and
beautiful proportion and balance. It is an
agreement in dimensions, due proportion,
http://teakes.blogspot.com/2009/10/sy
and an arrangement. mmetry-in-and-of-nature.html

SPIRAL
A spiral is a curve which turns around
some central point, getting further away, or
closer, as it goes. An example of a spiral
found in nature is a shell, it shows a
patterns that arranged in a approximately
https://sarahbrown001.wordpress.com/20
logarithmic spiral. 15/03/20/disasters/

MEANDER

A meander is a series of regular

sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or
windings in the channel of a river, stream,
or other watercourse. It is produced when
a river shifts its channel within a valley or
it swings from side to side as it flows
across its floodplain. https://laurasriverfeatures.weebly.com/mea
nders.html

WAVE

A wave is a disturbance that transfers

energy through matter or space, with little or
no associated mass transport. It consist of
oscillations or vibrations of a physical
medium or a field,around relatively fixed
locations. In water, surface waves show https://marshabalaeva.files.wordpress.com/20
13/11/powerful-waves7.jpg
water ripples.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 FOAM

Foam is a substance formed by

trapping pockets gas in a liquid
or solid. Examples are bath and
the head on a glass of beers. In
most foams, the volume of gas
is large, with thin films of liquid
https://ecstep.com/wp- or solid separating the regions of
content/uploads/2017/12/Natural-P- gas. Soap foams are also known
Foam-of-soap-bubbles-2-705x445.jpg as suds.

STRIPES

Stripes are made by a series

of bands or strips, often of the
same width and color along the
length.

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/27584616446807630/

TESSELLATION
A tessellation of a flat
surface is the tilling of a
plane using one or more
geometric shapes, called
tiles, with no overlaps and no
gasps. In mathematics,
tessellations can be
generalized to higher
dimensions and a variety of
http://en.tessellations-nicolas.com/zoom/bird-
hexagon-regular-tilings.php geometries.

FRACTURE OR
CRACK
A fracture or crack is the
separation of an object or
material into more or more
pieces under the action of
stress. The fracture of a solid
usually occurs due to the
development of certain
displacement discontinuity
https://www.deviantart.com/tangledfrog/art/Cra surfaces within the solid.
cked-Rocks-179913174

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 FRACTAL

A fractal is a never ending

pattern. Fractals are infinitely
complex patterns that are self-
similar across different scales.
They are created by repeating a
simple process over and over in
an ongoing feedback loop. Driven
be recursion, fractals are images
of dynamic systems-the pictures
https://webecoist.momtastic.com/2008/09/07/17-
amazing-examples-of-fractals-in-nature/ of chaos.

AFFINE TRANSFORMATION

Affine Transformation is a
processes of rotation,reflection and
scaling. Many plant forms utilize
these processes to generate their
structure.
One example is a plant wherein
each branch appears to be a smaller
https://www.maplesoft.com/fern/ version of the main plant and so on,
at smaller scales.

The following pictures show patterns and regularities in nature.

Snail shell Peacock ‘s Feathers Cactus

Chameleon’s tail Leopard’s spots Spiderweb

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 LEARNER’S ACTIVITY

A. IDENTIFICATION: Write the correct word on the blank in the right that is
being referred to in the following:
1. An agreement in dimension , _______________________
due proportion, an arrangement
2. The infinitely complex patterns that _______________________
are self-similar across different scales
3. A series of bands of strips, often of the ________________________
same width and color along the length
4. A curve which emanates from a point, ________________________
moving farther away as it revolves around
the point
5. A series of regular sinuous curves, bends, _______________________
loops, turns, or windings in the channel of
a river, stream, or other watercourse

B. PERFORMANCE TASKS

1. Go to your garden or front-yard, and start counting leaves and petals.

Write the result of your observation on this form:
Plant name:______________________________________________
Description: ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

A. What is the pattern of the leaves?

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

B. Are there flowers? (Yes/No) What is the arrangement of the petals?

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
LESSON 2: Number Patterns and
Fibonacci sequence W

Common Patterns

LOGIC PATTERNS
Logic patterns are related to geometric patterns and number
patterns. It helps us classify objects or figures. One kind of logic patterns
deal with characteristics of various objects. Another kind deals with
orders: there is a sequence of objects and a pattern in the attributes the
objects possess.
Examples 1 : In a polygon, a diagonal connects two vertices that
are not already connected by an edge.

