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ERA/LVN/DGC (Anders Borg) 2000-08-31 C

User Description, SDH/STM-1 AXE Exchange Terminal

Copyright

© Ericsson Radio Systems AB 1999, all rights reserved.

Disclaimer

The User Description is not to be used for work with real equipment. It is only meant as an
informative document. Ericsson makes no representations or warranties whatsoever for the
use or correctness of this documentation and in no event shall Ericsson be liable for any
losses or damages whatsoever arising from the use of this documentation to the utmost
extent legally possible.

Trademarks

Contents Page

1 Introduction 2

2 Glossary 3
2.1 Abbreviations and acronyms 3

3 Capabilities 7
3.1 General 7
3.2 ET 155 features 8
3.3 Function Overview 10

4 Technical description 14
4.1 2048 kbps digital path termination 14
4.2 Administration and Maintenance functions 35
4.3 Quality Supervision 54
4.4 Network protection 66
4.5 Equipment protection 68
4.6 Counters in the measurement database 71

5 Engineering Guidelines 82

6 Parameters 82
6.1 Parameters for special adjustments 82

7 References 82

SEIF v2.3,
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1 Introduction

The ET is the key product involved in connecting the AXE system to the
surrounding world. All services provided by this product are gathered in one
magazine. Exchange Terminals are found in all AXE exchanges regardless of
AXE configuration or the type of network.

The ET155 ETSI is the interface unit between an SDH/STM-1 (G.707, 155
Mb/s, see reference on page 82) Synchronous Digital Path and the Group
Switch in an exchange. The ET155 terminates STM-1 (i.e. 1953 time slots)
PCM trunks.

The ET155 ETSI is implemented as a BYB 501 type product and is housed in
a separate magazine together with the RP4-pair. One ET 155 magazine can
house a maximum two ETC155s. ET 155s are connected to Group Switches
via DL-3 interfaces.

The figure 1 illustrates the use of an ET155 in an application involving the

combination of a Base Station Controller, a Mobile Switching Center, an
International Exchange, a Transit Exchange and a Local Exchange.

Figure 1 An example of the use of the ET 155

In BSS the use of ET 155 is illustrated in figure 2 where BSC and MSC with
STM-1 interfaces are connected to the SDH Product Package, see user
description, SDH Product Package on page 83.
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Figure 2 Network showing the use of ET 155 and the SDH Product
Package in BSS.

2 Glossary

2.1 Abbreviations and acronyms

ADM Add Drop Multiplexer

API Access Point Identifier

APS Auotmatic Protection Switching

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AIS Alarm Indication Signal

Anomaly See M.20, section 3.2.1, see reference on page 82.

AU Administrative Unit

AUG Administrative Unit Group

BIP Bit Interleaved Parity

BSC Base Station Controller

BTS Base Transceiver Station

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CAS Channel Associated Signalling

CCS Common Channel Signalling

CME20 Cellular Mobile Telephone System 20, GSM

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

DCC Digital Cross Connect

DB Data Base

Defect See M.20, section 3.2.2, see reference on page 82.

DEG Degraded

DEGM DEGraded defect Monitoring period

DEGTHR DEGraded defect THReshold

DIP Digital Path

DQDB

DXX Ericsson Cellular Transmission System

E1 2.048 Mbit/s interface

ERATE Excessive bit error Rate

ES Errored Seconds

ESL Errored Seconds Limit

ET Exchange Termination, Exchange Terminal. The Exchange

Terminal consists of hardware and software.

ETC Exchange Terminal Circuit. Exchange Terminal Circuit is the

hardware part of the ET.

FAS Frame Alignment Signal

FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FS Function Specification

GS Group Switch

HP Higher order Path

HPA Higher order Path Adaptation

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HPC Higher order Path Connection

HPOM Higher order Path Overhead Monitor

HPT Higher order Path Termination

HUG Higher order path Unequipped Generator

ITU-T International Telecommunication Union,Telecommunication

Standardization Sector (formerly known as CCITT).

kbps Kilobit/sec

LOF Loss Of Frame alignment

LOM Loss Of Multiframe

LOP Loss Of Pointer

LOS Loss Of Signal

LP Lower order Path

LPA Lower order Path Adaptation

LPC Lower order Path Connection

LPOM Lower order Path Overhead Monitor

LPT Lower order Path Termination

LUG Lower order Unequipped Generator

MAN

Mbps Megabit/sec

MFS MultiFrame Structure

MS Multiplex Section

MSP Multiplex Section Protection

MSA Multiplex Section Adaptation

MST Multiplex Section Termination

OOF Out Of Frame state

PC Peg Counters

PCM Pulse Code Modulation

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

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PLM PayLoad Mismatch

POH Path Over Head

RBS Radio Base Station

RDI Remote Defect Indication (Previously called Remote Alarm

Indication)

REFM Remote End Fault indication, Multiframe structure(TS16 bit 6)

REI Remote Error Indication

RFI Remote Failure Indication

RR2-ES Reset Report for Errored Seconds

RR2-SES Reset Report for Severely Errored Seconds

RST Regenerator Section Termination

RT1-ES Reset Threshold for Errored Seconds

RT1-SES Reset Threshold for Severely Errored Seconds

RTR1-ES Reset Threshold Report for Errored Seconds

RTR1-SES Reset Threshold Report for Severely Errored Seconds

SD Signal Degrade

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDIP Synchronous Digital Path

SES Severely Errored Seconds

SF Slip Frequency or Signal Fail

SMF Sub-Multi-Frame

SMI Suspect Marked Interval

SNT Switching Network Terminal. Switching Network Terminal is

an equipment connected to the switch.

SOH Section Overhead

ST Status Counters

ST1-ES Set Threshold for Errored Seconds

ST1-SES Set Threshold for Severely Errored Seconds

ST2-ES Set Threshold for Errored Seconds

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ST2-SES Set Threshold for Severely Errored Seconds

SPI SDH Physical Interface

STM-n Synchronous Transport Module (-N)

TI Time Interval (for SF supervision)

TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch

TR1-ES Threshold Report for Errored Seconds

TR1-SES Threshold Report for Severely Errored Seconds

TR2-ES Threshold Report for Errored Seconds

TR2-SES Threshold Report for Severely Errored Seconds

TRC Transcoder Controller

TS Time Slot

TS0 Time Slot number 0

TS16 Time Slot number 16

TTI Trail Trace Identifier

TU-n Tributary Unit

TUG Tributary Unit Group

UNEQ Unequipped

VC-n Virtual Container

3 Capabilities

3.1 General

The ET 155 ETSI is an Exchange Terminal that carries sixty-three 2

Mb/s signals mapped into SDH containers. Two different functional units
(circuit boards) are used in the construction of an ET 155 - a Higher Order
Termination Unit (HOT) and a Lower Order Termination Unit (LOT). The HOT
board terminates the STM-1 Section Overhead (SOH) and the Higher Order
Path (HP), whereas one LOT board terminates sixteen TU-12 signals (LP
termination) and their corresponding 2 Mb/s signals. Four LOT boards are
required to terminate sixty-three TU-12 signals.

One of the HOT boards operates in working mode, the other operates in
standby mode, providing Multiplexor Section Protection (MSP 1+1) and HOT
board Equipment Protection. One LOT board is used as a standby for the
four working LOT boards.
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The ET 155 has an optical intra-office interface (S-1.1, wavelength 1310 nm).

Figure 3 The ET 155 ETSI configuration

3.2 ET 155 features

Introduction

The ET155 is based on ITU-T recommendations, ETSI standards and

stable drafts as of March 1998. The ET155 comprises the following
functions/features:

• Optical Intra Office Interface S-1.1 1310 nm interface

• Asynchronous mapping/multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s signals in:

VC-12<->TU-12<->TUG-2<->TUG-3<->VC-4<->AU-4<-
>AUG<->STM-1.

• Termination and generation of Section Over Head (SOH), for

Regenerator Section (RSOH) and Multiplex Section (MSOH)
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• Termination and generation of Path Over Head (POH), for VC-4

and VC-12 levels. Including 16 bytes Trail Trace Identifier (TTI)
for both levels of transmission.

• Fault management/supervision on SDH level (MS,VC-4,VC-12)

and on PDH level (for 2 Mbit/s PCM (E1 interfaces) included
in STM-1/SDH).

• Alarm correlation between DIP/SDIP and the different layers

within the SDH hierarchy.

• Performance monitoring/quality supervision on SDH level

(MS, VC-4, VC-12) and on PDH level (for 2 Mbit/s PCM (E1
interfaces) included in STM-1/SDH).

• Equipment protection. Realized by redundant hardware

connected to a special protection inlet in the group switch.

• Network protection: MSP 1+1, permanently bridged, non-

revertive, combined with equipment protection. Realized by
redundant HW and duplicated STM-1 interface.

• Partly equipped STM-1 frames can be supported (variable

number of VC-12s).

• Individual supervision, test, fault localisation and restoration for

each of the up-to seven boards included in an ET155 through a
new concept of SUBSNTs within SNT.

• N User Parts can be supported. This means that the payload in

STM-1 can consist of traffic from several signalling systems/
user parts. The user part devices are connected in groups of
32 channels (2 Mbit/s) to the ET155 SNTs. User parts for
ISUP/TUP, old RSS (RT) and new RSS (RST, Access 910) can
be connected to ET155 via ETDIF blocks.

• Tone sending in one or both directions on 64 Kbit/s level.

• Handling of frame slips on 2 Mbit/s level.

• 8 kHz signal can be derived from one or both STM-1 signals for
synchronisation of the group switch, if protection is available.

• Possibility to assign a predefined fixed SSM pattern for the 2

Mbit/s level (one of four Sa-bits) and on the MS level.

• APZ supported tying and downloading of device processor

(DP) SW.

The set of parts belongs to subsystem TSS and interworks with set of parts
TUP and/or ISUP in TSS. For the Tone Sending function it can interwork with
the user part via the RMP connection manager, or directly. It also interworks
with the set of parts GSBASE and NETSYNCH in subsystem GSS, and
with subsystems OMS and STS as well as system APZ. The set of parts
may also interwork with user parts in other subsystems. For instance it can
interwork with user parts RT and RST in SSS. When interworking with other
subsystems, the ETDIF block is included in the relevant subsystem, whereas
the blocks belonging to the CRT remains in TSS.
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The ET155 HW is realized as shown in figure 3. The exact amount of boards

depends on configuration alternative chosen, e.g. protection (standby boards)
may not be included. A fully equipped magazine is shown in figure 4. The
magazine contains two ET155s. For each of the ET155s, the boards are (from
left to right): RP4, HOT active, 4xLOT active, LOT standby, HOT standby and
RP4. An EMC shielding board is inserted between the two ET155s.

Figure 4 ET 155 magazine, fully equipped with an optical line interface and
full protection.

3.3 Function Overview

Here follows a short description over the functions in ET155 and what is
included in the more detailed descriptions in the later chapters.

3.3.1 2048 Kbit/s Digital Path Termination in STM-1, Administration

and Maintenance.
A description of the administration and maintenance functions for 2048 Kbit/s
digital path termination in a STM-1 system. Furthermore a description of the
supervision functions used to locate faults in digital transmission systems and
isolate such faults, the principles for quality supervision and how administration
of the digital path is performed. Additional details in sub-chapters.

The function is mainly implemented in block DIPST, but with regional and
device processor software belonging to block ET. A separate block DIPHID is
used for storing performance/quality data for the digital path terminations.

3.3.1.1 Fault supervision

The purpose of Fault Supervision is to detect transmission faults, so that new
calls are not set up on faulty transmission equipment. The basic principle is
that when a defect occurs, it is first filtered for a a while (normally 2.5 seconds)
until it is regarded as a fault. Then the concerned transmission equipment is
blocked for new traffic. An operator alarm is noramlly also given.
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If the defect then ceases, a new filtering period (normally 10 seconds) is

started. After the completion of this period, the alarm to operator will be
withdrawn and the concerned transmission equipment is put back in traffic.

3.3.1.2 Quality supervision

The transmission performance of the 2 Mbit/s digital path terminations (DIPs)
in the SDH/STM-1 is supervised according to the ITU-T M.2100/M.2120
recommendations, see reference on page 82, which involves thresholding
functions as well as rules for short-term storage of data. Basic performance
parameters are errored, severely errored and unavailable seconds (ES, SES
and UAS). An ES is a second with more than one bit error, an SES is a
second with bit errors in at least 30% of all monitored blocks or a defect in the
transmission. SES is a subset of ES. UAS are seconds excluded from the
evaluation of performance due to transition into unavailable state. Unavailable
state is declared after 10 consecutive SES and lasts until there has been 10
consecutive no-SES. During unavailable state no thresholding will occur,
since in this state there is assumed to be an actual, permanent failure of the
transmission and the performance of the link in this state is therefore not of
any interest. ES, SES and UAS is counted for both directions of transmission.

3.3.1.2.1 Thresholding functions

There are two different monitoring periods, 15 minutes and 24 hours. The
15 minute monitoring period is used for thresholding against limits meant to
signify unacceptable performance. Limits for unacceptable performance are
set 10 to 100 times the reference performance objective as outlined by ITU-T
for a given distance and transmission media. The 24 hours monitoring is used
for thresholding against limits meant to signify degraded performance. Limits
for degraded performance are set to approximately 75% of the reference
performance objective outlined by ITU-T. The 15 minute intervals are locked to
the system clock. The 24 hour intervals can be ordered to start at any given
15 minute interval, thus changeable to adjust to any thinkable time zone
differences for comparable measurements on both sides of an international
link. The start time for 24 hours time interval will be the same as for the
SDIP carrying the concerned DIP.

Quality supervision is enabled per default, with default threshold limits as

specified in the AI2 for block DIPST.

3.3.1.2.2 Historical storage functions

The performance monitoring function may provide direct access to
performance data for the current and 16 recent 15 minute intervals, in addition
to the current and recent 24 hours interval. These data are stored by the
DIPHID block.

Collection and storing of performance data must be activated by command,

i.e. this function is not activated per default as for the thresholding functions
described in previous paragraph. Size alteration of DIPHID must be performed
first, then activation for specified DIPs (one, several or all DIPs).

Performance data are also forwarded to STS subsystem, which can be used
for regular outputs of data to file or printer. This functionality is activated
per default.
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3.3.2 Administration and Maintenance Functions for SDH/STM-1

Exchange Termination
A description of the administration and maintenance functions for the
SDH STM-1 termination. The supervision functions used to locate faults
in synchronous digital transmission systems and isolate such faults are
described and also a description on how the administration of the synchronous
digital path is performed.

All individual transmission layers in the multiplexing structure is supervised

(section overhead for regenerators not included). The basic principle for
supervision is as described in previous sub-chapter (ch.2.1.1), but note that
for the MS layer protection may be available, in that case subordinate layers
are not affected.

One specific type of supervision can be enabled/disabled per STM-1 interface.

That is the trail trace identifier (TTI) mismatch detection. The TTI is used to
indicate trail set-up completion and to make sure that traffic is not delivered to
the wrong destination. After trail set-up completion, TTI is used to detect any
misconnections, in order to prevent delivery of traffic from the wrong source,
and to allow for corrective action. The expected TTI value must also be defined
in the system. If the supervision is activated, mismatch between expected and
actually received TTI will be treated as any other defects in the transmission.

The function is mainly implemented in block SDIPST, but with regional and
device processor software belonging to block ET.

