AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

CEMENT IN CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE BY PALM OIL FUEL ASH

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
The race of framework improvement for the advancement and economy of one's country has
brought about blast of development in most recent couple of decades around the world. From
that point forward concrete has turned into the second biggest component on earth that is
being consolidated by people after their fundamental need of water. Overall solid utilization
per capita can be imagined roughly 1 m3 (Gartner, 2004). By and by, the procedure of
concrete generation is profoundly vitality expending and above all it causes exorbitant
emanation of nursery gasses (GHG) to the earth. It is assessed that assembling of 1 ton of
customary concrete discharges practically same measure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in to the
environment among which 40% CO2 radiates amid burning of non-renewable energy source
in the oven activity, generation process represents half and the staying 10% outflow is
contributed by transportation of cement. What's more, consistently a large number of huge
amounts of mechanical squanders are produced and the vast majority of these squanders are
unutilized, these squanders cause ecological issues because of capacity issue and
contamination.

Concrete is a synthetic material and it is the most generally utilized structure material in
development industry. There has been such a great amount of interest on development
materials in numerous nations around the globe. Subsequently, the revelation of option
ordinary structure material that is less expensive and open turns into a very basic issue. These
days, the utilization of waste material as solid fixing is picking up ubiquity. One such
material is palm oil fuel fiery debris (POFA). POFA is an agro-squander created in palm oil
industry. It is gotten from the burning of palm natural product buildups of oil palm tree. For
the most part the wastage of palm oil from palm oil industry was expanding in the long run. It
is turned into a noteworthy issue to palm oil control plants since this waste isn't reused and
reused in any works. In this way POFA whose substance piece contains a lot of silica, can be
utilized in cement substitution.

With the improvement of urban communities and their foundation and the headways of
apparatuses the utilization of cement is picking up significance. Because of headways in

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material innovation shows up to 100Mpa are utilized, for the most part these high strength
cement requires high measure of concrete which prompts increment in the warmth of
hydration prompting development of splits. This higher utilization of cement prompting
increment in warmth of hydration can be handled by lessening the measure of concrete with
some other solidifying operators, and one such among is PALM OIL FUEL ASH.

This palm oil fuel fiery debris which we get in the wake of copying is of not uniform size and
of various shading, yet in the wake of pummeling it swings in to dark shading with uniform
size, this pounded palm oil fuel cinder is said to have establishing properties with concrete
and consequently is utilized as cement substitution. India remains in third position in creating
this palm oil fuel fiery debris as its primary generation occurs in tropical nations. By utilizing
this palm oil fuel fiery debris as trade for cement numerous things can be accomplished like
decrease in expense of concrete as the use of concrete is supplanted with palm oil fuel
powder, natural harm can be limited as the openly arranged palm oil fuel slag is being
utilized in assembling concrete additionally the toughness, appearance and strength of cement
can be expanded by killing the development of breaks.

1.2 Problem proclamation

Palm oil fuel slag is a result delivered in palm oil factory. After palm oil is extricated from
the palm oil organic product, both palm oil husk and palm oil shell are singed as fuel in the
heater of palm oil plant. For the most part, after ignition about 5% palm oil fuel fiery debris
by weight of strong squanders is delivered. The fiery remains created now and again differs
in tone of shading from whitish dim to darker shade dependent on the carbon content in it. As
it were, the physical normal for POFA is particularly affected by the working framework in
palm oil processing plant. Practically speaking, POFA delivered in Indian palm oil factory is
dumped as waste with no beneficial return. Either in twentieth or 21st century, POFA is as
yet considered as a disturbance to nature and arranged without being put for some other use
when contrasted with other kind of palm oil side-effect. Since India is constant to expand
generation of palm oil, consequently more cinders will be delivered and inability to discover
any arrangement in utilizing this result will make extreme ecological issues.