How many diagonals can be drawn in a heptagon? Illustrate your

answer inside the rectangle below.

Examples 2: Look at the following pattern.

How many circles are in figure 10?

A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 NUMBER PATTERNS
A number pattern is a list or set of numbers that
follow a certain sequence or arrangement in either
ascending or descending order. It includes basic
operations of mathematics or a certain series of
arithmetical operation like addition and multiplication
repeatedly done.

1. Arithmetic Number Pattern

An arithmetic sequence is made by adding the same value

each time. The value added is called the common difference.

Examples: a. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, …

(each number is 3 larger than the number before it)

b. 25, 23, 21, 19, 17, 15, …

(The common difference is -2. The pattern is continued by subtracting 2 each time)

2. Geometric Number Pattern

Some other types are created in which every successive terms

is multiplied or (dividing) the same value each time. This number
pattern is called geometric sequence.
Examples: a. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, …
(This sequence has a factor of 2 between each number. Each term (except the first
term) is found by multiplying the previous term by 2.)

b. 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, …
(This sequence has a factor of 0.5(a half) between each number.)

3. Triangular Numbers

This Triangular Number Sequence is generated from a pattern of

dots that form a triangle.

Example: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, …

By adding another row of dots and counting all the dots we can find the
next number of the sequence.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 4. Square Numbers

0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, ...

They are the squares of whole numbers:

0 (=0×0)
1 (=1×1)
4 (=2×2)
9 (=3×3)
16 (=4×4)
etc...

5. Cube Numbers

1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, ...

They are the cubes of the counting numbers (they start at 1):

1 (1×1×1)
8 (=2×2×2)
27 (=3×3×3)
64 (=4×4×4)
etc...

6. Other Number Patterns

Other number patterns are patterns in which the numbers are in the
increasing form.
4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19….
In this pattern, the amount that is added in the terms, changes every
time in predictable manner.
The pattern starts with 4, add 1 and the amount which we can add
increase by 1 every time.

MATH TRIVIA

1. The symbol for infinity (∞) was used by the Romans to

represent 1000.

2. The number 365 is equal to the sum of three consecutive

squares and two consecutive squares in which the five
squares are also consecutive.
365 = 102 + 112 + 122 = 132 + 142

3. 169 is equal to 132 and its reverse 961 is equal to 312

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
1. What is the next number in the pattern 45 ,48, 51, 54, 57, _______?

2. What is the missing number in the pattern 67, 74, 81, 88, ______,
102?

3. What is the next number in the pattern 108, 102, 96, ____?

4. What should come in place of the blank space in the following series
of number? 2, 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, ______

5. What is the next number in the pattern? 1,- 3, 9, -27, 81 ______

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Fibonacci Numbers is another one in this world that involves
pattern (Grist, 2011). They are nature’s numbering system and appear
everywhere in nature, from the leaf arrangement in plants, to the pattern of
florets of flower, the bracts of a pine-cone, or the scales of a pineapple. It
is therefore applicable to the growth of every living thing, including a single
cell, a grain of wheat, a hive of bees and even all mankind.
In mathematics,(Wikipedia), the Fibonacci numbers, commonly
denoted Fn, form a sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence, such that
each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1.
That is,
and h ु t

The beginning of the sequence is thus: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,

34, 55, 89, 144,…

According to George Dviorsky (2013), the famous Fibonacci

sequence has captivated mathematicians, artists, designers, and scientists
for centuries. Also known as the Golden Ratio, its ubiquity and astounding
functionality in nature suggests its importance as a fundamental
characteristic of the Universe. Leonardo Fibonacci came up with the
sequence when calculating the ideal expansion pairs of rabbits over the
course of one year. Today, its emergent patterns and ratios (phi =
1.61803...) can be seen from the micro scale to the macro scale, and right
through to biological systems and inanimate objects. While the Golden
Ratio doesn't account for every structure or pattern in the universe, it's
certainly a major player.