3.3.3 SDH STM-1 QUALITY SUPERVISION

A description of the principles for quality supervision for the STM-1 termination.
This includes the MS-, HP- and LP layer within the STM-1 termination.

The function is mainly implemented in block SDIPQ, but with regional and
device processor software belonging to block ET. Block SDIPST is also
involved in the function, as it transfers signals between ET and SDIPQ and
between command block SDIPMC and SDIPQ. A separate block SDIPHID
is used for storing performance/quality data for the synchronous digital path
terminations.

The transmission performance of the 155 Mbit/s synchronous digital path

terminations (SDIPs) is supervised according to the ITU-T M.2101/M.2120
recommendations, which involves thresholding functions as well as rules
for short-term storage of data. Basic performance parameters are errored,
severely errored and unavailable seconds (ES, SES and UAS). The definition
of these is described in ITU M.2101. SES is a subset of ES. UAS are seconds
excluded from the evaluation of performance due to transition into unavailable
state. Unavailable state is declared after 10 consecutive SES. These 10
consecutive SES are part of unavailable state. Available state is declared
again after 10 consecutive no-SES. These 10 consecutive no-SES are part of
available state. During unavailable state no thresholding will occur, since in this
state there is assumed to be an actual, permanent failure of the transmission
and the performance of the link in this state is therefore not of any interest.
ES, SES and UAS is counted for both directions of transmission separately.
3.3.3.1 Thresholding functions
There are two different monitoring periods, 15 minutes and 24 hours. The
15 minute monitoring period is used for thresholding against limits meant
to signify unacceptable performance. The 24 hours monitoring is used for
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thresholding against limits meant to signify degraded performance. The 15

minute intervals are locked to the system clock. The 24 hour intervals can be
ordered to start at any given 15 minute interval, thus changeable to adjust
to any thinkable time zone differences for comparable measurements on
both sides of an international link. The start time for 24 hours time interval
will be the same for all levels within the SDIP and also for the DIPs related
to this SDIP.Thresholding functions

Quality supervision is enabled per default, with default threshold limits as

specified in the AI2 for block SDIPQ.

3.3.3.2 Historical storage functions

The performance monitoring function may provide direct access to
performance data for the current and 16 recent 15 minute intervals, in addition
to the current and recent 24 hours interval. These data are stored by the
SDIPHID block.

Collection and storing of performance data must be activated by command,

i.e. this function is not activated per default as for the thresholding functions
described in previous paragraph. Size alteration of SDIPHID must be
performed first, then activation for specified SDIPs (one, several or all SDIPs).

Performance data are also forwarded to STS subsystem, which can be used
for regular outputs of data to file or printer. This functionality is activated
per default.

3.3.4 Network Protection Function for SDH/STM-1 Exchange

Termination
The Network Protection function provides protection against loss of traffic in
case of transmission defects or anomalies in the Synchronous Transport
Module level 1 (STM-1) link, connected to the 155 Mbit/s exchange terminal,
and in case of hardware faults in the high order termination. The type of
transmission protection supported is uni-directional, non-revertive, Multiplex
Section Protection 1+1 (MSP 1+1). The network protection is combined with
equipment protection, i.e. the duplicated STM-1 interface is terminated on
two physical boards.

This is realized by adding a 2nd HOT board and utilising MSP1+1, permanently
bridged, non-revertive switching as outlined by ITU-T G.783 Annex A. The
STM-1 interface is thereby duplicated, with one active and one protecting
STM-1 link. Permanently bridged means that the same traffic is transmitted
on both STM-1 interfaces. This also means that there is no possibility to
utilise the bandwidth of the protecting STM-1 link for additional traffic. The
selection between active and protecting link is therefore only valid for the
reception of traffic. Protection switching is triggered by transmission defect
or degradation of the received STM-1 signal, or more precisely the multiplex
section. Non-revertive switching means that there will be no switch-back if the
defect/degradation of the STM-1 signal ceases. The active link will always
be the one that were last switched to. Failures on a HOT board will also lead
to a switch, but in that case the permanent bridging is no longer active. The
protection function for the network interface also offers possibility for forced
switch ordered by O-M command, i.e. locking the traffic reception to any of the
two STM-1 links if that for some reason should be preferable, for instance at
replacement of HOT boards or STM-1 interface.
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The function is mainly implemented in block SDIPST, but the equipment

protection part is partly implemented in block ET. Regional and device
processor software belongs to block ET.

NOTE: This function is optional.

3.3.5 Equipment Protection Function for SDH/STM-1 Exchange

Termination
In digital transmission systems, faulty equipment can lead to degradation or
loss of traffic channels and erroneous signalling. This document describes the
equipment protection functions used to protect the traffic against equipment
faults on the 155 Mbit/s Exchange Terminal, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SDH) system in the group switch interface.

This is realized by adding a 5th LOT board with an additional DL-3 interface
that can be shared by up to 4 TSMs. At detection of faults in the LOT boards
or lost or faulty signal in the DL-3 interface, the traffic will be redirected from
the faulty DL-3 interface to the protecting DL-3 interface. Internally in the
ET155 the HOT boards will start receiving traffic from protecting LOT. There is
also a possibility for forced switch ordered by O-M command, meaning that
the traffic from TSMs/DL-3 to/from one of the LOT boards will be routed
through the protecting LOT board. This may be useful in case of replacement
of LOT boards.

The function is implemented in block ET.

NOTE: This function is optional.

3.3.6 Counters in the Measurement Database for SDH/STM-1 Network

Termination
A description of the counters that are provided to the function Statistic and
Traffic measurement subsystem (STS) in the STM-1 network termination
system. STS consists of functions for collection, storage, processing and
presentation of statistical data.

The function is implemented in blocks DIPST and SDIPST.

4 Technical description

4.1 2048 kbps digital path termination

A description of the supervision functions used to locate faults in digital

transmission systems and isolate such faults. It also describes the functions
available for quality supervision of the digital paths. The latter supervision is
used to alert staff, before the transmission quality is such that the digital path
is considered faulty.

This paragraph also describes how administration of the digital path is

performed.

The actions taken for each telephony device are not described here. However
the time delay before action is taken is indicated.
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4.1.1 Allocation of a 2048kbit/s DIP into a VC12

The Digital Path termination is mapped into or "contained" in a Virtual
Container 12. The DIPs and VC12s have a one-to-one relationship. The VC12
consists of the DIP and overhead information.

Table 1 VC12 frame structure.

V5
R
32 bytes <- PDH Payload
R
J2
C1 C2 OOOORR
32 bytes <- PDH Payload
R
N2
C1 C2 OOOORR
32 bytes <- PDH Payload
R
K4
C1 C2 RRRR S1
S2 DDDDDDD
31 bytes <- PDH Payload
R

C Justification control bit

D Data bit

J2 Connection verifier

O Overhead bit

R Fixed stuff bit

S Justification opportunity bit

V5 Parity check

K4 Automatic protection switching signalling at lower order path

level.(not used)

N2 Allocated for Tandem connection monitoring

Multiplexing structure of PDH DIP to STM-1

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x1 x1
STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4
x3

TUG-3
x7
TUG-2
x3
DIP
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048
kbit/s

Figure 5 Multiplexing Levels

See G.707, chapter 10.1.4.1 for further details, reference on page 82.

4.1.2 Allocation of Bits in TS0 in normal frame structure

The allocation and notation of bits in time slot 0 is as follows (ITU-T G.704,
reference on page 82):

Table 2 Allocation of Bits in TS0 in CRC-4 Inhibited Mode

Alternate Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit

Frames 1 in 2 in 3 in 4 in 5 in 6 in 7 in 8 in
TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0
Frame Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
containing
the frame (1)
alignment FAS FAS FAS FAS FAS FAS FAS
signal
Frame not Si 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8
containing
the frame (2) (3) (4) (5)
alignment (5) (5) (5) (5)
signa
(1) Si are bits reserved for international use. If not in use, these bits should
be fixed at 1 on digital paths crossing an international border. However,
they may be used nationally if the digital path does not cross a border.
(2) Si are bits reserved for international use. If not in use, these bits should
be fixed at 1 on digital paths crossing an international border. However,
they may be used nationally if the digital path does not cross a border.
(3) This bit is fixed to 1 to assist in avoiding simulations of the frame
alignment signal.
(4) Remote Defect Indication (RDI). Bit 3 of TS0 not containing the frame
alignment word is set. State '0' = No alarm. State '1' = Alarm.
(5) Sa4 to Sa8 are additional spare bits.

Note 1 Si are bits reserved for international use. If not in use, these bits
should be fixed at 1 on digital paths crossing an international
border. However, they may be used nationally if the digital
path does not cross a border.
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Note 2 This bit is fixed to 1 to assist in avoiding simulations of the

frame alignment signal.

Note 3 Remote Defect Indication (RDI). Bit 3 of TS0 not containing

the frame alignment word is set. State '0' = No alarm. State
'1' = Alarm.

Note 4 Sa4 to Sa8 are additional spare bits.

4.1.3 Allocation of Bits in TS0 of CRC-4 MultiFrame Structure

The allocation and notation of bits in time slot 0 of the CRC-4 multiframe
structure is defined by ITU-T G.704, reference on page 82, as follows:

Table 3 Allocation of Bits in TS0 of CRC-4 MultiFrame Structure

Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit

Sub-multi 1 in 2 in 3 in 4 in 5 in 6 in 7 in 8 in
Frame TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0
frame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 c1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8
2 c2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
3 0 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8
I
4 c3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
M 5 1 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8
U
L 6 c4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
T
I 7 0 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8
F 8 c1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
R
A 9 1 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8
M
E 10 c2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
11 1 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8
II
12 c3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
13 E 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8
14 c4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
15 E 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8

Frame alignment signal is found in TS0 even frames.

c1-c4 Cyclic Redundancy Check-4 (CRC-4) bits.

E Bits used to indicate received errored sub-multi-frames to

the remote end.

A Remote Defect Indication (RDI).

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Bit 3 of outgoing TS0 not containing the frame alignment word

is set. State '0' = No alarm. State '1' = Alarm.

Sa Sa4 to Sa8 are additional spare bits

The CRC-4 multiframe consists of 16 frames numbered 0-15 and it is divided

into two 8-frame sub-multi-frames (SMF), designated SMF I and SMF II
signifying their respective order of occurrence within the CRC-4 multiframe
structure.

The SMF is the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC-4) block size (i.e. 2048 bits).

Every frame consists of 32*8 = 256 bits, which are divided into 32 time slots
numbered 0-31.

The bits in each time slot are numbered 1-8.

In those frames containing the frame alignment signal, bit 1 contains CRC-4
bits. There are 4 CRC-4 bits in each SMF designated C1, C2, C3 and C4
forming the CRC-4 word. The CRC-4 word located in SMF number N,
is calculated by means of multiplication/division process of a polynomial
representation of SMF number N-1.

In those frames not containing the frame alignment signal, bit 1 contains the 6
bits CRC-4 multiframe alignment signal (form 001011) and two E bits.

The E bits are used to indicate received errored sub-multi-frames to the remote
end by setting the binary state of one E bit from '1' to '0' for each received
errored sub-multi-frame. If the E bits are not used, they are set to binary '1'.

4.1.4 Function Overview

4.1.4.1 Administration
The DIP Administration function handles

• connecting/disconnecting the DIP

• manual blocking/deblocking of the DIP

• change of DIP initial/configuration parameters

4.1.4.2 Maintenance
The maintenance functions for the 2048 kbit/s digital path termination are
divided into two parts:

• Quality Supervision

• Fault Supervision

The aim of quality supervision is to supervise the quality of the service

delivered by a DIP. That is in order to alert maintenance staff before the quality
of the service is such that the DIP is considered faulty.

The quality supervision method sketched is in accordance with the ITU-T

recommendations M.2100 and M.2120, references on page 82. In addition,
supervision of slip frequency (SF) is available.
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Fault Supervision consists of detection of anomalies and defects on digital

paths, to take appropriate automatic action and to alert the maintenance staff.

4.1.5 Function:
4.1.5.1 Administration
4.1.5.1.1 Connecting and disconnecting the digital path
The DIP can be connected and disconnected by command.

The DIP is given a unique name by command.

4.1.5.1.2 Manual blocking and deblocking of the digital path

The DIP can be blocked and deblocked by command.

At manual blocking the DIP supervision is stopped (The DIP is considered out
of service). At manual deblocking the DIP supervision is started.

The state of the DIP can be printed by command. The DIP name, the blocking
state and the fault situation on the DIP (if any) are given in the printout.

4.1.5.1.3 Changing the initial data of the digital path

Initial data can be changed by command (The term "initial data" is identical to
"configuration data").

Initial data which can be changed are:

• Cyclic redundancy check mode.

(For each DIP, the CRC-4 procedure may be activated,

deactivated or set to auto detect by command. When the
CRC-4 mode is auto detect, the procedure is able to detect
and adapt to the CRC-4 mode of the remote end, as proposed
in ITU-T G.706, reference on page 82).

• Inhibit sending of AIS towards switch at excessive error rate

or not.

• The value of the spare bits which are used to set bits in TS0
(Sa4-Sa8).

The initial data can also be printed by command.

4.1.5.2 Quality Supervision

4.1.5.2.1 Local end/remote end supervision
Quality supervision is performed by measuring various parameters in the
incoming transmission direction. The quality in the incoming transmission
direction is also reported back through the outgoing transmission direction.
Hence, by reading data coming in to a termination point, it is possible to obtain
a picture of the quality perceived in the remote end termination point.
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Local end Remote end

"This" ET "The other" ET
Incoming
*
Local end
error counting Remote end errors
reported back
Remote end Outgoing *
error counting

* Transmission error detection point

Figure 6 Counting of errors for local and remote end

4.1.5.2.2 Basic performance parameters

The quality of a DIP is monitored separately for incoming and outgoing
direction. A certain set of anomalies and defects are defined (see chapter
4.1.5.4), which leads to registration of an event of impairment. The event is
counted with a resolution of one second. I.e. if there is at least one error
event within one second, the second is registered as an Errored Second
(ES) or a Severely Errored Second (SES), depending upon the severity of
the impairment. ES and SES are the basic performance parameters, upon
which the quality supervision is based.

The evaluation of error performance and availability performance is based on

the processing of the basic performance parameters.

ES and SES Evaluation Without CRC-4

The evaluation of these parameters is performed as given in table 4.

Table 4 ES and SES parameter evaluation criteria without CRC-4

Anomalies and Interpretation Interpretation Notes Notes

defects in 1 for receive for send
second direction direction
>= 1 LOF ES + SES -
>= 1 AIS ES + SES -
>= 1 errored FAS ES - (1)

>= 28 errored FAS ES + SES -

(2)
>= 1 slip ES -
>= 1 RDI - ES + SES
(1) ES can not be generated independently of SES in the send direction.
(2) A controlled slip is classified as an anomaly and should be interpreted as
causing an ES (but not a SES).

ES and SES Evaluation Including CRC-4

The evaluation of these parameters is performed as given in table 5

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Table 5 ES and SES parameter evaluation criteria for CRC-4

Anomalies and Interpretation Interpretation Notes Notes

defects in 1 second for receive for send
direction direction
>= 1 LOF ES + SES -
>= 1 AIS ES + SES -
>= 1 CRC4 block ES -
errors
>= 805 CRC4 block ES + SES - (1)
error
(2)
>= 1 slip ES -
>= 1 E-bit - ES
>= 805 E-bits - ES + SES
>= 1 RDI - ES + SES
(1) Both send and receive ES and SES resolution possible in real-time
from single end.
(2) A controlled slip is classified as an anomaly and should be interpreted as
causing an ES (but not a SES).