1.3 Objectives of study

The principle expectation of this work is to accomplish the accompanying destinations

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I. To decide the blend extent of M35 concrete by utilizing palm oil fuel slag as halfway
substitution in cement for 5%,10%,15%,20%.

ii. To accomplish the objective mean compressive strength of cement in the lab by throwing
solid blocks.

iii. To decide the split elasticity of cement in the lab by throwing barrels.

iv. To decide the compressive strength of mortar blocks (70.6mm×70.6mm×70.6mm),

corrosive tests(Acid attack, sulphate attack)

1.4 Present examination

The reason for this examination includes different procedures of material testing, blend
proportioning, blending, throwing, restoring, testing of test examples and finding the
mechanical properties and solidness properties of ordinary and halfway substitution of palm
oil fuel cinder concrete. At that point looking at the compressive strength for shapes of size
150x150x150mm, split elasticity for barrels of size 150mm width &300mm profundity and
discovering strength properties by corrosive and sulphate tests.

1.5 Summary
• This chapter describes the general idea about the problem, its objective and scope of study.

However, the next chapter describes a literature review on previous work related to the
objective of study to enhance the knowledge

• The third chapter deals with the materials used in this work and their testing for different
properties.

• The fourth chapter deals with the methodology of the study to attain the objectives outcome.

• Fifth chapter focuses on the methodology of the study to attain the objectives outcome.

• Sixth chapter is intended on presenting the test results of the study.

• Seventh chapter deals on the references which help to carry out the study.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Aiswarya V S, Beyoola Wilson, Harsha V N (March 2107)[1] did the work on “Palm Oil
Fuel Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete”. This study involves the partial
replacement of cement in concrete by palm oil fuel ash (POFA) which is an agro-waste
generated in palm oil industry. POFA is a pozzalanic material which has economical and
technical advantage when used in concrete. In the present study compressive strength,
flexural strength and split tensile strength test was conducted on hardened concrete by
replacing cement with 5%, 10%,15% and 20% of POFA and compared the results with
control mix (0%POFA). The grade of concrete adopted was M40. It has been observed that
concrete with 10% replacement of POFA gave the highest strength.

2. V. Suleman Ahamed (June 2016)[2] did the work on “Study Of Strength Of Concrete
With Palm Oil Fuel Ash As Cement Replacement”. This paper investigates about palm oil
fuel ash, an agro waste which contains some amount of silica act as a pozzolanic material is
being used as cement replacement and its strength is compared with conventional concrete of
grade M25. Palm oil fuel ash which is obtained by burning palm fruit and dry leaves of palm
oil tree in palm oil mills is also used to control heat of hydration effect on concrete, after
pulverizing and making it into a fine powder. In this study cement is being replaced with
palm oil fuel ash by 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and the strength tests like
compressive strength test, tensile strength test, flexural strength test are performed and are
compared with the results of conventional concrete of grade M25 for 3,7 and 28 days.
Satisfactory results have been found at a percentage of 12.5%. Increase in strength is found at
this percentage.

3. P.Premalatha, K.R.Vinodh, L.Chris Anto, R.Nithiya(Jan 2014) [3] did the work on
“Properties of Palm Ash Concrete”. This paper deals with good bonding between aggregates
and also provides strength. But at the time of manufacturing, cement releases high amount of
CO2. In order to reduce the environmental impact and to improve the property of concrete,
Palm ash concrete are used. Palm ash concrete containing palm ash as partial substitute for
cement. The replacement percentages are 10%, 20%, 30%. In these investigations,
compressive strength and durability of palm ash concrete and normal concrete were found
out. Results are tabulated and discussed. The properties of palm ash concrete are also

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compared with the conventional concrete. The palm ash concrete is very economical and also
ecofriendly concrete.

4. L.Subhashini (Nov 2018)[4] did the work on “Experimental Investigation on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Concrete”. This study utilizes the
pozzolanic materials in concrete construction is increasing, and this trend is expected to
continue in the years ahead because of technological advancement and the desire for
sustainable development. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is used as a supplementary cementitious
material in concrete. However, use of supplementary cementitious materials leads to control
in heat of hydration which further avoids higher shrinkage. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), a
waste material obtained from burning of palm oil husk and palm kernel shell as fuel in palm
oil mill boilers, which has been identified as a good pozzolanic material. Palm Oil Fuel Ash
which contains siliceous compositions produces a stronger and denser concrete. In this study,
the strength properties of POFA concrete of M30 grade in different replacement level and
also compares with control concrete. Concrete specimens containing 10%, 20%, 30% and
40% POFA were made at a water-cement ratio of 0.45. Strength properties such as
compressive strength, flexural Strength and splitting tensile strength will be studied, and
compared with that of concrete containing 100% OPC as control. It is revealed that the
optimum replacement level of OPC by POFA is 20% for a good strength in compressive test.