EXA MPL E OF FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN NATUR E

Seed heads
The head of a flower is also
subject to Fibonaccian processes.
Typically, seeds are produced at the
center, and then migrate towards the
outside to fill all the space.
Sunflowers provide a great example
of these spiraling

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Pine cones

Similarly, the seed pods on a

pine cone are arranged in a spiral
pattern. Each cone consists of a pair
of spirals, each one spiraling
upwards in opposing directions. The
number of steps will almost always
match a pair of consecutive
Fibonacci numbers. For example, a
3-5 cone is a cone which meets at
the back after three steps along the
left spiral, and five steps along the
right.
Tree branches

The Fibonacci sequence can

also be seen in the way tree
branches form or split. A main trunk
will grow until it produces a branch,
which creates two growth points.
Then, one of the new stems
branches into two, while the other
one lies dormant. This pattern of
branching is repeated for each of the
new stems. A good example is the
sneeze wort. Root systems and even
algae exhibit this pattern.

Shells

The unique properties of the

Golden Rectangle provides another
example. This shape, a rectangle in
which the ratio of the sides a/b is
equal to the golden mean (phi), can
result in a nesting process that can
be repeated into infinity — and which
takes on the form of a spiral. It's call
the logarithmic spiral, and it abounds
in nature.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Spiral Galaxies

Not surprisingly, spiral galaxies

also follow the familiar Fibonacci
pattern. The Milky Way has several
spiral arms, each of them a logarithmic
spiral of about 12 degrees. As an
interesting aside, spiral galaxies
appear to defy Newtonian physics. As
early as 1925, astronomers realized
that, since the angular speed of
rotation of the galactic disk varies with
distance from the center, the radial
arms should become curved as
galaxies rotate. Subsequently, after a
few rotations, spiral arms should start
to wind around a galaxy. But they
don't — hence the so-called winding
problem. The stars on the outside, it
would seem, move at a velocity higher
than expected — a unique trait of the
cosmos that helps preserve its shape

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Mathematical Problems Involving Number Patterns

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

For the arithmetic sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, each number is

called a term of a sequence. The first number is called the first
term, followed by the second term, the third term, and so on.
Sometimes the words ‘series’ or ‘progression’ are used in
place of the sequence. It is the indicated sum of the terms of a sequence.
The arithmetic series of the sequence 1,3,5, 7 is 1+3+5+7. Subscripts are
used to designate the ordinal of a term. It is customary to use h to
designate the sequence of a number. The subscript n is understood to start
from 1, then 2, then 3, and so on, unless otherwise stated.
The nth term ( of an arithmetic sequence is designated by an
algebraic formula

where t

ु ु t
The sum of n terms is: h
ु h
h ]

EXAMPLES

1.Rhea decided to save money for one 2. Find the 14th term of the
week from her allowance. Each day sequence 5, 7, 9, 11,….
she saves 15 pesos more than the
previous day. If she started saving 10 Solution:
pesos in the first day, how much will th h h
she set aside in the 6th day? After a
week, how much would she saved?
Solution:
The sequence starts with 10 then add
15 until the sixth day.
a1= 10 d = 15 a6= 10+15(6-1) = 85
For the total savings after a week, use

h ⸲
Therefore, 31 is the 14th term
h in the given sequence.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
In a Geometric Sequence each term is found
by multiplying the previous term by a constant.
Example:1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ….

