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Data Communication Standards

The document discusses data communication standards and the OSI 7-layer model. It describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, from the physical layer dealing with mechanical and electrical interfaces up to the application layer which allows processes to access the network. Standards help ensure compatibility between network devices and a path for future growth.

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Leonelyn Hermosa Gasco - Cosido
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244 views19 pages

Data Communication Standards

The document discusses data communication standards and the OSI 7-layer model. It describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, from the physical layer dealing with mechanical and electrical interfaces up to the application layer which allows processes to access the network. Standards help ensure compatibility between network devices and a path for future growth.

Uploaded by

Leonelyn Hermosa Gasco - Cosido
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking 2

Data Communication
Standards

 It is therefore necessary to establish rules and


conventions to facilitate communication
among these devices.

 These rules and conventions are referred to as


standards.

 Rules and standards help ensure


upward compatibility and a growth path
to new computers.

Data Communication Standards Page 1 of 19


Connectivity Layers

Levels of Human Communication

1. Cognitive Level
Both parties should understand the concept
they are to discuss.

2. Language Level
Concerned with the words that convey the
information -- not the information itself.

3. Transmission Level
Concerned with the physical means of
conveying information between parties.
A Three-Layer Model for
Computer Networks

Communications can be said to involve three


agents:

1. The Network Access Layer. This is


concerned with the exchange of data
between a computer and the network to
which it is attached.

2. The Transport Layer. This is concerned


with making sure that data is exchanged
reliably.

3. The Application Layer. This contains the


logic needed to support the various user
applications.
A Simple
Network Architecture

 Each computer contains software at the network


access and transport layers and software at the
application layer for one or more applications.

Service Access Point


Applications
123

Transport
Applications
123
Network Access
Communications Network
Transport

Applications Network Access


123

Transport

Network Access
Protocols in a
Simplified Architecture

Computer A Computer B

Application Protocol
Application Application

Transport Protocol
Transport Transport

Network Access Communications Network


Network Access
Networ
k
Access
Protocol

The figure above shows an application, associated


with SAP 1 at computer A, to send a message to
another application, associated at SAP2 at
computer B.
Protocols in a
Simplified Architecture

Transport
Transport Application Transport Application
Application Data Protocol Data
Header Data Header Data
Unit (TPDU)

Network Transport Application Network Transport Application


Header Header Data Header Header Data

Network
Protocol Data
Unit (NPDU
)
Protocols in a
Simplified Architecture

 The transport header may contain the following:

1. destination SAP
2. sequence number
3. error-detection code

 The network access header contains:

1. destination computer address


2. facilities requests
Interaction Between Modules
to Transfer Data

Application Application
Record Record

A-send (dest. host; dest. SAP; record)

Transport Transport
DSAP Record DSAP Record
TPDU TPDU

T-send (dest. host; TPDU)

Network Access Network Access


DHost DSAP Record DHost DSAP Record

packet packet

Computer X Computer Y
(Transmitter) (Receiver)
Standards Organization

 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers


(IEEE)

 Electronics Industries Association (EIA)

 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

 Consultative Committee in
International Telegraphy and
Telephony (CCITT)

 International Standards Organization (ISO)


Open System Interconnect
(OSI) Model

 Computer networks must contain well-defined


layers of functions and inter-layer protocols to
control the interactions between computers.

 ISO developed the OSI Model to standardize


the procedures for the exchange of
information between processing systems.

 The definition of the layers and their


protocols has been an area of intensive
research and standardization. The OSI Model
is a seven- layer model for network software.
The ISO
OSI Reference Model

Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical
Physical Physical

HOST HOST
The Physical Layer

 It governs four basic areas of


media connectivity.

1. Mechanical characteristics of
communication device interfaces
2. The electrical signal used to convey data
3. The functional logic of electrical
signals generated
4. The procedures and protocol that govern the
sequence of events that must occur in order
for the physical media to properly support the
communications between two systems
Data Link Layer

 The data link layer is responsible for dividing


data traffic into transmission frames (proper
frame sequencing should be maintained). It
adds flags (special bit patterns) to indicate
the beginning and ending of frames.

 The data link layer defines the protocols that


detect and correct errors that occur during
data transfer through the physical media.
Network Layer

 The network layer handles the routing


functions for data moving from one open
system to another.

Source Destination
Node Node
Transport Layer

 The transport layer provides a reliable


mechanism for the exchange of data
between processes in different systems.

 The transport layer accomplishes


reliable delivery through:
1. orderly connection establishment
and teardown
2. acknowledgement messages
3. sequence numbers
4. flow control (beyond the flow
control provided by the data link
layer)
Transport Layer

 The transport layer handles two modes of


communication:

1. Virtual Circuit. A logical


communication path is established
before any message can be transmitted
from source to destination.

2. Datagram. Each packet entering the


network is treated as a self-contained
entity with no relationship to other packets.
Session Layer

 The session layer provides a mechanism for


controlling the dialog between applications in
end systems. The key services provided by the
session layer include:

1. dialog discipline
2. grouping
3. recovery
Presentation Layer

 The presentation layer controls the syntax of


data originated by two systems and the
transformation of data as it passes between
these systems.

Examples:
ASCII and EBCDIC conversions
machine word conversions
floating-point format conversions
Application Layer

 The application layer provides a means for


application processes to access the
network environment.

 The application layer contains various protocols


related to communication between application
processes such as:
1. protocols for remote file transfers
2. file transfer services
3. remote program access
4. global directory services to locate
resources on the network
5. remote job execution

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