5. Tay ., (1990)[5] investigated that replacing 10– 50% ash by weight of cementitious material
in blended cement had no significant effect on segregation, shrinkage, water absorption,
density, or soundness of concrete. The silica oxide content in POFA can react with calcium
hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2) from the hydration process which is deteriorated to concrete and the
pozzolanic reactions produce more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) which is a gel compound
as well as reducing the amount of calcium hydroxide. Thus, this contributes to the strength of
the concrete thus produce stronger and denser concrete as well as enhanced the durability of
the concrete. The silica oxide content in POFA can react with calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2)
from the hydration process which is deteriorated to concrete and the pozzolanic reactions
produce more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) which is a gel compound as well as reducing
the amount of calcium hydroxide. Thus, this contributes to the strength of the concrete thus
produce stronger and denser concrete as well as enhanced the durability of the concrete.

6. Hussin ., (1996)[6] studied the compressive strength of concrete containing POFA. The
results revealed that it was possible to replace at a level of 40% POFA without affecting

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compressive strength. The maximum compressive strength gain occurred at a replacement
level of 30% by weight of binder.  Integration of 20% POFA in oil palm shell lightweight
aggregate concrete leads to production of a greener lightweight aggregate concrete product
with optimum strength. Inclusion too much of water should be avoided as it diminishes the
concrete compressive strength. Only right formulation of palm oil fuel ash, water,
superplasticizer, sand and cement content would be able to produce oil palm shell lightweight
aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel ash exhibiting optimum strength.

7. Sukantapree ., (2002)[7] have found that POFA can be used in the construction industry,
specifically as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. This paper reported that
the chemical composition of POFA contains a large amount of silica and has high potential to
be used as a cement replacement.  silica was synthesised from POFA. To extract the silica,
POFA was fused with alkaline agent (Na 2 CO 3) before mixing with Cethyltrimetyl
Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Sulphuric Acid (H 2 SO 4). Sodium silicate solution from
the fusion was used as silica precursor replacing conventionally used silica source,
Tetraethoxilane (TEOS). XRD pattern showed that raw POFA dominantly consists of silica. 

8. Sata ., (2010)[8] investigated that the strength development of POFA concretes with w/c
ratios of 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60 tended to be in the same direction. At early ages, concretes
containing POFA as a cement replacement of 10, 20, and 30% had lower strength
development than control concretes while at later age 28 days, the replacement at rates of 10
and 20% yielded higher strength development. the foamed concrete with 20% POFA
substitution is still applicable for non-structural building element such as concrete block for
non-bearing wall. Indonesia as the largest palm oil industry produce a large amount of POFA
that can be potentially utilized to produce low cost lightweight building material and also to
reduce the environmental impact as well.

9. Augustine U. Elinwa, Michael C. Arimanva, D.O.Onwuka(Nov 2014) [9] investigate the

uses of Palm bunch ash as mineral admixture in cement and concrete production. The partial
replacement of cement by palm bunch ash in concrete up to 20% improved the workability of
concrete and also retards the setting time, suitable for hot weathering concrete. Therefore
cement is replaced partially by palm ash in various percentages such as 10%, 20% and 30%.
The concrete specimens were casted. The compressive strength, Split tensile strength at
various age of curing is determined. The durability of concrete cubes is also determined. The

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results shows palm ash concrete give high strength, highly durable, economical and also
ecofriendly.