This sequence has a factor of 2 between

each number. Each term (except the first term) is
found by multiplying the previous term by 2.
In General we write a Geometric Sequence like this:
{a1, a1r, a1r2, a1r3,... }
where:
 is the first term, and
 r is the factor between the terms (called
the "common ratio")
Example: {1,2,4,8,...}
The sequence starts at 1 and doubles each time, so
 a1=1 (the first term)
 r=2 (the "common ratio" between terms is a doubling)
And we get:
{a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... }
= {1, 1×2, 1×22, 1×23, ... }
= {1, 2, 4, 8, ... }

G E N E R A L I Z A T I O N
We can also calculate nth term of a geometric
sequence using the Rule:

an = a1r(n-1)
(We use "n-1" because ar0 is for the 1st term)

Example: Find the 10th term in the sequence.

5, 20, 80, 320, 1280 …

This sequence has a factor of 5 between each number.

The values of a and r are:
 a1 = 5 (the first term)
 r = 4 (the "common ratio")
The Rule for any term is:
an = 5 × 4(n-1)
So, the 4th term is:
a4 = 5×4(4-1) = 5×43 = 5×64 = 320
And the 10th term is:
a10 =5×4(10-1) = 5×49 = 5×262144 = 1310720

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Problems Set

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solutions. Write
your answers on the space provided.

1. Find the 10th term in the sequence, 3, 11, 19, 27, 35, . . .
2. What is the common ratio and the 8th term in the given sequence?

3. A theater in the round has 70 seats in the first row, 78 seats in the
second row, 86 seats in the third row, and so on in a sequence. If
the theater has 24 rows of seats, find the total number of seats it
contains.

1
Solution:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

2
Solution:

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3
Solution:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Geometric Patterns
A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern
formed or sequences of lines and curves to
form geometric shapes and figures. A motif,
pattern, or design depicting abstract,
nonrepresentational shapes such as lines,
circles, ellipses, triangles, rectangles, and polygons. It is
typically repeated like a wallpaper design and tilling. Geometric
pattern could also be related to number patterns and anticipate
the next geometric shape that would follow the sequence.

EXAMPLES of GEOMETRIC PATTERNS

Example 1: Determine what shape, figure, or series of figures would follow the
sequence.
a.

b.

c.

Example 2. Draw the missing figure in the sequence

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Isomerty
Geometric figure is transformed in a way that the relative distance
between any two points has not change.

4 TYPES OF ISOMETRY

1. Translation

It is an isometry that moves very points in the plane in a fixed

distance and in a fixed direction.

2. Reflection
It moves the object into a new position that is a mirror image of
the original position

3. Rotation
Is an isometry that moves each point in a fixed angle relative
to a central point.

4. Glide Reflection
Is an isometry that consists of a translation followed by a
reflection

18
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 E X A M P L E S o f I S O M E T R Y

a. Identify a possible pattern. Use it to draw the next three figures.

The pattern is to rotate the figure in a counterclockwise direction,

so the next three figures would be

19
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 LESSON 3: Mathematics for our World
W

Importance of Mathematics in Life

Different questions arises through the four walls of math classroom.
Students are oftentimes curious if, when, and how they will be able to use
math in real-life situation.

The fact is that math is

everywhere, we use it all the
time! From calculating complex
algorithms to counting down the
days till the next episode of your
favorite drama series.
Mathematics is versatile and
very important, no matter how
difficult it is to deny. Thus, before
you make up your mind to doze
off in math class, here are the
some reasons to consider why
learning math is very important
to you and the world.

1. Restaurant Tipping

You need to have the most basic math skills to calculate how
much a 15% or 20% tip would you pay your waiter after you have
finished eating at a restaurant.

2. Netflix Film Viewing

You need math to figure out how many 20 minutes Netflix episodes
you will be able to watch and fit in one hour. As simple as it is, math just
made your hour 100 times better.

3. Calculating Bills
Math is required to calculate mandatory payments like taxes,
mortgage, and insurance if you will be home-owners and car-owners
one day and subtract them from your savings.

4. Computing Test Scores

You need math to calculate that test score (and maybe even to
ace the test) to know what your final grade can be.