4.1.5.2.3 Time Intervals

Both performance parameters are measured during two time intervals,
which are rectangular fixed windows with length 15 minutes and 24 hours
respectively. The start and end time for the 15 minute (T1) and 24 hour (T2)
interval is the same for ES evaluation as for SES evaluation. Both the 15
minute and 24 hour intervals are synchronized to the exchange clock. In
addition, the 15 minute interval is aligned with the 24 hour interval. I.e. the
start of a 24 hour period is also the start of the first 15 minute period. The
start time for degraded performance monitoring (24 hour) is set by a command
in SDH quality supervision. The start time is valid for both PDH and SDH.
The default value for the 24 hour period is 00:00.

4.1.5.2.4 Performance levels

Two performance levels, unacceptable or degraded performance level, are
defined for both ES and SES supervision.

• Unacceptable Performance is monitored during fixed 15 minute

time intervals (T1).

• Degraded Performance is monitored during fixed 24 hour time

intervals (T2).

The actual performance level is derived through the monitoring and

thresholding of the basic performance parameters (ES and SES).

4.1.5.2.5 Thresholding and reports

For both time intervals (15-minute and 24-hour), the basic performance
parameters are counted in both transmission directions, in order to derive the
actual performance level. Consequently, for each time interval (15-minute and
24-hour), there are 2 ES counters and 2 SES counters. I.e. there are 8 basic
performance counters (counters for basic performance parameters) per DIP.
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A threshold report is issued when one of the performance levels (unacceptable

or degraded) are entered. A performance level is entered if a threshold value
is reached or crossed by the corresponding basic performance counter.

Even if a threshold report (alarm) has been issued, ES and SES are counted
second by second to the end of the 15 minute interval, and then the counter
is reset to 0 (zero).

15-minute measurements

In both transmission directions, ES and SES are measured during 15-minute

intervals to determine whether the performance level is unacceptable or not. If
a threshold for unacceptable performance (ST1-ES or ST1-SES) is reached or
crossed by the respective performance counter (incoming or outgoing ES or
SES), a corresponding threshold report (TR1-ES or TR1-SES) is given.

The counters for ES and SES are compared to their respective set thresholds
every second.

If the unacceptable performance level is reached in one 15-minute interval, the

considered basic performance counter will be compared to a reset threshold at
the end of subsequent 15-minute intervals. If the basic performance counter is
below or equal to the reset threshold (RT1-ES or RT1-SES), a corresponding
reset threshold report (RTR1-ES or RTR1-SES) is given.

The principles of thresholding in 15-minute intervals are illustrated in figure 7

below.

ES/SES counter
RTR1-ES/RTR1-SESt TR1-ES/TR1-SES

ST1-ES/
ST1-SES

RT1-ES/
RT1-SES

time
Monitored
period
(15 min)
ST1-ES Set Threshold for Errored Seconds
TR1-ES Threshold Report for Errored Seconds
RT1-ES Reset Threshold for Errored Seconds
RTR1-ES Reset Threshold Report for Errored Seconds

ST1-SES Set Threshold for Severely Errored Seconds

TR1-SES Threshold Report for Severely Errored Seconds
RT1-SES Reset Threshold for Severely Errored Seconds
RTR1-SES Reset Threshold Report for Severely Errored Seconds

Figure 7 Principles of thresholding - unacceptable performance

24-hour measurements

In both transmission directions, ES and SES are measured during 24-hour

intervals to determine whether the performance level is degraded or not. If
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a threshold for degraded performance (ST2-ES or ST2-SES) is reached or

crossed by the respective performance counter (incoming or outgoing ES or
SES), a corresponding threshold report (TR2-ES or TR2-SES) is given.

If the degraded performance level is reached in a 24-hour interval, a reset

report (RR2-ES or RR2-SES) is given at the end of the interval.

The counters for ES and SES are compared to their respective thresholds
every 15 minute.

The principles of thresholding in 24-hour intervals are illustrated in figure 8

below.

ES/SES counter
TR2-ES/ RR1-ES/
TR2-SES RR1-SES

ST2-ES/
ST2-SES

time
Monitored period
(24 hours)

ST2-ES Set Threshold for Errored Seconds

TR2-ES Threshold Report for Errored Seconds
RR2-ES Reset Report for Errored Seconds

ST2-SES Set Threshold for Severely Errored Seconds

TR2-SES Threshold Report for Severely Errored Seconds
RR2-SES Reset Report for Severely Errored Seconds

Figure 8 Principles of thresholding - degraded performance

4.1.5.2.6 Transmission States
General

A digital path can be in one of two transmission states:

• Unavailable State

• Available State

Parameters ES and SES are not monitored during the unavailable state. The
transmission state is determined from filtered SES/non-SES data.

Transmission State Evaluation

The unavailable state filter is a 10-second rectangular sliding window with

1-second granularity of slide. The Unavailable State is detected at the end of
10 consecutive SES events. These 10 seconds are considered to be part of
the unavailable time. A DIP is in the unavailable state if one or both of the
transmission directions are in the unavailable state.

The available state filter is a 10-second rectangular sliding window, with

1-second granularity of slide. The Available State is detected at the end of 10
consecutive non-SES events, subsequent to detection of unavailable state.
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These 10 seconds are considered to be part of the available time. A DIP is in

the available state if both transmission directions are in the available state.

Unavailable time is measured per DIP. The unavailable time for a transmission
direction is defined as the time during which the transmission direction is in
the unavailable state. The unavailable time for the DIP is defined as the
time during which the DIP is in the unavailable state (i.e. one or both of the
transmission directions are in the unavailable state). During this time the ES
and SES are not monitored in any transmission direction.

Upon detection of unavailable state for the DIP, an alarm is issued. A counter
for the current unavailable time in seconds is started and the counter for the
unavailable event is incremented by 1. Unavailable events are counted per
DIP (i.e. there is only one unavailable event counter but three unavailable
time counters).

Upon detection of unavailable state termination (i.e. re-entry to the available

state), the unavailable state alarm is ceased and the counter for the current
unavailable time is stopped. Unavailable state termination is detected
at the end of 10 consecutive non-SES (in both transmission directions
simultaneously).

Unavailable time and unavailable events are both counted during the
15-minute and 24-hour time intervals. Their respective counters are reset
at the end of each interval.

Actions are taken to ensure that threshold reports (alarms) are correctly
generated and ES/SES available state counters are correctly processed
during changes in the transmission state. This implies that:

• All threshold reports (alarms) are delayed by 10 seconds

• At detection of unavailable state for the DIP, ES and SES

counters in both transmission directions are decremented by
the number accumulated during the last 10 seconds

• At detection of available state, the ES counters are incremented

by the actual number of ES events during the last 10 seconds

At entry or termination of unavailable state, the alarm or alarm ceasing is time

stamped. Time stamps are related to the first of the unavailable or available
seconds respectively.

The figure 9 illustrates the rules for determining the unavailable second
parameter for the DIP. and for inhibiting other parameter counts (ES and
SES) during unavailable time.
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Momentary Momentary
Anomalies + Defects Defects Defects

(1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1)

Y

A N

B
No SES
10 consecutive SES during 10 s

C N

Declare Declare
unavailability availability
Y Delete 10 seconds

D N Add 10 seconds

Add anomaly observed

during clear time
Y
Delete 10 ES & SES

E N

A = Error Condition
(1) = Anomaly (or anomalies) (ES)
(2) = Defect (or defects) (SES)
B = Performance monitoring clock (seconds)
C = Real time parameter count
D = Path unavailable seconds
E = Adjusted real time parameter count

Figure 9 Illustration of performance monitoring inhibiting during unavailable

time.

Note In the figure error conditions are considered in one transmission

direction only.
4.1.5.2.7 Suspect intervals
Due to restart or blocking from superior individuals, some time intervals may
not carry reliable information. Also, if the quality supervision functions are
reset by command, the ES and SES counters may not be correct in the
affected intervals. Such intervals are marked as suspected intervals.

Intervals are also suspect marked if there is a change in the system clock or a
change in the start of the 24 hour time interval.

For a corrupted 15-minute interval, data is replaced by a flag which indicates

a suspect interval. For a corrupted 24-hour interval, the collected data are
printed with an indication that the interval is suspect marked. Note that quality
data for suspected 15-minute intervals are accumulated to the 24-hour data.
4.1.5.2.8 Historical storage of quality data
Historical storage of quality data is done in accordance with M.2120, see
reference on page 82. For each DIP it is possible to store and print the quality
data ES, SES, UAS and UAV for

• 1 current 15-minute interval,

• n recent 15-minute intervals,

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• 1 current 24-hours interval,

• 1 recent 24-hours interval.

where n is set by an application parameter in the range 1 to 96 with 16 as

default. ES and SES are counted in both transmission directions. UAS is
counted in both transmission directions for the 15-minute interval, as well as
bi-directionally for both intervals. UAV is registered bi-directionally. Hence, for
the 15-minute intervals there are:

• 2 ES counters,

• 2 SES counters,

• 3 UAS counters,

• 1 UAV counter.

For the 24-hour intervals, there are:

• 2 ES counters,

• 2 SES counters,

• 1 UAS counter,

• 1 UAV counter,

• 1 SMI (Suspect Marked Interval) indication.

The recent register is used as a stack. At the end of a 15-minute period,

the content of the current register is transferred to the first of the recent
registers. When all of the recent registers are full, the oldest register values
are discarded.

The storage function may be initiated and ended per DIP by command. The
connection status may also be printed to display on which DIPs the function
is active or passive.

The stored quality data may be printed by command.

4.1.5.3 Slip Frequency Supervision (SF)

A slip might occur due to imperfect network synchronization. A slip is defined
as where one frame is either lost or duplicated. The supervision does not
discriminate between these two events.

This supervision monitors the number of slips per time interval. SF supervision
is performed in accordance with G.822, see reference on page 82, and works
towards one limit value Z during a time interval TI. If the number of slips
exceeds limit Z the alarm is initiated. Then as soon as the number of slips
equals or falls below the limit, the alarm is ceased. The value that is compared
with limit Z is the accumulated value during TI hours, the comparison towards
limit is done every hour..

Time interval TI is handled as a "floating window" with 1 hour of granularity.

The start time is the closest 15 minute boundary after bringing the digital
path into service.
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4.1.5.3.1 Alarm correlation with other functions

Relationship between DIP quality supervision and STM-1 quality
supervision

A quality supervision threshold crossing report issued from the quality

supervision of MS, VC4 or VC12 within the STM-1 will inhibit threshold
crossing reports from being issued from the corresponding 2048 Kbit/s digital
path terminations in accordance with these principles:

• Unavailable State alarms on STM-1 will suppress all

consequent Unavailable State alarms on DIP.

• Near-end ES alarms on STM-1 will suppress all consequent

near-end ES alarms on DIP.

• Far-end ES alarms on STM-1 will suppress all consequent

far-end ES alarms on DIP.

• Near-end SES alarms on STM-1 will suppress all consequent

near-end ES/SES alarms on DIP.

• Far-end SES alarms on STM-1 will suppress all consequent

far-end ES/SES alarms on DIP.

The suppression will be done independently for unacceptable and degraded

performance for ES and SES alarms.

Relationship between DIP quality supervision and DIP fault supervision

Fault conditions on the 2048 Kbit/s digital path termination will suppress
threshold crossing reports (alarms) from the quality supervision. Alarms
already existing when a fault condition occurs will be ceased and no new
threshold crossing reports will be issued as long as the fault condition exists.

Relationship between DIP quality supervision and STM-1 fault

supervision

Fault conditions on the MS, VC-4 or VC-12 within the STM-1 will suppress
threshold crossing reports (alarms) from the quality supervision. Alarms
already existing when a fault condition occurs will be ceased and no new
threshold crossing reports will be issued as long as the fault condition exists.

4.1.5.4 Fault Supervision

4.1.5.4.1 Relationship between SDIP fault supervision and DIP fault
supervision
If an error occurs on the higher transmissions levels, MS, VC4 and VC12, then
this error also must be present on the corresponding DIP, since the VC12 and
VC4 are combinations of one ore more DIPs. There is no need for alarms on
DIP level if an alarm already has been issued on MS, VC4 or VC12. The DIP
alarms will be suppressed as long as the alarm on MS, VC4 or VC12 persists.

4.1.5.4.2 2048 Kbit/s Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) Received

Incoming AIS is detected in accordance with ITU-T G.775, see reference on
page 82. The equivalent binary contents of the AIS is a continuous stream
of binary ones.
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The ET has the capability of detecting the presence of the AIS even in the
presence of an error rate of 1E-3. However, a signal with all bits except the
frame alignment in the '1' state, shall not be mistaken as an AIS.

AIS is considered detected when both of the following conditions occur:

• loss of frame alignment

• reception of 512 bit periods containing less than 3 binary zeros.

4.1.5.4.3 Loss of Frame Alignment

Manual CRC mode off

Loss of frame alignment is detected in accordance with G.706, see reference

on page 82, section 4.1.1.

Manual CRC mode on

Loss of frame alignment is detected in accordance with G.706, see reference

on page 82, section 4.1.1 and 4.2.

In addition, the occurrence of more than 915 errored CRC-blocks per second
is treated as a loss of frame alignment.

Automatic CRC mode

Loss of frame alignment is detected in accordance with G.706, see reference

on page 82, Annex B.2.

4.1.5.4.4 Recovery of Frame Alignment

Manual CRC mode off

Frame alignment recovery is detected in accordance with G.706, see

reference on page 82, section 4.1.2.

Manual CRC mode on

Frame alignment recovery is detected in accordance with G.706, see

reference on page 82, section 4.1.2 and 4.2.

However, the recovery of frame alignment is not successful if more than

915 CRC blocks are received in error per second after a successful CRC
multiframe alignment. In this situation, loss of frame alignment shall
immediately be indicated.

Automatic CRC mode

Frame alignment recovery is detected in accordance with G.706, see

reference on page 82, Annex B.2.

4.1.5.4.5 Excessive Bit Error Rate

The activation of ERATE is based on thresholding of FAS error frequency as
proposed in ITU-T recommendation G.732, see reference on page 82. ERATE
is activated and deactivated in accordance with G.732, see reference on
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page 82, section 4.1.6. The activating and the deactivating period specified
as 'a few seconds'.

4.1.5.4.6 Remote Defect Indication Received

The defect indication from the remote end is a message sent up-streams. As
a consequence the circuit is normally removed from service.

RDI is detected in accordance with ITU-T G.704, see reference on page 82.
RDI is indicated when bit 3 of incoming time slot zero (TS0B3) is changed from
state '0' to state '1' in those frames not containing the frame alignment signal.

In order to avoid spurious RDI detection, at least 3 consecutive TS0B3 which

are set to '1', are required to give RDI.

4.1.5.4.7 Fault Filtering Times

There are two filtering times associated with the fault detection.

• A filtering time is used at detection of a fault to make sure

that the fault remains.

• When the fault ceases, cease filtering time is used in order to

make sure that the fault has disappeared.

The fault filtering times are both set by application parameters.

4.1.5.4.8 Alarm Filtering Times

The alarm fault filtering time is used for alarm initiation.

The alarm cease filtering time is used in order not to initiate alarm cease until
it has been made sure that the fault no longer exists.