10. A.S.M.A. Awal and M.W. Hussain(Dec 2015)[10] carried out to study strength, modulus
of elasticity and shrinkage of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash (POFA). Following DoE
mix design, OPC concrete was made to have a target mean strength of 50 MPa with 50 ± 5
mm slump. Having the same workability, POFA concrete was prepared where OPC was
replaced, mass for mass, by 30% POFA. Laboratory test results based on short-term
investigation revealed that the modulus of elasticity of POFA concrete in association with its
compressive strength was slightly lower than that of OPC concrete. The measured values of
shrinkage, however, demonstrated that the shrinkage strain of POFA concrete was higher
than that of OPC concrete. On the basis of shortterm investigation, the one-year shrinkage
values of both OPC and POFA concrete were also predicted by extrapolating the data
obtained during this period.

11. M.H.Ahamed, R.C.Omar, M.A.Malek, N.Md.Noor, S.Thiruselvam(Aug 2016) [11]

evaluate the compressive strength of palm oil fuel ash concrete. The partial replacement of
cement by palm oil fuel ash up to 15% give strength as that OPC concrete compare to other
pozzalonas and also increase the percentage of replacement of cement by palm ash, the
workability will reduce. Some of the waste materials with high fuel value, such as palm oil
husks and shells, can be reused as fuel to produce steam for generating electricity, which is
required for extracting crude palm oil. After combustion, about 5% of palm oil fuel ash
(POFA) or boiler ash is produced (Figure 1b). Normally a steam boiler requires a palm oil
shell to husk ratio of 2:8 (20% palm oil shell plus 80% palm oil husk) to give the best
performance of the boiler, considering environmental pollution control.

12. Oyejobi, D. O., Abdulkadir, T. S. and Ahmed, A.T.(July 2016) [12] research is to study
the cementitious properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as partial cement replacement
material in concrete. POFA was prepared and chemical properties of the ash produced were
analysis. Then, concrete cubes were cast and tested at curing ages of 7, 21, and 28 days
using 0, 10, 20 and 30 percent replacement levels. The slump test result showed that the
workability of the concrete decreased as the POFA content increased. Results also showed
that the compressive strength of POFA-concrete increased with curing age but decreased with
increasing percentage of POFA compared to the compressive strength of the control. The
density of the concrete produced was reducing as the percentage replacement was increasing

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thereby leading to the production of a lightweight concrete. For the control with 0% POFA,
the compressive strength of 25.77N/mm2 was obtained at 28 days and can be used for
reinforced concrete with lightweight aggregate and reinforced concrete with normal
aggregate. The optimum compressive strength of 23.77 N/mm2 was obtained for10%
replacement at 28 days of age with percentage strength to the control of 92.24%. While 20%
and 30% replacement of cement with POFA yielded compressive strength of 20.67N/mm2
and 15.36N/mm2 respectively. The research showed that POFA has the potential of being
used as a partial replacement of cement to produce lightweight, durable and cheap concrete. It
also makes it possible to consume the waste produced as a result of palm oil production and
thereby contributing to sustainability of our environment by reducing environmental
pollution.

13. Walid Al-Kuttia,*, A. B. M. S Islama , Muhammad Nasira(May 2017) [13] presents an

experimental investigation on the mechanical, durability and microstructural performance of
date palm ash (PA) with varying dosage. Mortar and concrete specimens were cast at 10, 20
and 30% replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The optimum dosage and
performance of date palm ash based mortar and concrete specimens was evaluated by
measuring the compressive strength up to 360 days while rate of water absorption and rapid
chloride permeability tests after 28-day curing. Further, the amount of hydration product was
determined by Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA), respectively in order to validate and
justify the test results. The outcome of all test properties indicated that the mixtures prepared
with 10% dosage of PA in mortar and concrete was optimum that effectively utilizes more Ca
(OH)2 and produces additional CSH gel in improving the overall quality of concrete.