20
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 5. Tracking Career
Math is needed if you want to be a CEO, a real estate agent, a
biologist, or even a rocket scientist, it is without a doubt that numbers will
be utilized.

6. Doing Exercise
You need math to know how many more reps to curl, or how many
seconds to cut off your mile time, or how many more pounds to lose to
achieve that goal.

7. Handling Money
Another aspect of growing up into a young adult is opening and
managing a bank account. It is important to be accurate in math to care for
your precious savings, making sure there are no mistakes.

8. Making Countdowns
For many, this will be the most important reason on this list to know
math: so you can countdown the days until school is over and summer
starts!

9. Baking and Cooking

In order to prevent unexpected results, you have to know the
difference between a quarter of a cup from a quarter of a teaspoon. Baking
+ cooking=fractions=math!

10. Surfing Internet

Ultimately, without math, how would you be reading this article online
at this exact moment? How would you be able to tweet to your friends or
post an Instagram from last night? We have math to thank for establishing
technology and the social media that consumes our lives.

Nature of Mathematics
According to American Association for the Advancement of Science
(1990), Mathematics relies on both logic and creativity, and it is pursued both
for a variety of practical purposes and for its intrinsic interest. For some people,
and not only professional mathematicians, the essence of mathematics lies in
its beauty and its intellectual challenge.
1. PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Mathematics is the science of patterns and relationships. As a
theoretical discipline, mathematics explores the possible relationships among
abstractions without concern for whether those abstractions have counterparts
in the real world. The abstractions can be anything from strings of numbers to
geometric figures to sets of equations.
2. MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY
Because of its abstractness, mathematics is universal in a sense that
other fields of human thought are not. It finds useful applications in business,

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
industry, music, historical scholarship, politics, sports, medicine, agriculture,
engineering, and the social and natural sciences.
3. MATHEMATICAL INQUIRY
Using mathematics to express ideas or to solve problems involves at
least three phases: (1) representing some aspects of things abstractly, (2)
manipulating the abstractions by rules of logic to find new relationships
between them, and (3) seeing whether the new relationships say something
useful about the original things.

4. ABSTRACTION AND SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION

Mathematical thinking often begins with the process of abstraction—

that is, noticing a similarity between two or more objects or events. Aspects
that they have in common, whether concrete or hypothetical, can be
represented by symbols such as numbers, letters, other marks, diagrams,
geometrical constructions, or even words. Whole numbers are abstractions
that represent the size of sets of things and events or the order of things within
a set. The circle as a concept is an abstraction derived from human faces,
flowers, wheels, or spreading ripples; the letter A may be an abstraction for the
surface area of objects of any shape, for the acceleration of all moving objects,
or for all objects having some specified property; the symbol + represents a
process of addition, whether one is adding apples or oranges, hours, or miles
per hour. And abstractions are made not only from concrete objects or
processes; they can also be made from other abstractions, such as kinds of
numbers (the even numbers, for instance).

5. MANIPULATING MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS

After abstractions have been made and symbolic representations of

them have been selected, those symbols can be combined and recombined in
various ways according to precisely defined rules. Typically, strings of symbols
are combined into statements that express ideas or propositions. For example,
the symbol A for the area of any square may be used with the symbol s for the
length of the square's side to form the proposition A = s2. This equation
specifies how the area is related to the side—and also implies that it depends
on nothing else.

6. APPLICATION

Mathematical processes can lead to a kind of model of a thing, from

which insights can be gained about the thing itself. Any mathematical
relationships arrived at by manipulating abstract statements may or may not
convey something truthful about the thing being modeled. Sometimes common
sense is enough to enable one to decide whether the results of the
mathematics are appropriate.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
The Role of Mathematics in some Disciplines
Here are some main disciplines in which Role of Mathematics is widely
accepted.
1. Mathematics in Physical Science
In Physics, every rule and principle takes the mathematical form
ultimately. Mathematics gives a final shape to the rules of physics. It presents
them in a workable form. Mathematical calculations occur at every step in
physics.
The units of measurement are employed to substances in physics as
frequently as in mathematics. The Charle’s law of expansion of gases is based
upon mathematical calculations. Graduation of the stem of thermometer and
then the conversion of scales is also a mathematical work. The Concept is
involved Fluid Dynamics, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Physical
Oceanography.