The alarm fault filtering time can be different from the alarm ceasing filtering
time.

The filtering times for alarm initiation and alarm cease are set by application
parameters.

4.1.5.4.9 Actions at Fault Conditions

The maintenance actions specified in table 6 are taken as consequence of
the faults detected.

Service alarm is generated to indicate that the service provided by the PDH
digital path is no longer available (Channels are blocked).

Prompt Maintenance alarm is generated to signify that maintenance is

required locally. Note that for a given fault condition it is possible to set if the
prompt maintenance alarm should be generated or not.

RDI is generated by operating bit 3, time slot 0 of an outgoing channel not

containing the frame alignment word. RDI is generated in order to notify the
remote end about erroneous transmission towards the local end.

AIS generated towards the switching stage indicates that a failure has been
identified in the circuit and that the other maintenance consequences to this
failure should be inhibited.
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Table 6 Actions within the exchange

Anomalies and defects detected Con- Con- Con- Con- Con-

se- se- se- se- se-
quent quent quent quent quent
ac- ac- ac- ac- ac-
tions tions tions tions tions
Alarm indication signal (AIS) 1 2a 3 4
Loss of frame alignment (LOF) 1 2a 3 4
Excessive bit error rate (ERATE) 1 2a 3 4a
Remote Defect Indication (RDI) 1 2a
Loss of clock from GS 1 2 5

1= Service alarm indication generated. For the ET this implies

informing the device owner about the alarm condition.

2= Prompt maintenance alarm indication generated. This is an

alarm that is printed on the operator's console.

3= RDI to the remote end generated.

4= AIS towards the switching stages generated.

5= 2048 kbit/s AIS towards digital path.

a= It shall be set-able from the operator whether this alarm

indication should be generated or not.

4.1.5.4.10 Detailed Description of Actions at Fault Conditions

In the following table 7 to table 14, the consequent actions that are taken
are presented and the time delays before the actions are taken. If two or
more faults/fault indications are detected at the same time, the detailed set of
consequent actions will be taken for the faults/fault indication with the highest
priority (only one set of consequent actions is taken).

The order of priority is:

1 Alarm Indication Signal

2 Loss of Frame Alignment

3 Excessive Error Rate

4 Remote Defect Indication

where 1. represents the highest priority and 4. represents the lowest priority.

Following terms are used in the tables.

P The possible range value.

R The recommended value (always true when P is missing).

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U The uncertainty of the value, given as "=X ms".

In the worst possible case, the time to carry out the consequent
action will be R + X ms.

:= means "is set to"

i.e "TS0B3 : = 1" means "TS0B3 is set to 1" (done by the

ET, towards the DIP).

In the first column, the "name" of the event is stated.

In the second column, the values of P, R, and U are given.

In the third column, the consequent actions to the event and comments are
stated.

The alarm can be activated/deactivated by a command for each fault type.

The following notes are referred to in the table 7 to table 14.

Note 1 The fault filtering is used for alarm initiation. This filtering time
will be common to all alarms (initiation), but can be different
from the alarm ceasing filtering time.

Note 2 The cease filtering is used for alarm cease.

Note 3 If CRC-4 is used and frame synchronization is found, but

less than two CRC-4 multiframes are found within 8-10 ms a
re-framing attempt is made. Then if CRC-4 multiframe is found,
but there are >915 erroneous CRC-4 blocks in a second, a
re-framing attempt is made again.
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Table 7 AIS Commences

Alarm Delay of action

Consequent actions and comments
indication event
Alarm R = 0
Indication AIS is sent towards the switch stage.
Signal (AIS) U = 0 - 1 ms
R = 0 Remote Defect Indication transmitted,
U = 0 - 1 ms TS0B3 := 1 .

P = 50 ms -
10 min Treatment of telephony devices
is started. ( P is an application
R = 2500 ms
parameter. )
U = 0 - 13 ms
P = 0 - 300 ms
Alarm and Printout is initiated. (P is
R = 0 an application parameter. This time
U= 2s is started when the previous time (50
ms - 10 min) has elapsed.)
See Note 1

Table 8 AIS Ceases

Alarm Delay of action

Consequent actions and comments
indication event
Alarm R = 0 AIS towards the switching stage
Indication ceases.
Signal (AIS) U = 0 - 1 ms
ceases R = 0 Defect indication to Remote End
U = 0 - 1 ms is ceased, TS0B3 := 0 .

P = 50 ms -
10 min Treatment of telephony devices
is started. ( P is an application
R = 10000 ms
parameter. )
U = 0 - 13 ms
P = 0 - 300 ms
Alarm ceases and printout is initiated.
R = 0 (P is an application parameter. This
U= 2s time is started when the previous time
(50 ms - 10 min) has elapsed.)
See Note 2
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Table 9 LOF Commences

Alarm Delay of action

Consequent actions and comments
indication event
Loss of Frame R = 0 AIS is sent towards the switching
Alignment stage.
U = 0 - 1 ms
R = 0 Remote Defect Indication transmitted,
U = 0 - 1 ms TS0B3 := 1 .

P = 50 ms -
10 min Treatment of telephony devices
is started. ( P is an application
R = 2500 ms
parameter. )
U = 0 - 13 ms
P = 0 - 300 ms
Alarm and Printout is initiated. (P is
R = 0 an application parameter. This time
U= 2s is started when the previous time (50
ms - 10 min) has elapsed.)
See Note 1

Table 10 LOF Recovery

Alarm Delay of action

Consequent actions and comments
indication event
Recovery R = 0
of Frame AIS towards the switching stage
Alignment U = 0 - 1 ms ceases.
Signal
See Note 3 R = 0 Defect indication to Remote End
U = 0 - 1 ms is ceased, TS0B3 := 0 .

P = 50 ms -
10 min Treatment of telephony devices
is started. ( P is an application
R = 10000 ms
parameter. )
U = 0 - 13 ms
P = 0 - 300 ms
Alarm ceases and printout is initiated.
R = 0 (P is an application parameter. This
U= 2s time is started when the previous time
(50 ms - 10 min) has elapsed.)
See Note 2
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Table 11 ERATE Commences

Alarm Delay of action

Consequent actions and comments
indication event
Excessive Error R = 0 Defect indication to Remote End is
Rate transmitted, TS0B3 := 1 .
U = 0 - 1 ms
R = 0 AIS is sent towards the switching
U = 0 - 1 ms stage. (Market dependent)

P = 50 ms -
10 min
Treatment of telephony devices
R = 2500 ms is started.
U = 0 - 3 ms
P = 0 - 300 ms
Alarm and Printout is initiated. (P is
R = 0 an application parameter. This time
U= 2s is started when the previous time (50
ms - 10 min) has elapsed.)
See Note 1

Table 12 ERATE Ceases

Alarm Delay of action

Consequent actions and comments
indication event
Excessive Error R = 0 Defect indication to Remote End
Rate Ceases is ceased, TS0B3 := 0 .
U = 0 - 1 ms
R = 0 ms AIS towards the switching stage
ceases. (Market dependent)
U = 0 - 1 ms
P = 50 ms -
10 min Treatment of telephony devices
is started. ( P is an application
R = 10000 ms
parameter. )
U = 0 - 13 ms
P = 0 - 300 ms
Alarm ceases and printout is initiated.
R = 0 (P is an application parameter. This
U= 2s time is started when the previous time
(50 ms - 10 min) has elapsed.)
See Note 2
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Table 13 RDI Commences

Alarm Delay of action

Consequent actions and comments
indication event
Defect P = 50 ms -
Indication 10 min
recieved from Treatment of telephony devices
the remote end R = 2500 ms is started.
U = 0 - 13 ms
P = 0 - 300 ms
Alarm and Printout is initiated. (P is
R = 0 an application parameter. This time
U= 2s is started when the previous time (50
ms - 10 min) has elapsed.)
See Note 1

Table 14 RDI Ceases

Alarm Delay of action

Consequent actions and comments
indication event
Defect P = 50 ms -
Indication from 10 min Treatment of telephony devices
the remote end is started. ( P is an application
ceases R = 10000 ms
parameter. )
U = 0 - 13 ms
P = 0 - 300 ms
Alarm ceases and printout is initiated.
R = 0 (P is an application parameter. This
U= 2s time is started when the previous time
(50 ms - 10 min) has elapsed.)
See Note 2

4.1.5.4.11 Actions at Faults in own Exchange

Loss of clocking signal

If the clock signal from the Group Switch is lost, alarm indication signal (AIS)
to the remote end is sent.

Further actions are part of the SNT maintenance function and not within
the scope of this UD.

4.2 Administration and Maintenance functions

A description of the administration and maintenance functions for the SDH

STM-1 termination.

The supervision functions used to locate faults in synchronous digital

transmission systems and isolate such faults are described and also a
description on how the administration of the synchronous digital path is
performed.
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4.2.1 Multiplexing Structure

The method for multiplexing a 2048 kbit/s signal into the required SDH order
is shown in figure 10. The figure also shows that it is possible to have up to
3x7x3=63 VC-12s in one STM-1 signal.

Note Ref. G707 ch. 6.1, see reference on page 82

x1 x1
STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4
x3

TUG-3
x7
TUG-2
x3
DIP
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048
kbit/s

Figure 10 Multiplexing Levels

4.2.2 Basic STM-1 Frame Structure

In figure 11 a STM-1 signal is illustrated as a frame with 9 rows and 270 bytes
in each row. The sending of the frame starts with 9 bytes from the RSOH
section and continues with 261 byte of STM-1 payload, then there will be a
new row starting with the next 9 byte from RSOH and new payload. This
continues for total of 9 rows and form the STM-1 frame structure.

The first 9 byte in each row are for information and used by the SDH system
itself. This area is divided into 3 parts:

• Regenerator section overhead

• Space allocated to administrative unit pointer

• Multiplex section overhead

The regenerator section overhead and the multiplex section overhead together
form the STM-1 section overhead. The remaining 261 bytes per row provide
the STM-1 payload.

Note Ref. G707 ch. 6.2, see reference on page 82

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270 columns (bytes)

9 (bytes) 261 (bytes)

1 Regenerator
Section Overhead
RSOH
3
4 Administrative 9 rows
Unit Pointer(s) STM-1 PAYLOAD

5 Multiplex
Section Overhead
MSOH
9

Figure 11 STM-1 Frame Structure

The STM-1 section overhead and the administrative unit pointer are shown
in detail in table 15.

Note Ref. G707 ch. 9.2, see reference on page 82

Table 15 STM-1 Section Overhead (RSOH, AU-pointers and MSOH)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3 H3 H3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2

A1 and A2 Frame alignment word

B1 This byte is used for regenerator section error monitoring

function.

B2 These bytes are used for a MS error monitoring function

(MS-DEG).

D1 - D3 192 kbit/s regenerator section data communication channel

((Tx=H'00, Rx ignored).
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D4 - D12 576 kbit/s MS data communication channel (Tx=H'00, Rx

ignored).

E1 and E2 Orderwire channels for voice communication (Tx=H'00, Rx

ignored).

F1 User channel (Tx=00, Rx ignored).

H1 and H2 Administrative unit pointers

H3 These bytes are used at negative AU-pointer justification.

J0 Regenerator section trace (Tx=H'01, Rx ignored).

K1 and K2 Automatic protection switching channel.

(b1-b4)

K2 (b5-b8) Bit 5 indicates protection algorithm used (MSP 1+1). Bit 6-8 is
used for transmitting MS-RDI and MS-AIS

M1 Used as a MS remote error indication. Conveys the count

of interleaved bit blocks that have been detected in error by
the BIP-24 (B2).

S1 Allocated for synchronization messages (fixed predefined

pattern).

4.2.3 VC-4 Frame Structure

In figure 12 the STM-1 payload is shown in form of a VC-4 frame. The first
byte in each row combine to make the VC-4 path section overhead.

Note Ref. G707 ch. 7.1, see reference on page 82

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
260 bytes

VC-4 Path overhead (POH)

Figure 12 VC-4 Frame

J1 This byte is used to transmit repetitively a Trail Trace Identifier

(TTI) so that a path receiving terminal can verify its continued
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connection to the intended transmitter. The TTI consist of a

CRC-7 checksum (C1-C7,C1=MSB), a flagpattern (B7 in all
bytes) and an access point identifier (API, 7 bits of byte 1 to 15).

B3 One byte is allocated for path error monitoring function (BIP-8

code) (HP-DEG).

C2 One byte is allocated to indicate the composition or the

maintenance status of the VC-4.

Possible values for C2 (C2 = 02 - TUG2 structure, is used in

this ET155 product):

− 00 - Unequipped or supervisory unequipped

− 01 - Equipped - non specific

− 02 - TUG structure

− 03 - Locked TU-n

− 04 - Asynchronous mapping of 34368 Kbit/s or

44736 Kbit/s into the container-4

− 12 - Asynchronous mapping of 139262 Kbit/s

into the container-4

− 13 - ATM mapping

− 14 - MAN (DQDB) mapping

− 15 - FDDI mapping

− FE - Test signal

− FF - Undefined

G1 One byte is allocated to convey the path status and

performance back to a VC-4 trail termination source as
detected by a trail termination sink.

F2 This byte is allocated for user communication purposes

between path elements (Tx=H'00, Rx ignored).

H4 This byte provides a generalized position indicator for payloads.

F3 This byte is allocated for user communication purposes

between path elements (Tx=H'00, Rx ignored).

K3 This byte is used for APS signalling for Trail protection at the
VC-4 path level (Tx=H'00, Rx ignored).

N1 This byte is used to provide a Tandem Connection Monitoring

function (Tx=H'00, Rx ignored).
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4.2.4 VC-12 Mapping in TU-12 Multiframe

In figure 13 it is shown that a VC-12 together with V1-V4 forms a TU-12
multiframe. V1 and V2, form the tributary unit pointer, which points to the
start of the VC-12 frame. One TU-12 multiframe is transmitted in four STM-1
frames.

Note Ref. G707 ch. 8.3, see reference on page 82

State of the TU-12

H4 byte:
xxxxxx00 V1
VC-12
V5
125µs 35
xxxxxx01 V2

35
250µs
xxxxxx10 V3
35

375µs
V4
xxxxxx11 35

500µs 140

VC Capacity (byte/500µs)
V1 = VC Pointer 1
V2 = VC Pointer 2
V3 = VC Pointer 3 (action). Used at negative TU-pointer justification
V4 = Reserved

Figure 13 VC-12 Mapping in Multiframed TU-12

4.2.5 VC-12 Frame Structure

One 2048 kbit/s signal can be mapped into a VC-12 frame.
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V5
R

32 bytes

R
J2
C1 C2 O O O O R R

32 bytes

R
140 N2
bytes C1 C2 O O O O R R

32 bytes

R
K4
C1 C2 R R R R R S1
S2 D D D D D D D

31 bytes

R
500 µs

D = Data bit R = Fixed stuff bit O = Overhead bit

S = Justification opportunity bit C = Justification control bit

Figure 14 Asynchronous Mapping of 2048 kbit/s. The figure shows a 2048

kbit/s signal mapped into a VC-12 frame.

J2 This byte is used to transmit repetitively a Low Order Trail Trace

Identifier (TTI) so that a path receiving terminal can verify its
continued connection to the intended transmitter.

V5 Described in figure 15

K4 Automatic protection switching signalling at lower order path

level.

N2 Allocated for Tandem connection monitoring.