2. Mathematics in Chemistry
Math is extremely important in physical chemistry especially advanced
topics such as quantum or statistical mechanics. Quantum relies heavily on
group theory and linear algebra and requires knowledge of
mathematical/physical topics such as Hilbert spaces and Hamiltonian
operators. Statistical mechanics relies heavily on probability theory. Other
fields of chemistry also use a significant amount of math. For example, most
modern IR and NMR spectroscopy machines use the Fourier transform to
obtain spectra. Even biochemistry has important topics which rely heavily on
math, such as binding theory and kinetics.

3. Mathematics in Biological Sciences

Bio-mathematics is a rich fertile field with open, challenging and
fascination problems in the areas of mathematical genetics, mathematical
ecology, mathematical neuron- physiology, development of computer software
for special biological and medical problems, mathematical theory of epidemics,
use of mathematical programming and reliability theory in bio sciences and
mathematical problems in biomechanics, bioengineering and bio electronics.

4. Mathematics in Engineering and Technology

The use of mathematics in engineering is very well known. It is
considered to be the foundation of engineering. Engineering deals with
surveying, levelling, designing, estimating, construction etc., In all these
processes, application of mathematics is very important. By the application of
geometric principles to design and constructions, the durability of things
constructed can be increased. With its help, results can often be verified in
engineering.
Mathematics has played an important role in the development of
mechanical, civil, aeronautical and chemical engineering through its

23
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
contributions to mechanics of rigid bodies, hydro-dynamics, aero-dynamics,
heat transfer, lubrication, turbulence, elasticity, and others.

5. Mathematics and Agriculture

Agriculture as a science is going to depend extensively on
mathematics. It needs a direct application of mathematics, such as,
measurement of land or area, average investment and expenditure, average
return or income, production per unit area, cost of labour, time and work, seed
rate etc., Progress of the farm can be judged by drawing graphs of different
items of production.

6. Mathematics and Economics

The level of mathematical literacy required for personal and social
activities is continually increasing. Mastery of the fundamental processes is
necessary for clear thinking. The social sciences are also beginning to draw
heavily upon mathematics.Mathematical language and methods are used
frequently in describing economic phenomena. According to Marshall – “The
direct application of mathematical reasoning to the discovery of economic
truths has recently rendered great services in the hand of master
mathematicians.” Another important subject for economics is Game theory.
The whole economic situation is regarded as a game between consumers,
distributors, and producers, each group trying to optimize its profits.

7. Mathematics and Psychology

The great educationist Herbart has said, “It is not only possible, but
necessary that mathematics be applied to psychology”.
Now, experimental psychology has become highly mathematical due to
its concern with such factors as intelligence quotient, standard deviation, mean,
median, mode, correlation coefficients and probable errors. Statistical
analysis is the only reliable method of attacking social and psychological
phenomena. Until mathematicians entered into the field of psychology, it was
nothing but a flight of imagination.

8. Mathematics and Actuarial Science, Insurance and Finance

Actuaries use mathematics and statistics to make financial sense of the
future. For example, if an organization is embarking on a large project, an
actuary may analyze the project, assess the financial risks involved, model the
future financial outcomes and advise the organization on the decisions to be
made. Much of their work is on pensions, ensuring funds stay solvent long into
the future, when current workers have retired. They also work in insurance,
setting premiums to match liabilities.Mathematics is also used in many other
areas of finance, from banking and trading on the stock market, to producing
economic forecasts and making government policy.

9. Mathematics and Archaeology

Archaeologists use a variety of mathematical and statistical techniques
to present the data from archaeological surveys and try to distinguish patterns
in their results that shed light on past human behavior. Statistical measures
are used during excavation to monitor which pits are most successful and
decide on further excavation. Finds are analyzed using statistical and

24
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
numerical methods to spot patterns in the way the archaeological record
changes over time, and geographically within a site and across the country.
Archaeologists also use statistics to test the reliability of their interpretations.

10. Mathematics and Logic

D’Alembert says, “Geometry is a practical logic, because in it, rules of
reasoning are applied in the most simple and sensible manner”. Pascal says –
“Logic has borrowed the rules of geometry, the method of avoiding error is
sought by everyone. The logicians profess to lead the way, the geometers
alone reach it, and aside form their science there is no true demonstration”.
C.J.Keyser – “Symbolic logic is mathematics, mathematics is symbolic
logic”.The symbols and methods used in the investigation of the foundation of
mathematics can be transferred to the study of logic. They help in the
development and formulation of logical laws.

11. Mathematics in Music

Leibritz, the great mathematician had said, - “Music is a hidden exercise
in arithmetic of a mind unconscious of dealing with numbers”.Pythogoras has
said – “Where harmony is, there are numbers”.Calculations are the root of all
sorts of advancement in different disciplines. The rhythm that we find in all
music notes is the result of innumerable permutations and combinations of
SAPTSWAR. Music theorists often use mathematics to understand musical
structure and communicate new ways of hearing music. This has led to
musical applications of set theory, abstract algebra, and number theory. Music
scholars have also used mathematics to understand musical scales, and some
composers have incorporated the Golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers into
their work.

12. Mathematics in Arts

"Mathematics and art are just two different languages that can be used
to express the same ideas." It is considered that the universe is written in the
language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other
geometric figures. The old Goethic Architecture is based on geometry. Even
the Egyptian Pyramids, the greatest feat of human architecture and
engineering, were based on mathematics. Artists who strive and seek to study
nature must therefore first fully understand mathematics. Appreciation of
rhythm, proportion, balance and symmetry postulates a mathematical mind.

13. Mathematics in Philosophy

The function of mathematics in the development of philosophical thought
has been very aptly put by the great educationist Herbart, in his words. The
real finisher of our education is Philosophy, but it is the office of mathematics
to ward off the dangers of philosophy.”Mathematics occupies a central place
between natural philosophy and mental philosophy. It was in their search of
distinction between fact and fiction that plato and other thinkers came under
the influence of mathematics.

25
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
14. Mathematics in Social Networks
Graph theory, text analysis, multidimensional scaling and cluster
analysis, and a variety of special models are some mathematical techniques
used in analyzing data on a variety of social networks.

15. Mathematics in Political Science

In Mathematical Political Science, we analyze past election results to
see changes in voting patterns and the influence of various factors on voting
behavior, on switching of votes among political parties and mathematical
models for Conflict Resolution. Here we make use of Game Theory.

16. Mathematics in Linguistics

The concepts of structure and transformation are as important for
linguistic as they are for mathematics. Development of machine languages
and comparison with natural and artificial language require a high degree of
mathematical ability. Information theory, mathematical biology, mathematical
psychology etc. are all needed in the study of Linguistics. Mathematics has
had a great influence on research in literature. In deciding whether a given
poem or essay could have been written by a particular poet or author, we can
compare all the characteristics of the given composition with the
characteristics of the poet or other works of the author with the help of a
computer.

17. Mathematics in Management

Mathematics in management is a great challenge to imaginative minds.
It is not meant for the routine thinkers. Different Mathematical models are
being used to discuss management problems of hospitals, public health,
pollution, educational planning and administration and similar other problems
of social decisions. In order to apply mathematics to management, one must
know the mathematical techniques and the conditions under which these
techniques are applicable.