4.2.6 V5 Byte Coding

In figure 15 the V5 Byte contains is shown in details.
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Note Ref. G707 ch.9.3.2, see reference on page 82

BIP-2 REI RFI Signal label RDI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 15 V5 Byte

BIP-2 Bit Interleaved Parity is used for error performance monitoring.

REI Remote Error Indication bit is set to '1' if one or more error
where detected by the BIP-2 monitoring.

RFI Remote Failure Indication bit is set to '1' if a defect persist

beyond the maximum time allocated to the transmission system
protection mechanisms.

RDI Remote Defect Indication bit is set to '1' if AIS or LOS i detected.

Signal Label − 000 - Unequipped or supervisory unequipped

− 001 - Equipped - non specific

− 010 - Asynchronous

− 011 - Bit synchronous

− 100 - Byte synchronous

− 101 - Undefined

− 110 - Test signal

− 111 - Undefined

Signal label = 010 - Asynchronous, is used in this ET 155 product.

4.2.7 SDIP Layers

The different layers within an Synchronous Digital Path (SDIP) and the
relationship between them are shown in figure 16. It is possible to equip the
SDIP with two MSs, where one MS is used for protection. The SDIP can also
be equipped with one MS only, the SDIP is then working without protection.
The SDIP also contains one HP and up to 63 LPs.
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SDIP

HP
(VC-4) STM-1
MS-0
LP-0 WORKING
(VC-12)
.
: 63 VC-12s MSP

LP-62
(VC-12)
STM-1
MS-1
PROTECTION

Note that MSP is a switch and not any subobject.

Figure 16 Relationship Between Layers and Subobjects in SDIP

4.2.8 Function
4.2.8.1 Function Overview
4.2.8.1.1 Administration
The SDIP Administration function handles

• Connecting and disconnecting of the SDIP

• Manual blocking or deblocking of the SDIP

• Change and print of SDIP initial or configuration parameters

• Handling the Trail Trace Identifier (TTI)

4.2.8.1.2 Maintenance
The fault supervision function shall detect anomalies and defects within all
layers of SDH (STM-1), to take appropriate automatic action and to alert
the maintenance staff.
4.2.8.2 Administration
4.2.8.2.1 Connecting the SDIP
The SDIP can be connected by command in two ways:

• The SDIP is given a unique name by command and the system

automatically indexes the MS(s), the VC-4 and the VC-12s
according to the connected hardware.

• If an arbitrary number of VC-12s is to be connected, the SDIP

is given a unique name and the VC-12s are specified by
command. The MSs and the VC-4 are indexed automatically.
4.2.8.2.2 Disconnecting the SDIP
The SDIP can be disconnected by command.
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4.2.8.2.3 Changing the SDIP Configuration

SDIP configuration data can be changed, MSs or VC-12s are increased or
decreased by command. Configuration data which can be changed is:

• The number of MSs connected to each SDIP. This specifies if

one or two MSs are connected to the SDIP.

• Number of VC-12 terminations for each given SDIP.

4.2.8.2.4 Printing the SDIP Configuration

Configuration data for the SDIP, including all MSs and VC-12s connected,
can be printed by command.

4.2.8.2.5 Changing SDIP Initial Data

Initial data can be changed by command.

Initial data that can be changed is:

• The degraded defect threshold (DEGTHR). The value range is

from 1 to 100% and the default value is 30%.

• The sliding monitoring period of degraded defect (DEGM). The

value range is from 2 to 10s and the default value is 3s.

• MS-REI mode. Specifies whether MS-REI shall be used for

performance monitoring or not. The default value is: MS-REI
detection supported.

It is possible to set separate DEGTHR and DEGM values for each of the
levels MS, VC-4 and VC-12. All VC-12s within the same VC-4 will have the
same value.

4.2.8.2.6 Printing SDIP Initial Data

The initial data can also be printed by command.

4.2.8.2.7 Manual Blocking and Deblocking of SDIP

It is possible to block and deblock the whole SDIP by one command. When
the whole SDIP is blocked all layers (MSs, HP and LPs) within the actual
SDIP are blocked.

The SDIP internal levels, VC-12s, VC-4 and the MSs can be blocked and
deblocked by command. It is possible to block or deblock each subobject
within the SDIP separately.

At manual blocking of an SDIP subobject, the fault supervision is stopped for

that object. At deblocking the fault supervision is started again.

4.2.8.2.8 Printing SDIP state

The state of the SDIP including all current fault information can be printed by
command.

4.2.8.2.9 Trail Trace Identifier

The Trail trace identifier is a character string which is continuously sent in the
layer overhead of VC-4 and VC-12 as an identification of the transmitting
termination point.
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If no value is specified for the TTI to transmit then the value binary zero is
transmitted. If no value is specified for the TTI to be expected from the far end,
the received TTI is ignored and TIM is not generated.

The Trace Identifier Mismatch (TIM) defect detection can be enabled and
disabled by command. The HP-TIM defect detection is possible to set per
VC-4, while the LP-TIM defect detection is possible to set for each VC-12.
4.2.8.2.10 Changing the TTI
The transmitted and expected TTI for VC-4 and VC-12 can be changed by
command.

The TTI can be printed by command. In the printout the expected, transmitted
and received TTI for VC-4 and VC-12 are given. The printout also show if
TIM is enabled or disabled for the actual layers.
4.2.8.3 Fault Supervision
The purpose of Fault Supervision function is to detect transmission faults, take
appropriate automatic actions to avoid traffic being set up on faulty equipment,
and initiate alarm printouts.

The defects LOS, LOF, MS-AIS and MS-DEG initiates the network protection
function, see figure 17.

Fault- Cease-
filtering filtering
time time

T
1

A B C D E Time

1 = Defect detection
2 = Fault reporting

T = The time from a defect (LOS, LOF, MS-AIS and MS-DEG)

is detected until a protection switch, if available, is performed.
The time is less than 50 ms.

A = A defect is detected.
B = Protection switching is performed.
C = A failure is declared and alarm is initiated.
D = The defect is cleared.
E = The failure and the alarm is ceased.

Figure 17 Defect Filtering Times and Network Protection Switching

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In figure 17 a summary of the Fault Supervision function is shown.

A defect is detected at point A. If this defect leads to sending of RDI and AIS
(see table 17), sending is generated at this point.

The defects LOS, LOF, MS-AIS and MS-DEG will initiates the Network
Protection function. If network protection is available, the Network Protection
function switches the traffic to the standby MS. This network protection switch
is done at point B.

When the defect has lasted longer than the fault filtering time, a failure is
declared and an alarm is given to the operator, point C. The operator can set
the fault filtering time, see chapter 4.2.8.3.26.

At point D, the defect is cleared and sending of RDI and AIS is stopped.

When the defect has been cleared longer than the cease filtering time, the
failure and the alarm is ceased, point E. The operator can set the cease
filtering time, see chapter 4.2.8.3.26.
4.2.8.3.1 Start Fault Supervision
Fault supervision is started for a specified subobject in the SDIP when that
subobject is deblocked manually or automatically from a superior function.
4.2.8.3.2 Stop Fault Supervision
The fault supervision is stopped on a specified subobject within the SDIP if
the specified subobject is blocked manually or automatically from a superior
function.
4.2.8.3.3 Loss of Incoming Signal (LOS)
LOS defect is detected for both electrical and optical interfaces. The LOS
defect ceases at frame alignment recovery.
4.2.8.3.4 Loss of Frame Alignment (LOF)
If the Frame alignment word, bytes A1 and A2, see table 15, has not been
received for 4 consecutive frames then OOF state is entered. If the OOF state
persists for 3 ms +/- 0.25 ms, then LOF is detected.

When two consecutive Frame alignment words have been received the in
frame state is entered. The LOF defect is cleared when the “in frame state”
has persisted continuously for 3 ms +/- 0.25 ms.
4.2.8.3.5 Multiplex section - alarm indication signal (MS-AIS)
If at least five consecutive frames contains the 111 pattern in bits 6, 7 and
8 of the K2 byte, see table 15, the MS-AIS defect is detected. The MS-AIS
defect is cleared if five consecutive frames contains any other pattern than
111 in bits 6, 7 and 8 of the K2 byte.
4.2.8.3.6 Multiplex section - degraded (MS-DEG)
The B2 bytes, see table 15, are allocated for the multiplex error monitoring
function. Once every second, the number of errored blocks during the second
is compared with the DEGTHR. If the number of errored blocks is equal
or greater than DEGTHR, the one second is declared bad, otherwise it is
declared good. The degraded defect is detected if DEGM consecutive bad
seconds have occurred and cleared if DEGM consecutive good seconds
have occurred. (The default value for DEGM are 3s and the default value for
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DEGTHR is 30%, these values can be changed by command, see Section

2.2).
4.2.8.3.7 Multiplex section - remote defect indication (MS-RDI)
If at least five consecutive frames contain the 110 pattern in bits 6, 7 and 8 of
the K2 byte, see table 15, the MS-RDI defect is detected. The MS-RDI defect
is cleared if five consecutive frames contain a cleared RDI signal.
4.2.8.3.8 Administrative unit - loss of pointer (AU-LOP)
The H1 and H2 bytes, see table 15, contain the AU pointer. The AU-LOP defect
is detected if the pointer interpreter is in the LOP state, see ref. [1] Annex B.
The AU-LOP defect is cleared if the pointer interpreter is not in the LOP state.
4.2.8.3.9 Administrative unit - alarm indication signal (AU-AIS)
The H1 and H2 bytes, see table 15, contain the AU pointer. The AU-AIS defect
is detected if the pointer interpreter is in the AIS state, see ref. [1] Annex B.
The AU-LOP defect is cleared if the pointer interpreter is not in the AIS state.
4.2.8.3.10 Higher order path - unequipped VC indication (HP-UNEQ)
The HP-UNEQ defect is detected if five consecutive frames contains the
pattern H'00h in the C2 byte, see figure 12. The HP-UNEQ defect is cleared if
the C2 byte contains a value greater than 0 in five consecutive frames.
4.2.8.3.11 Higher order path - trace identifier mismatch (HP-TIM)
The received TTI in the J1 byte, see figure 12, is compared to the expected
TTI. If a mismatch occurs, the HP-TIM defect is detected. The HP-TIM defect
is cleared when the received TTI and the expected TTI are identical again.
HP-TIM can be turned on/off by command TPTII/TPTIE.
4.2.8.3.12 Higher order path - remote defect indication (HP-RDI)
If bit 5 of the received G1 byte, see figure 12 is set in five consecutive frames
the HP-RDI defect is detected. The HP-RDI defect is cleared if bit 5 in the
received G1 byte is cleared in five consecutive frames.
4.2.8.3.13 Higher order path - degraded (HP-DEG)
The B3 byte, see figure 12, are allocated for the Path Error Monitoring
function. Once every second, the number of errored blocks during the second
is compared with the degraded defect threshold (DEGTHR). If the number of
errored blocks is equal or greater than DEGTHR the one second is declared
bad, otherwise it is declared good. The degraded defect is detected if DEGM
consecutive bad seconds have occurred. The degraded defect is cleared if
DEGM consecutive good seconds have occurred. (The default value for
DEGM are 3s and the default value for DEGTHR is 30%, these values can be
changed by command, see chapter 4.2.8.2.
4.2.8.3.14 Higher order path - payload mismatch (HP-PLM)
The received C2 byte, see figure 12, is compared with the expected C2 byte.
If a mismatch occurs then the HP-PLM defect is detected. The HP-PLM
defect is cleared when the received C2 byte and the expected C2 byte are
identical. However value “01- Equipped - non specific”,and “02 -TUG” will
always be accepted when received.
4.2.8.3.15 Tributary unit - loss of multiframe (TU-LOM)
The TU-LOM defect is detected if two or more consecutive H4 bytes are
mismatched for two consecutive multiframes. TU-LOM defect can be declared
within 6 frames. When the alarm occurs, the internal H4 multiframe detector
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starts a search for a multiframe pattern immediately. Recovery occurs when

four consecutive H4 byte values are detected.
4.2.8.3.16 Tributary unit - loss of pointer (TU-LOP)
The V1 and V2 bytes, see figure 13, contain the TU pointer. The TU-LOP
defect is detected if the pointer interpreter is in the LOP state, see ETS 300
417-1-1 Annex B on page 82. The TU-LOP defect is cleared if the pointer
interpreter is not in the LOP state.
4.2.8.3.17 Tributary unit - alarm indication signal (TU-AIS)
The V1 and V2 bytes, see figure 13, contain the TU pointer. The TU-AIS
defect is detected if the pointer interpreter is in the AIS state, see ETS 300
417-1-1 Annex B on page 82. The TU-AIS defect is cleared if the pointer
interpreter is not in the AIS state.
4.2.8.3.18 Lower order path - unequipped VC indication (LP-UNEQ)
The LP-UNEQ defect is detected if five consecutive frames contains the
pattern 000 in the signal label in the V5 byte, see figure 14 and figure 15.
The LP-UNEQ defect is cleared if the signal label contains a value greater
than 0 in five consecutive frames.
4.2.8.3.19 Lower order path - trace identifier mismatch (LP-TIM)
The received trail trace identifier in the J2 byte, see figure 14, is compared
with the expected trail trace identifier. If a mismatch occurs, the LP-TIM defect
is detected. The LP-TIM defect is cleared when the received TTI and the
expected TTI is identical again. LP-TIM can be turned on/off by command
TPTIT/TPTIE.
4.2.8.3.20 Lower order path - remote defect indication (LP-RDI)
If bit 8 of the received V5 byte, see figure 14 and figure 15, is set in five
consecutive frames the LP-RDI defect is detected. The LP-RDI defect is
cleared if bit 8 in the received V5 byte is cleared in five consecutive frames.
4.2.8.3.21 Lower order path - degraded (LP-DEG)
The BIP-2 in the V5 byte, see figure 14 and figure 15, are allocated for the error
performance monitoring function. Once every second, the number of errored
blocks during the second is compared with the degraded defect threshold
(DEGTHR). If the number of errored blocks is equal or greater than DEGTHR
the one second is declared bad, otherwise it is declared good. The degraded
defect is detected if DEGM consecutive bad seconds have occurred. The
degraded defect is cleared if DEGM consecutive good seconds have occurred.
(The default value for DEGM are 3s and the default value for DEGTHR is 30%,
these values can be changed by command, see chapter 4.2.8.2.
4.2.8.3.22 Lower order path - payload mismatch (LP-PLM)
The received signal label in the V5 byte, see figure 14 and figure 15, is
compared with the expected signal label. If a mismatch occur then the LP-PLM
defect is detected. The LP-PLM defect is cleared when the received C2 byte
and the expected C2 byte are identical. However value “001- Equipped - non
specific”, and “010-Asynchronous” will always be accepted when received.
4.2.8.3.23 Prompt Maintenance Alarm
For each failure condition the operator can specify by command the alarm
class, A1, A2 or A3, and whether the prompt maintenance alarm indication
shall be generated or not. The operator may also by command print the status
for the SDIP and the subobjects within the SDIP (MS, VC-4 and VC-12s).
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4.2.8.3.24 Alarm Printing

The alarms to the operator includes the following information:

• Identification of the affected SDIP, MS, VC-4 and/or VC-12

• State information for the whole SDIP

• The fault situation causing the alarm

• The alarm class

• Date and time stamp information

In addition, for defects HP-TIM and LP-TIM, the received and expected TTI
values are included in the alarm report information. For defects HP-PLM and
LP-PLM, the received and expected values are also included in the alarm
report information.

4.2.8.3.25 Fault Filtering Times

There are two filtering times associated with the fault detection.

• A defect is filtered specified period before a failure is declared.

This fault filtering time can be set in the range 100 ms to 10
minutes in steps of 100 ms. Default value is 2.5 s.

• When the fault ceases, a cease filtering time is used in order

to ensure that the fault has disappeared. This cease filtering
time can be set in the range 100 ms to 10 minutes in steps of
100 ms. Default value is 10 s.

The fault filtering time and cease filtering time are both set by application
parameters.

4.2.8.3.26 Alarm Filtering

Failures at the SDIP have the following priority, see table 16. The order of
priority is based on ETSI/ITU Standards/recommendations.
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Table 16 LOS has highest priority and LP-PLM has lowest. Defect in the
column “Suppressing Failures” suppresses defect in the same column with
lower priority.

Suppressing No-suppressing Failures Priority

Failures
MS LOS High
LOF
AIS
DEG
RDI RDI *)

VC-4 LOP/AIS *)
(HP)
UNEQ
TIM
DEG
RDI
PLM
TU-LOM
VC-12 LOP/AIS *)
(LP)
UNEQ
TIM
DEG
RDI
PLM Low

*) LOP and AIS do not appear at the same time, they are mutually exclusive.
RDI can be no-suppressing when network protection is available

LOS has highest priority and LP-PLM has lowest priority. Only defects in
column “Suppressing Failures” will suppress defects of lower priority. If several
“Suppressing Failures” are detected simultaneously, only the failure with
highest priority is reported. Defects in the column “No-suppressing Failures”
do not suppress any other defects. It is possible to have two active alarms
at the same time, one alarm for “Suppressing Failures” and one alarm for
“No-suppressing Failures”. This means that for instance an MS-RDI and an
MS-DEG alarm may be present at the same time for a given MS-object.

4.2.8.3.27 Actions at Fault Conditions

The maintenance actions specified in table 17 are taken as consequence of
the detected faults.

A service alarm indication is generated to signify that the service is no longer

available.
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The prompt maintenance alarm indication is generated to signify that

performance is below acceptable standards and that immediate maintenance
attention is required locally. For a given fault condition, it is possible specify
whether the prompt maintenance alarm is generated or not.

RDI is generated to notify the remote end about erroneous transmission

towards the local end.

Table 17 Fault Conditions and Alarms Detected by SDH Fault Supervision

Anomalies and defects detected Con- Con- Con- Con-

se- se- se- se-
quent quent quent quent
ac- ac- ac- ac-
tions tions tions tions
Loss Of incoming Signal (LOS) 1f 2a 3b 4 g
Note Note
Loss Of Frame (LOF) 1f 2a 3b 4g
MS-AIS 1f 2a 3b 4g
MS-DEG - 2a - -
MS-RDI 1f 2a - -
AU-LOP 1 2a 3c 4
AU-AIS 1 2a 3c 4
HP-UNEQ VC indication 1 2a 3c 4
HP-TIM 1 2a 3c 4
HP-DEG - 2a - -
HP-RDI 1 2a - -
HP-PLM 1 2a 3c 4
TU-LOM 1 2a 3c 4
TU-LOP 1 2a 3d 4
TU-AIS 1 2a 3d 4
LP UNEQ VC indication 1 2a 3d 4
LP-TIM 1 2a 3d 4
LP-DEG - 2a - -
LP-RDI 1 2a - -
LP-PLM 1 2a 3e 4

1= Service alarm indication generated.

2= Prompt maintenance alarm indication generated.

3= RDI to remote end generated (see also b-e below)

4= AIS towards the switching stages generated.

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a= The operator is able to set whether this alarm indication should

be generated or not.

b= Remote defect indications generated to remote end for affected

levels. If network protection switching is possible only MS-RDI
is generated to remote end.

If MS-RDI is reported for an MS that is unprotected, the MS-RDI

is treated as a suppressing defect. However, if MS-RDI is
reported for an MS that is protected, the MS-RDI is treated as a
no-suppressing defect. This is in order to be consistent with
actions at remote end (which probably has detected LOS/LOF
and therefore has terminated traffic on its side).

− MS-RDI
− HP-RDI
− LP-RDI
− PDH-RDI
c= Remote defect indications generated to remote end for affected
levels

− HP-RDI
− LP-RDI
− PDH-RDI

d= Remote defect indications generated to remote end for affected

levels

− LP-RDI
− PDH-RDI

e= Remote defect indications generated to remote end for affected

levels

− PDH-RDI

f= Service alarm indication is only generated if network protection

switching was not possible.

g= AIS is only generated if network protection switching was not

possible.

Note = LOS does not generate AIS or RDI. LOS suppresses LOF and
all following defects. It is the LOF that follow upon the LOS
that generates AIS and RDI.

For each layer of STM-1(physical-, regenerator-, multiplex-, higher order

path-, lower order path- sections) maintenance signals are detected or
generated. An alarm indication signal (AIS) is a signal sent against the switch
as an indication that a defect or failure has been detected. A remote defect
indication (RDI) is a signal to be returned to the remote end to inform that the
near end has detected an incoming failure or is receiving AIS. The figure 18
shows the standardized maintenance signal interaction hierarchy for STM-1
without the network protection function.
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PDH
Physical Regenerator Layer
Multiplex Section Higher order path Lower order path
Section Section 2 Mbit/s

(Note 2) RST Note 1 MST

SPI MSA HPOM HUG HPC HPT HPA LPOM LUG LPC LPT LPA
LOS
’1’
LOF
’1’
MS-AIS

MS-DEG

MS-RDI
AU-AIS
MS-RDI

AU-AIS
’1’
AU-LOP
HP-VC-UNEQ

HP-TIM ’1’
HP-RDI
HP-DEG TU-AIS
HP-RDI
TU-LOM
’1’
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
HP-PLM
LP-VC-UNEQ

LP-TIM

LP-RDI ’1’
LP-RDI

LP-DEG
AIS
LP-PLM
’1’
PDH-AIS

PDH-RDI

64kbit/s

Detection ’1’ Insertion of all-ones (AIS) signal

Generation propagation (defect) can be turned

on/off by command

propagation

Notes:
1 This column represents the degenerate connection function present in a regenerator.
2 LOS does not generate AIS or RDI. LOS suppresses LOF and all following defects.
It is the LOF that will follow upon the LOS that generates AIS and RDI.

Figure 18 STM-1 maintenance signal interaction described without the network protection function.
The open arrows are defect detections that can be turned on/off by operator command. In addition, the
interaction between SDH and PDH is included.
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4.3 Quality Supervision

A description of the quality supervision function for 155 Mbit/s synchronous

digital path termination. That is the quality supervision, also known as
performance monitoring of the multiplex sections, higher order path and lower
order paths within the synchronous digital paths. The function is used to alert
maintenance staff, before the transmission quality is such that concerned
multiplex section, higher order path or lower order path is considered faulty.

SDIP

HP
(VC-4) STM-1
MS-0
LP-0 WORKING
(VC-12)
.
: MSP

LP-62
(VC-12)
STM-1
MS-1
PROTECTION

HP = Higher order path

LP = Lower order path
MS = Multiplex section
SDIP = Synchronous digital path
STM = Synchronous transfer mode

MSP = Multiplex section protection switch,

Note that this is a switch and not any subobject.

Figure 19 Relationship Between Layers and Subobjects in SDIP

4.3.1 Function
4.3.1.1 Overview
The aim of quality supervision is to supervise the quality of the SDIP. That is in
order to alert maintenance staff before the quality of the service is such that
whole or part of the SDIP is considered faulty. Historical storage of quality
data is included in the function.

4.3.1.2 Monitored Objects

Performance is monitored in the termination points of the multiplex section,
higher order path, and lower order path of the SDH system. This means that
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performance is monitored for each subobject, that is the MS, HP and LP

subobjects, within an SDIP.

4.3.1.3 Basic Performance Parameters

The performance of MS, HP and LP subobjects within an SDIP is monitored
separately for incoming and outgoing direction. For each layer a certain set of
anomalies and defects are defined, which leads to registration of an event of
impairment. The event is registered as an Errored Second (ES) or a Severely
Errored Second (SES), depending upon the severity of the impairment. ES
and SES are the basic performance parameters, upon which the quality
supervision is based.

The evaluation of error performance and availability performance is based on

the processing of the basic performance parameters.

4.3.1.3.1 Near End or Far End Monitoring

Error performance is monitored by measuring various parameters in the
incoming transmission direction. Incoming errors and defects are reported
to the remote end by use of remote error indication, REI, and remote defect
indication, RDI. Hence, by reading REI and RDI coming in to a termination
point, it is possible to obtain a picture of the quality perceived in the remote
end termination point.

Near end Far end

Transmission error
detection point SDIP

Near end Incoming

error counting
Far end errors
reported back
Outgoing
Far end
error counting

Transmission error
detection point

Figure 20 Counting of Errors for Near End and Far End

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4.3.1.3.2 ES and SES Parameter Evaluation Criteria for the Multiplex

Section Layer
Table 18

Anomalies and defects Interpretation for Interpretation for Notes

in one second receive direction send direction
>= 1 LOS ES+SES -
>= 1 LOF ES+SES -
>= 1 MS-AIS ES+SES -
>= 1 MS-BIP-1 errors ES -
>= 28800 MS-BIP-1 ES+SES -
errors
>= 1 MS-REI - ES Note 1
>= 28800 MS-REI - ES+SES Note 1
>= 1 MS-RDI - ES+SES

Note 1: In order to be compatible with equipment not supporting MS-REI at

remote end, MS-REI detection may be turned on/off by command. MS-REI
detection is supported by default.

4.3.1.3.3 ES and SES Parameter Evaluation Criteria for the Higher Order
Path Layer
Table 19

Anomalies and defects Interpretation for Interpretation for Notes

in one second receive direction send direction
>= 1 AU-AIS ES+SES -
>= 1 AU-LOP ES+SES -
>= 1 HP-TIM ES+SES -
>= 1 HP-UNEQ ES+SES -
>= 1 HP-BIP-8 errors ES -
>= 2400 HP-BIP-8 errors ES+SES -
>= 1 HP-REI - ES
>= 2400 HP-REI - ES+SES
>= 1 HP-RDI - ES+SES
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4.3.1.3.4 ES and SES Parameter Evaluation Criteria for the Lower Order
Path Layer
Table 20

Anomalies and defects Interpretation for Interpretation for Notes

in one second receive direction send direction
>= 1 TU-LOM ES+SES -
>= 1 TU-AIS ES+SES -
>= 1 TU-LOP ES+SES -
>= 1 LP-TIM ES+SES -
>= 1 LP-UNEQ ES+SES -
>= 1 LP-BIP-2 errors ES -
>= 600 LP-BIP-2 errors ES+SES -
>= 1 LP-REI - ES
>= 600 LP-REI - ES+SES
>= 1 LP-RDI - ES+SES

4.3.1.4 Time Intervals

Both performance parameters, ES and SES, are counted during two time
intervals, which are rectangular fixed windows with length 15 minutes and 24
hours respectively. The start and end time for the 15-minute (T1) and 24-hour
(T2) intervals are the same for ES evaluation as for SES evaluation. Both the
15-minute and 24-hour intervals are synchronized to the exchange clock. In
addition, the 15-minute interval is aligned with the 24-hour interval. That is the
start of a 24-hour period is also the start of a 15-minute period.

The start and end time for the 15-minute period are the same from both ES
and SES and must fall on the hour and at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the hour.

The 15-minute measurement starts immediately when the supervised object,

MS, HP or LP, is taken into service. Hence it may happen that the first interval
will not be fully 15-minutes. If the first interval not is fully 15-minutes, it will
be suspect marked.

The start and end time for the 24-hour period are the same from both ES and
SES and must fall on a 15-minute window boundary. The start time of the
24-hour interval can be set by command in steps of 15-minutes. The default
start time is 00.00.

4.3.1.5 Performance Levels

Three performance levels, acceptable, degraded and unacceptable
performance level, are defined for ES and SES supervision.

Unacceptable or degraded performance level is entered when significant or

gradual degradation in quality has been declared respectively.

• Unacceptable Performance Level is evaluated during fixed

15-minute time intervals (T1).
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• Degraded Performance Level is evaluated during fixed 24-hour

time intervals (T2).

The actual performance level is derived through the monitoring and

thresholding of the basic performance parameters (ES and SES).

4.3.1.6 Thresholding and Reports

For both time intervals (15-minute and 24-hour), the basic performance
parameters are counted in both transmission directions, in order to derive the
actual performance level. Consequently, for each time interval (15-minute
and 24-hour), there are two ES counters and two SES counters per MS,
VC-4 and VC-12.

A threshold report is issued when either unacceptable or degraded

performance level is entered. A performance level is entered if a threshold
value is reached or crossed by the corresponding basic performance counter.

However, a fault alarm for an SDIP subobject will suppress threshold reports
(both for unacceptable and degraded performance) for concerned SDIP
subobject, corresponding subordinate SDIP subobjects on lower level SDH
layers and for corresponding DIPs on PDH layer.

ES and SES are counted second by second to the end of the 15-minute
interval independently on if a threshold report (alarm) has been issued or not.
Then the counters are stored and reset to 0 (zero).

4.3.1.7 15-minute Measurements

In both transmission directions, ES and SES are measured during 15-minute
intervals to determine whether the performance level is unacceptable or
not. If a threshold for unacceptable performance is reached or crossed by
the respective performance counter (incoming or outgoing ES or SES), a
corresponding threshold report is given.

The default threshold values and the threshold value ranges are listed below.
The values are the same for both transmission directions.

Table 21

Layer Threshold Default value Value range

MS ST1-ES 50 ES 0-900 ES
MS ST1-SES 10 SES 0-900 SES
HP ST1-ES 180 ES 0-900 ES
HP ST1-SES 15 SES 0-900 SES
LP ST1-ES 120 ES 0-900 ES
LP ST1-SES 15 SES 0-900 SES

If the unacceptable performance level is reached in one 15-minute interval, the

considered basic performance counter will be compared to a reset threshold
at the end of subsequent 15-minute intervals. If the basic performance counter
is below or equal to the reset threshold, a corresponding reset threshold
report is given.
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The default reset threshold values and the value ranges are listed below. The
values are the same for both transmission directions.

Table 22

Layer Threshold Default value Value range

MS RT1-ES 0 ES 0-900 ES
MS RT1-SES 0 SES 0-900 SES
HP RT1-ES 0 ES 0-900 ES
HP RT1-SES 0 SES 0-900 SES
LP RT1-ES 0 ES 0-900 ES
LP RT1-SES 0 SES 0-900 SES

The counters for ES and SES are compared to their respective set thresholds
every second and to their respective reset thresholds at the end of each
15-minute interval.

The principles of thresholding in 15-minute intervals are illustrated in figure 21

below.

ES/SES
counter

TR1 RTR1

ST1

RT1

time
Monitored
period
(15 min)

ST1 Set Threshold

TR1 Threshold Report
RT1 Reset Threshold
RTR1 Reset Threshold Report

Figure 21 Principles of Thresholding - Unacceptable Performance

4.3.1.8 24-hour Measurements

In both transmission directions, ES and SES are counted during 24-hour
intervals to determine whether the performance level is degraded or not. If a
threshold for degraded performance is reached or crossed by the respective
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performance counter (incoming or outgoing ES or SES), a corresponding

threshold report is given.