18. Mathematics in Computers

An important area of applications of mathematics is in the development
of formal mathematical theories related to the development of computer
science. Now most applications of Mathematics to science and technology
today are via computers. The foundation of computer science is based only on
mathematics. It includes, logic, relations, functions, basic set theory,
countability and counting arguments, proof techniques, mathematical induction,
graph theory, combinatorics, discrete probability, recursion, recurrence
relations, and number theory, computer-oriented numerical analysis,
Operation Research techniques, modern management techniques like
Simulation, Monte Carlo program, Evaluation Research Technique, Critical
Path Method, Development of new computer languages, study of Artificial
Intelligence, Development of automata theory etc. Cryptography is the practice
and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a
branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with
information theory, computer security and engineering. It is the mathematics
behind cryptography that has enabled the e-commerce revolution and
information age. Pattern Recognition is concerned with training computers to

26
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
recognize pattern in noisy and complex situations. e.g. in recognizing
signatures on bank cheques, in remote sensing etc.

19. Mathematics in Geography

Geography is nothing but a scientific and mathematical description of
our earth in its universe. The dimension and magnitude of earth, its situation
and position in the universe the formation of days and nights, lunar and solar
eclipses, latitude and longitude, maximum and minimum rainfall, etc are some
of the numerous learning areas of geography which need the application of
mathematics. The surveying instruments in geography have to be
mathematically accurate. There are changes in the fertility of the soil, changes
in the distribution of forests, changes in ecology etc., which have to be
mathematically determined, in order to exercise desirable control over them.

27
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Cite the mathematical application that you commonly do in
each of the following stations and state your appreciation.

Stations Application of and Appreciation for

Mathematics

1. Market

2. Bus/ Jeepney

3. Church

4. Club meeting

5. Clinic

6. Court

7. Laboratory

8. Birthday Party

9. Watching games

10. Police Station

28
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Submit 2-3-page synthesis paper on the following aspects of mathematics:

1. Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the

world.

2. Mathematics has numerous applications in the world making it

indispensable.

Use the rubric for grading the output.

0-point 10-point 20-point 30-point 40-point

The student The student is The student is The student The student
is unable to able to elicit able to elicit not only elicits the
elicit the the ideas and the ideas and elicits correct correct ideas
ideas and concepts from concepts from ideas from from the
concepts the readings/ the readings/ the readings/ readings/
from the videos but video shows video but also video, shows
readings/ shows correct shows evidence of
video erroneous understanding evidence of internalizing
indicating understanding of these. internalizing these,
that s/he has of these. these. consistently
not read the contributes
prescribed additional
reading or thoughts to
watched the the core idea.
video.

29
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
A. Answer the following and show your solution.

1. Find the common difference of the sequence t t t

2. What are the five terms of the geometric sequence whose first term is 2 and
the common ratio is 3.
3. If t and find the common difference.
4. Find the 18 term of the geometric sequence x, 2x, 4x, ….
th

5. What is the 11th term of the arithmetic sequence 3, 4, 5, ….15?

B. Multiple Choice.
1. Which number is next in the Fibonacci sequence of numbers:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,…
A. 355 B. 434 C. 233 D. 177
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of Fibonacci numbers found
in nature?
A. spirals on a sunflower C. the number of petals on a daisy
B. pinecone spirals D. a mountain range
3. What is the 10th number in the Fibonacci Sequence?
A. 34 B. 55 C. 8 D. 1.62
4. What is one way to decide if two numbers follow a Fibonacci sequence?
A. if their sum is the same as their difference
B. if their ratio is approximately the golden ratio
C. if each number is prime
D. if their product is approximately the golden ratio
5. The length of a golden rectangle is approximately 8 cm. Which of the
following measures could be the width of the rectangle?
A. 4 cm B. 10 cm C. 5 cm D. 16 cm

C. Draw the picture that comes next in each growing pattern.

1.

2.

3.

30
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 4.

5.

D. Identify the next shape in the pattern.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

31
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
E. EXPLANATION:
1. Give for example where Fibonacci sequence or the Golden ratio is used in
relation to your major field of specialization.
2. What new ideas about mathematics did you learn?

F. What role is played by Mathematics in the following areas?

a. Economics
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

b. Music
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

c. Psychology
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
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