The default threshold values and the treshold value ranges are listed below.
The values are the same for both transmission directions.

Table 23

Layer Threshold Default value Value range

MS ST2-ES 7 ES 0-86400 ES
MS ST2-SES 1 SES 0-86400 SES
HP ST2-ES 223 ES 0-86400 ES
HP ST2-SES 3 SES 0-86400 SES
LP ST2-ES 56 ES 0-86400 ES
LP ST2-SES 3 SES 0-86400 SES

The default threshold values for the different degraded performance limits are
calculated according to formulas given by ITU-T M.2101, see reference on
page 82. Degraded performance limits will have to be calculated for each
configuration. The calculation of the default threshold values described in
table 23 will now be shown. Parameters like distance of path (sum of all
PCE = Path Core Elements) and allocation Performance Objectives (PO) to
each PCE considered.

Note These calculations are only in order to illustrate an example. In

reality this must be calculated for each network configuration
depending on the physical media used.

MS

===

From table 3/M.2101:

PO.ES = 8% PO.SES= 0.1%

Estimated length: d = 1 km

From table 2B/M.2101:

Allocation: 0.2% (terrestrial)

Allocated Performance Objective (APO.ES)= 0.2% x 8% x 86400 = 14

APO.SES= 0.2% x 0.1% x 86400 = 1 (rounded off)

Degraded Performance Limit (DPL.ES) = 0.5 x APO.ES = 7

DPL.SES = 0.5 x APO.SES = 1 (rounded off)

VC4
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====

From table 3/M.2101:

PO.ES = 8%

PO.SES= 0.1%

Estimated length: d = 500 km

From table 2A/M2101:

Allocations:

Terminating end: 2%

Terrestrial: 0.3%

Terminating far end: 2%

Sum Allocations% ( A%) = 4.3%

APO.ES= 4.3% x 8% x 86400 = 297

APO.SES= 4.3% x 0.1% x 86400 = 4

DPL.ES = 0.75 x 297 = 223

DPL.SES = 0.75.4 = 3

VC12

=====

From table 3/M.2101:

PO.ES= 2%

PO.SES= 0.1 %

Estimated length: d = 500 km

Allocations:

Terminating end: 2%

Terrestrial: 0.3%

Terminating far end: 2%

Sum A% = 4.3%

APO.ES= 4.3% x 2% x 86400 = 74

APO.SES= 4.3% x 0.1% x 86400 = 4

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DPL.ES = 0.75 x 74 = 56

DPL.SES= 0.75 x 4 = 3

If the degraded performance level is reached in a 24-hour interval, a reset

report is given at the end of the interval.

The counters for ES, and SES are compared to their respective thresholds
every 15 minutes.

The principles of thresholding in 24-hour intervals are illustrated in figure 22

below.

ES/SES
counter

TR2 RTR2

ST2

time
Monitored period
(24 hours)

ST2 Set Threshold

TR2 Threshold Report
RTR2 Reset Threshold Report

Figure 22 Principles of Thresholding - Degraded Performance

4.3.1.9 Transmission States
4.3.1.9.1 General
A synchronous digital path subobject (MS, HP or LP) can be in one of two
transmission states:

• Unavailable State

• Available State

The transmission state is determined from filtered SES/non-SES data.

4.3.1.9.2 Transmission State Evaluation
The unavailable state filter is a 10-second rectangular sliding window with
1-second granularity of slide. The Unavailable State is declared at the end of
10 consecutive SES events. These 10 seconds are considered to be part of
the unavailable time (UAS).
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The available state filter is a 10-second rectangular sliding window, with

1-second granularity of slide. The Available State is detected at the end of 10
consecutive non-SES events, subsequent to detection of unavailable state.
These 10 seconds are considered to be part of the available time.

The unavailable time for the SDIP subobject is defined as the time during
which the SDIP subobject is in the unavailable state. During this time the ES
and SES are not counted.

Upon detection of unavailable state for the SDIP subobject, an alarm is issued
and the counter for the unavailable event (UAV) is incremented by 1. The
unavailable time is counted in seconds. At entry and termination of unavailable
state, the alarm and alarm ceasing are time stamped. The time stamps are
related to the first of the unavailable or available seconds respectively. A
counter for the current unavailable time in seconds is started.

Unavailable state alarm on lower level is suppressed by higher level alarms,

hence an alarm on MS level will suppress alarms on corresponding VC-4,
VC-12 and PDH level. Unavailable state alarm is also suppressed if a failure
exists simultaneously on the same level or a higher level.

Unavailable time and unavailable events are counted in both incoming and
outgoing direction (see figure 20) during the 15-minute and 24-hour time
intervals. Their respective counters are reset at the end of each interval.

Unavailable state UAV is reset at

start of interval n.
Available state
Unavailable state UAV is set to 1 at
Available state start of interval n.

n-1 n Time interval

Figure 23 Illustration of Resetting and Setting of UAV Counter at Start

of Each Interval

Actions are taken to ensure that threshold reports (alarms) are correctly
generated and ES/SES available state counters are correctly processed
during changes in the transmission state. This implies that:

• All threshold reports (alarms) are delayed by 10 seconds.

• At detection of unavailable state for the SDIP subobject, ES and

SES counters are decremented by the number accumulated
during the last 10 seconds.

• At detection of available state, the ES counters are incremented

by the actual number of ES events during the last 10 seconds.
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The rules for determining the unavailable second parameter for the SDIP
subobject and for inhibiting other parameter counts during unavailable time is
illustrated in figure 24.

Momentary Momentary
Anomalies + defects Defects defects

(1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1)

A

B
10 consecutive SES No SES
during 10s

C
Declare Declare
unavailability availability
Delete 10s
D Add 10s
Add anomaly observed
Delete 10 ES during clear time
and SES
E

A = Error condition
(1) = Anomaly (or anomalies) (ES)
(2) = Defect (or defects) (SES)
B = Performance monitoring clock (seconds)
C = Real time parameter count
D = Path unavailable seconds
E = Adjusted real time parameter count

Figure 24 Illustration of Performance Monitoring Inhibiting During Unavailable Time

Note In the figure error conditions are considered in one transmission

direction only.

4.3.1.10 Suspect Intervals

In case an interval does not contain correct data for some reason, the interval
is suspect marked. The reason that an interval does not contain correct data
can be due to a restart or a blocking from superior individuals. Also, if the
quality supervision functions are reset by command and the system clock is
changed, the ES and SES counters may not be correct in the affected intervals.
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For a suspect 15-minute interval, historical data are replaced by a “S”

which indicates a suspect interval. Printing of current data will show the
actual counter values. The data in the suspected 15-minute intervals are
accumulated to the 24-hour data. For a suspect 24-hour interval a flag is set to
indicate one or more corrupted 15-minute intervals within the 24-hour interval.

4.3.1.11 Historical Storage of Quality Data

For each subobject it is possible to store and print the quality data: ES, SES,
UAS and UAV.

These quality data can be stored and printed for :

• 1 current 15-minute interval

• n recent 15-minute intervals

• 1 current 24-hours interval

• 1 recent 24-hours interval

where n is set by an application parameter in the range of 1 to 96 with 16

as guiding value. ES, SES, UAS and UAV is counted separately for both
incoming and outgoing transmission direction (see figure 20). Hence, for both
15-minute and 24-hour intervals there are:

• 1 Near end ES counter for each subobject

• 1 Far end ES counter for each subobject

• 1 Near end SES counter for each subobject

• 1 Far end SES counter for each subobject

• 1 Near end UAS counter for each subobject

• 1 Far end UAS counter for each subobject

• 1 Near end UAV counter for each subobject

• 1 Far end UAV counter for each subobject

In addition to the counters there is a flag used to tell whether the 24 hour
interval has been suspectmarked or not.

The recent register is used as a stack. At the end of a 15-minute period,

the content of the current register is transferred to the first of the recent
registers. When all of the recent registers are full, the oldest register values
are discarded.

The storage function may be initiated and ended per SDIP by command. The
connection status may also be printed to display on which SDIPs the function
is active or passive.

The stored quality data may be printed by command..

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4.4 Network protection

The Network Protection function provides protection against loss of traffic in

case of transmission defects or anomalies in the Synchronous Transport
Module level 1 (STM-1) link, connected to the 155 Mbit/s exchange terminal,
and in case of hardware faults in the high order termination, equipment
protection.

The type of transmission protection supported is uni-directional, non-revertive,

Multiplex Section Protection 1+1 (MSP 1+1) according to referenced
standards.

4.4.1 Function
4.4.1.1 Network Protection Function Overview
The Network Protection function uses a 1+1 MSP architecture which mean
that the STM-1 signal is transmitted simultaneously on both multiplex sections,
see figure 25, that means that the STM-1 signal is permanently connected
(bridged) to the working and protecting MSs at the transmitting end. The
MSP at the receiving end monitors the condition of the two received STM-1
signals and selects the appropriate signal. In uni-directional switching only
the receiving end performs a switch in case of a detected transmission fault
on the received signal. As the function operates in non-revertive mode, the
switch is maintained even after recovery from failure.

The protection configuration (channel 1, MSP 1+1) is transmitted in the K2

byte of the MSOH. The K1 byte transmits “No request, channel 1”.
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ET
STM-1
MST
(MS-0) WORKING
SD
MSP SF
MST STM-1
(MS-1)
PROTECTING
SD
SF

ET = Exchange Terminal
MSP = Multiplex Section Protection
MST = Multiplex Section Termination
SD = Signal Degrade
SF = Signal Fail
STM-1 = Synchronous Transfer Module level 1

Figure 25 Model Of The Network Protection Switching Function

Automatic Network Protection

This function takes appropriate automatic switching actions in case of a signal

fail or signal degrade condition of the received signal, or in case of a hardware
fault in one of the two MS terminations.

Manually Initiated Network Protection Switch

This function handles three commands:

• Forced Switch

• Clear Forced Switch

• Manual Switch

4.4.1.2 Automatic Network Protection

If a defect is detected in the working MS, the traffic selection is automatically
switched over to the protecting MS, provided that network protection is
permitted. A fault on the hardware terminating the working MS or the higher
order path also results in an automatic switch.

Network protection switching is initiated in case of an:

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• SD (Signal Degrade)

• SF (Signal Fail)

• hardware fault

Note that SD has lower priority than SF and hardware fault.

SF and hardware fault is treated equally.

After completion of an automatic network protection switch,

• Protection Switching Event (PSE) is reported.

A network protection switch is not performed if:

• the traffic selection is locked to the working MS

• a defect or fault, with equal or higher priority, exists in the

protecting MS

When a network protection switch is not performed:

• a “Network Protection Switching Reject” notification is given.

4.4.1.3 Manually Initiated Network Protection Switch

The traffic selection can be locked to a specified MS with the “Forced Switch”
command. The command initiates a switch from the working MS to the
protecting MS, if the specified MS is the protecting one.

After completion of a “Forced Switch”:

• an “Unprotected Mode” alarm informs that the MS is running in

an unprotected mode.

The lock can be cleared with the “Clear Forced Switch” command. The
command does not result in a network protection switch, unless the lock has
been to a faulty MS.

After completion of a “Clear Forced Switch”:

• the “Unprotected Mode” alarm is ceased.

The “Manual Switch” command initiates a network protection switch without

locking the traffic selection to the specified MS. The command initiates a
switch from the working MS to the protecting MS.

The status of the Network Protection function can be checked with the
command “Print Network Protection Status”.

• The network protection status is printed.

4.5 Equipment protection

In digital transmission systems, faulty equipment can lead to degradation or

loss of traffic channels and erroneous signalling.
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This paragraph describes the equipment protection functions used to protect

the traffic against equipment faults on the 155 Mbit/s Exchange Terminal,
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) system.

4.5.1 Function
4.5.1.1 Equipment Protection Function Overview
Equipment protection provides protection against hardware failures by using
standby equipment.

An SDH/STM-1 ET is connected to the GS by 5 Digital Links, where 4 of these

links carry 512 traffic channel each, and the 5th link is used for protection
purposes, hence achieving 1:n protection where n <= 4. The 5th digital link
is dedicated for equipment protection purposes, that is, protection against
disturbances on the digital link itself or failures on the equipment terminating
the digital link.

ET155 GS
Digital Link no. 1.

STM-1 w Digital Link no. 2.

Digital Link no. 3.

STM-1 stb Digital Link no. 4.

Digital Link no. 5.

Figure 26 Equipment Protection Architecture.

The request to perform equipment protection switching can be initiated either

externally or automatically. External requests are entered using commands.
Automatic requests are based on hardware faults detected or faults in
interface between ET and GS.
4.5.1.2 Equipment Protection
Request for Switching

If a fault occurs on a board, the traffic is switched automatically to the standby

board.

Equipment protection switching is initiated for the following conditions:

• Hardware failures in the working unit

• Faults in the interface between ET and GS

The following will occur when the equipment protection switching has been
initiated:

• An alarm is given for the faulty board. The alarm also notifies
that an equipment protection switch has been performed
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Equipment protection is not performed if the standby (protecting) unit is not

available, if it is out of service or already occupied, and:

• An alarm is given for the faulty board, including the information

that it is not possible to perform equipment protection switching,
that is in this case, the traffic is lost because the standby board
is not available

Return to Original State

When a fault disappears, for example, owing to successful restoration or

manual repair, the previously working board returns to its original state and
the standby unit is released, that is, a switch of traffic from the standby board
back to the original working board is performed.

A release of the standby unit will not be performed if the traffic is locked to
the standby board.

4.5.1.3 Lock Traffic to Standby Board

It is possible to lock the traffic from one of the four working boards to the
standby board by command, for example, in order to replace one of the boards.

After completion an alarm stating that the ET is in unprotected mode is

activated.

An attempt to lock traffic to the standby board is not accepted if the standby
board is out of service.

4.5.1.4 Clear Locking Traffic to Standby Board

The locking of traffic to the standby board can be cleared by command.

After completion the Equipment Protection Function Unprotected Mode alarm

is ceased.

The attempt to clear the lock is accepted only if the board from where the
traffic was transferred has returned to its original working state.

4.5.1.5 Print Equipment Protection Status

The status of the equipment protection function can be printed by command.
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4.6 Counters in the measurement database

4.6.1 STS

COUNTERS IN THE STM-1 NETWORK

TERMINATION SYSTEM

STS

MEASUREMENT DATABASE (DB)

REPORT PROGRAMS

.......REPORTS

Figure 27

The counter values, collected from the STM-1 network termination system,
are normally read at specific intervals for all object types.

The collected counter values are stored in the measurement database.

The report program is a program that generates one or several reports

according to a given specification. By using the report time table it is possible
to order regular output of reports. It is also possible to order a report by
command.

4.6.2 SDIP Structure

The different layers within an SDIP (synchronous digital path) and the
relationship between them are shown in figure 28. Normally consists the SDIP
of two multiplex sections (MSs), where one of the MSs is used for protection.
The SDIP can also consist of only one MS, the SDIP is then working without
protection. In addition the SDIP contains one HP (Higher order path) and up
to 63 LPs (lower order path).
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SDIP

HP STM-1
MS-0
(VC-4) WORKING
LP-0
(VC-12)
. MSP
:
LP-62
(VC-12) STM-1
MS-1
PROTECTION

HP = Higher order path

LP Lower order path
MS = Multiplex section
SDIP = Synchronous digital path
STM = Synchronous digital path

MSP = Multiplex section protection switch,

Note that this is not any subobject.

Figure 28 Relationship Between Layers and Subobjects in SDIP

4.6.3 Function
4.6.3.1 Digital Path and Synchronous Digital Path Supervision Counters
Performance measurement for digital paths and synchronous digital paths
(blocking supervision, disturbance supervision etc.) require counters for digital
path and synchronous digital path.

Number of Connected Digital Paths (DIPs)

The counter for number of connected digital paths shows the number of
connected DIPs. It is increased when digital paths are connected to the switch
or decreased when the connections are removed.

Number of Blockings made by the Digital Path Supervision

When a DIP-fault is detected and the DIP is blocked because of this fault
the counter "number of blockings made by the Digital Path supervision"
is increased by one.

Number of Connected Synchronous Digital Paths (SDIPs)

The counter for number of connected synchronous digital paths shows the
number of connected SDIPs for each SDIP type (each SDIPST block). It is
increased when synchronous digital paths are connected to the switch or
decreased when the connections are removed.
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Number of Connected Multiplex Sections.

The counter for number of connected multiplex sections shows the number
of connected MSs for each SDIP type (each SDIPST block). It is increased
when multiplex sections are connected to the switch or decreased when the
connections are removed.

Number of Connected Higher Order Path Objects (VC-4).

The counter for number of connected higher order path objects shows the
number of connected HPs for each SDIP type (each SDIPST block). It is
increased when higher order path objects are connected to the switch or
decreased when the connections are removed.

Number of Connected Lower Order Path Objects (VC-12).

The counter for number of connected lower order path objects shows the
number of connected LPs for each SDIP type (each SDIPST block). It is
increased when lower order path objects are connected to the switch or
decreased when the connections are removed.

Number of Blockings Made by the Synchronous Digital Path Supervision.

When the whole SDIP (all MSs, HP and all LPs) is blocked because of a
detected fault, the counter "number of blockings made by the Synchronous
Digital Path supervision" is increased by one.

Number of Blockings Made by the Multiplex Section Supervision.

When a MS-fault is detected and the MS is blocked because of this fault, the
counter "number of blockings made by the Multiplex Section supervision"
is increased by one.

Number of Blockings Made by the Higher Order Path Supervision.

When a HP-fault is detected and the HP-layer is blocked because of this fault,
the counter "number of blockings made by the Higher Order Path supervision"
is increased by one.

Number of Blockings Made by the Lower Order Path Supervision.

When a LP-fault is detected and the LP-layer is blocked because of this fault,
the counter "number of blockings made by the Lower Order Path supervision"
is increased by one.

Number of Network Protection Switching Events Multiplex Section.

If a network protection switching at the near end is caused by a defect at the

MS layer or initiated by command, the counter “Number of network protection
switching events multiplex section” is increased by one.

4.6.3.2 Digital Path Quality Counters

It is necessary to have counters for all the quality supervision parameters.

Number of Errored Seconds at local end

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The counter for number of errored seconds that have appeared at the incoming
direction of a DIP. This counter is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Severely Errored Seconds at local end

The counter for number of severely errored seconds that have appeared at
the incoming direction of a DIP. This counter is updated with a frequency
of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Seconds at local end

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of a DIP. This counter is updated with a frequency of 15
minutes.

Number of Errored Seconds from Remote End

The counter for number of errored seconds that have appeared at the outgoing
direction of a DIP. This counter is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Severely Errored Seconds from Remote End

The counter for number of severely errored seconds that have appeared at
the outgoing direction of a DIP. This counter is updated with a frequency
of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Seconds from Remote End

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of a DIP. This counter is updated with a frequency of 15
minutes.

Number of Unavailable State Events

The counter for number of times the DIP has entered the unavailable state in
either incoming, outgoing or both directions of a DIP. This counter is updated
at each entry into the unavailable state.

Number of Unavailable Seconds, Bidirectional

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at both
incoming and outgoing directions of a DIP. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Slips

The counter for number of slips that have appeared at the incoming direction
of a DIP. This counter is updated once every hour.
4.6.3.3 Synchronous Digital Path Higher Order Path Quality Counters
Number of Errored Seconds Higher Order Path Near End

The counter for number of errored seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of the higher order path, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Errored Seconds Higher Order Path Far End

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The counter for number of errored seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of the higher order path, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Severely Errored Seconds Higher Order Path Near End

The counter for number of severely errored seconds that have appeared at
the incoming direction of the higher order path, during available time. This
counter is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Severely Errored Seconds Higher Order Path Far End

The counter for number of severely errored seconds that have appeared at
the outgoing direction of the higher order path, during available time. This
counter is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Seconds Higher Order Path Near End

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of the higher order path. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Seconds Higher Order Path Far End

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of the higher order path. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Events Higher Order Path Near End

The counter for number of times the SDIP has entered the unavailable state at
the incoming direction of the higher order path. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Events Higher Order Path Far End

The counter for number of times the SDIP has entered the unavailable state at
the outgoing direction of the higher order path. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

4.6.3.4 Synchronous Digital Path Lower Order Path Quality Counters

Number of Errored Seconds Lower Order Path Near End

The counter for number of errored seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of the lower order path, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Errored Seconds Lower Order Path Far End

The counter for number of errored seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of the lower order path, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Severely Errored Seconds Lower Order Path Near End

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The counter for number of severely errored seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of the lower order path, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Severely Errored Seconds Lower Order Path Far End

The counter for number of severely errored seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of the lower order path, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Seconds Lower Order Path Near End

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of the lower order path. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Seconds Lower Order Path Far End

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of the lower order path. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Events Lower Order Path Near End

The counter for number of times the SDIP has entered the unavailable state at
the incoming direction of the lower order path. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Events Lower Order Path Far End

The counter for number of times the SDIP has entered the unavailable state at
the outgoing direction of the lower order path. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

4.6.3.5 Synchronous Digital Path Multiplex Section Quality Counters

Number of Errored Seconds Multiplex Section Near End

The counter for number of errored seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of the multiplex section, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Errored Seconds Multiplex Section Far End

The counter for number of errored seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of the multiplex section, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Severely Errored Seconds Multiplex Section Near End

The counter for number of severely errored seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of the multiplex section, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Severely Errored Seconds Multiplex Section Far End

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The counter for number of severely errored seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of the multiplex section, during available time. This counter
is updated with a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Seconds Multiplex Section Near End

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at the
incoming direction of the multiplex section. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Seconds Multiplex Section Far End

The counter for number of unavailable seconds that have appeared at the
outgoing direction of the multiplex section. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Events Multiplex Section Near End

The counter for number of times the SDIP has entered the unavailable state at
the incoming direction of the multiplex section. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.

Number of Unavailable Events Multiplex Section Far End

The counter for number of times the SDIP has entered the unavailable state at
the outgoing direction of the multiplex section. This counter is updated with
a frequency of 15 minutes.
4.6.3.6 Interface to STS
The DB contains an internal job table that arranges for the different counters
to be copied at the correct time. An object type is a set of objects of the same
type and with an identical set of counters.

Example:

Object type: DIGPATH

Objects: The individual digital paths

Counters: Number of connected digital paths, etc...

The counters are listed per object type. Every type of equipment or concept
is grouped into an object type. The counters are identified by the object
type and the name of the counter. There are two types of counters relevant
to this function:

• Event counters (Peg Counters=PC). Always stepped up.

• Level counters (Status counters=ST). Stepped up/down.

The object types are as follows:

• DIGPATH

• DIP
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• SDIPLP

• SDIPHP

• SDIPMS

4.6.3.7 Counter per Object Type

4.6.3.7.1 Object Type = DIGPATH (Digital Path)
Digital Path counters and Synchronous Digital Path counters.

One record per type of DIP/SDIP.

Every type of DIP (every DIPST block) is identified by the block name.

Every type of SDIP (every SDIPST block) is identified by the block name.

Table 24

Type Counter-name Description

ST NDIPST Number of connected digital paths.
PC NBLOC Number of blockings made by digital path
supervision function.
ST NCONSDIP Number of connected synchronous digital paths.
ST NCONMS Number of connected multiplex sections.
ST NCONHP Number of connected higher order path
objects. (VC-4)
ST NCONLP Number of connected lower order path
objects. (VC-12)
PC NBLOSDIP Number of blockings made by the synchronous
digital path supervision.
PC NBLOMS Number of blockings made by the multiplex
section supervision.
PC NBLOHP Number of blockings made by the higher
order path supervision.
PC NBLOLP Number of blockings made by the lower
order path supervision.
PC NPC Network protection switching counter,
indicates number of performed network
protection switching events.

4.6.3.7.2 Object Type = DIP (Digital Path)

Digital Path Quality Counters.

One record per DIP.

Every DIP is identified by a DIP name.

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Table 25

Type Counter-name Description

PC ES Number of errored seconds at local end.
PC SES Number of severely errored seconds
at local end.
PC UAS Number of unavailable seconds at local end.
PC ESR Number of errored seconds from remote end.
PC SESR Number of severely errored seconds
from remote end.
PC UASR Number of unavailable seconds from
remote end.
PC UAV Number of times the DIP has entered
the unavailable state.
PC UASB Number of unavailable seconds at both
local and remote end.
PC SF Number of slips.

4.6.3.7.3 Object Type = SDIPHP (Synchronous Digital Path Higher Order

Path)
Quality Counters for the synchronous digital path higher order path.

One record per HP object.

Every HP object is identified by the SDIP name and the HP name with an
index number.

Table 26

Type Counter-name Description

PC HPNES Number of errored seconds higher
order path near end
PC HPFES Number of errored seconds higher
order path far end
PC HPNSES Number of severely errored seconds
higher order path near end
PC HPFSES Number of severely errored seconds
higher order path far end
PC HPNUAS Number of unavailable seconds higher
order path near end
PC HPFUAS Number of unavailable seconds higher
order path far end
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Type Counter-name Description

PC HPNUAV Number of unavailable events higher
order path near end
PC HPFUAV Number of unavailable events higher
order path far end

4.6.3.7.4 Object Type = SDIPLP (Synchronous Digital Path Lower Order

Path)
Quality counters for the Synchronous digital path lower order path.

One record per LP object.

Every LP object is identified by the SDIP name and the LP name with an
index number.

Table 27

Type Counter-name Description

PC LPNES Number of errored seconds lower order
path near end
PC LPFES Number of errored seconds lower order
path far end
PC LPNSES Number of severely errored seconds
lower order path near end
PC LPFSES Number of severely errored seconds
lower order path far end
PC LPNUAS Number of unavailable seconds lower
order path near end
PC LPFUAS Number of unavailable seconds lower
order path far end
PC LPNUAV Number of unavailable events lower
order path near end
PC LPFUAV Number of unavailable events lower
order path far end

4.6.3.7.5 Object Type = SDIPMS (Synchronous Digital Path Multiplex

Section)
Quality counters for the Synchronous digital path multiplex section.

One record per STM-1 interface/MS object (i.e. an SDIP may contain one
or more Multiplex Sections, dependent on protection. See figure 19. One
Multiplex Section corresponds to an STM-1 interface).

Every MS object is identified by the SDIP name and the MS name with an
index number.
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Table 28

Type Counter-name Description

PC MSNES Number of errored seconds multiplex
section near end
PC MSFES Number of errored seconds multiplex
section far end
PC MSNSES Number of severely errored seconds
multiplex section near end
PC MSFSES Number of severely errored seconds
multiplex section far end
PC MSNUAS Number of unavailable seconds multiplex
section near end
PC MSFUAS Number of unavailable seconds multiplex
section far end
PC MSNUAV Number of unavailable events multiplex
section near end
PC MSFUAV Number of unavailable events multiplex
section far end

4.6.3.8 Translation Function

Table 29

Object Type Object Identifier

DIGPATH Block Name. Digital Path counters and Synchronous
Digital Path counters. Every type of DIP (every
DIPST block) is identified by the block name.
Every type of SDIP (every SDIPST block) is
identified by the block name
DIP DIP Name. Digital Path Quality Counters. Every
DIP is identified by a DIP name.
SDIPLP SDIP Name VC12- Low Order Path index Number.
Quality Counters for the synchronous digital path
order path. Every LP object is identified by the SDIP
name and the LP name with an index number.
SDIPHP SDIP Name VC4- High Order Path index Number.
Quality Counters for the synchronous digital path
higher order path. Every HP object is identified by the
SDIP name and the HP name with an index number.
SDIPMS SDIP Name MS- Multiplex Section index Number.
Quality counters for the synchronous digital path
multiplex section. Every MS object is identified by the
SDIP name and the MS name with an index number.
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5 Engineering Guidelines

6 Parameters

6.1 Parameters for special adjustments

7 References

1 ITU-T Recommendation G.703(1991), Physical/Electrical

Characteristics of Hierarchical Digital Interfaces.

2 ITU-T Recommendation G.704 (07/95), Synchronous Frame

Structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8488 and 44763 kbit/s
Hierarchical Levels.

3 ITU-T Recommendation G.706 (1991), Frame Alignment and

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Procedures Relating to Basic
Frame Structures Defined in Recommendation G.704.

4 ITU-T Recommendation G.707 (03/96) "Network Node

Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)"

5 ITU-T Recommendation G.708 (06/99), Sub STM-0 network

node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)

6 ITU-T Recommendation G.732 (1988), Characteristics of

Primary PCM Multiplex Equipment Operating at 2048 kbit/s.

7 ITU-T Recommendation G.775 (11/94), Loss Of Signal (LOS)

and Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) Defect Detection and
Clearance Criteria.

8 ITU-T Recommendation G.782,

9 ITU-T Recommendation G.783 (04/97) "Characteristics of

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Equipment Functional
Blocks"

10 ITU-T Recommendation Q.822 (04/94) “Stage 1, Stage 2

and Stage 3 description for the Q3 interface - Performance
management”

11 ITU-T Recommendation G.826 (08/96) “Error performance

parameters and objectives for international, constant bit rate
digital paths at or above the primary rate“

12 ITU-T Recommendation G.957 (06/99), Optical interfaces for

equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital
hierarchy.,

13 ITU-T Recommendation M.20 (10/92), Maintenance philosophy

for telecommunication networks.
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14 ITU-T Recommendation M.2100 (07/95), Performance Limits

for Bringing-Into-Service and Maintenance of International
Digital Paths, Sections and Transmission Systems.

15 ITU-T Recommendation M.2101.1 (04/97) “Performance limits

for bringing-into-service and maintenance of international SDH
paths and multiplex sections”

16 ITU-T Recommendation M.2120 (04/97) “PDH Path, Section

and Transmission System and SDH Path and Multiplex Section
Fault Detection and Localisation Procedures”

17 ETSI Specification ETS 300 417-1-1 "Transmission and

Multiplexing (TM); Generic functional requirements for
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) equipment. Part 1-1:
Generic processes and performance".

18 ETSI Specification ETS 300 417-2-1 "Transmission and

Multiplexing (TM); Generic requirements of transport
functionality of equipment; Part 2-1: Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH) and Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
physical section layer functions".

19 ETSI Draft Specification ETS 300 417-3-1 "Transmission

and Multiplexing (TM); Generic requirements of transport
functionality of equipment; Part 3-1: Synchronous Transport
Module-N (STM-N) regenerator and multiplex section layer
functions".

20 ETSI Draft Specification ETS 300 417-4-1 "Transmission

and Multiplexing (TM); Generic requirements of transport
functionality of equipment; Part 4-1: Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH) path layer functions”.

21 User Description, SDH Product Package

22 User Description, Transmission E1

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