14. Sooraj V.M(May 2017)[14] did the work on “Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) on
Strength Properties of Concrete”. This paper represents the utilization of pozzolanic materials
in concrete construction is increasing, and this trend is expected to continue in the years
ahead because of technological advancement and the desire for sustainable development. One
of the latest additions to this is Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a waste material obtained from
burning of palm oil husk and palm kernel shell as fuel in palm oil mill boilers, which has
been identified as a good pozzolanic material. Palm oil fuel ash which contains siliceous
compositions produces a stronger and denser concrete. Effective consumption of POFA in
concrete, would decrease the cost of concrete production, could reduce negative
environmental effect, and also would solve the landfill problem for the disposal of these
wastes. In this study, the effectiveness of agro waste ash by-product namely palm oil fuel ash

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(POFA) was developed as an alternative material to replace OPC. POFA cement-based
concrete is a concrete produced by integrating POFA as a pozzolan in concrete. This paper
will discuss the strength properties of POFA concrete in different replacement level and also
compares with control mixture. Concrete specimens containing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%
POFA were made at a water-cement ratio of 0.45. Strength properties such as Compressive
strength, Flexural Strength and Split Tensile Strength were studied, and compared with that
of concrete containing 100% OPC as control. It is revealed that POFA is an excellent
pozzolanic material and can be used as an alternative cement replacement in concrete. It is
recommended that the optimum replacement level of OPC by POFA is 20% for a good
strength in compressive test.

15. M.N. M. Sidek, N.H. Hashim(Oct 2018)[15] did the work on “Utilization of Palm Oil
Fuel Ash (POFA) as Cement Replacement by Using Powder and Liquidation Technique”.
This paper represents . Utilisation of waste material as additives in concrete has growing and
interest to the world of construction. Due to massive use of natural sources such as limestone,
the availability of those raw sources is in extinction. This paper presents the experimental
investigations conducted on concrete grade 30 incorporating agro-industrial waste, POFA as
supplementary cementitious material to evaluate on its properties. POFA being utilized as
pozzolons in partially replacing cement due to its siliceous composition that will increase in
concrete strength. A total of 45 concrete cubes (100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm) and 45
concrete cylindrical of 100 mm x 200 mm were produced at various percentage OPC
replacement with POFA of 5% and 10% with different powder and liquidation technique. The
workability of fresh concrete properties was tested by the slump test and the performances of
the hardened concrete were tested by compression and splitting tensile. Based on the result,
POFA replacement using liquidation technique showed more workability compared to POFA
replacement. However, concrete with 5% POFA using powder technique gives better result
on the concrete performancein hardened properties.

16.Wachilakorn Sanawung,Tieng Cheewaket, Weerachart Tangchirapat, and Chai Jatu
rapitakkul(June 2013)[16] did the work on “Influence of Palm Oil Fuel Ash and W/B Ratios
on Compressive Strength, Water Permeability, and Chloride Resistance of Concrete” . This
research studies the effects of W/B ratios and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) on compressive
strength, water permeability, and chloride resistance of concrete. POFA was ground until the
particles retained on sieve number 325 were less than 5% by weight. POFA was used to
partially replace OPC at rates of 15, 25, and 35% by weight of binder. The water to binder

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(W/B) ratios of concrete were 0.40 and 0.50. The compressive strength, water permeability,
and chloride resistance of concrete were investigated up to 90 days. The results showed that
POFA concrete with W/B ratio of 0.40 had the compressive strengths ranging from 45.8 to
55.9 MPa or 82–94% of OPC concrete at 90 days, while POFA concrete with W/B ratio of
0.50 had the compressive strengths of 33.9–41.9 MPa or 81–94% of OPC concrete.
Furthermore, the compressive strength of concrete incorporation of ground POFA at 15%
was the same as OPC concrete. The water permeability coefficient and the chloride ion
penetration of POFA concrete were lower than OPC concrete when both types of concrete
had the same compressive strengths. The findings also indicated that water permeability and
chloride ion penetration of POFA concrete were significantly reduced compared to OPC
concrete.

17.Mazizah Ezdiani Mohamad, Ali A. Mahmood, Alicia Yik Yee Min and Nur Nadhira

A.R.(March 2015)[17] did the work on “Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Eggshell Powder
(ESP) as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete”. This study is an attempt to partially
replace Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete with palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and
eggshell powder (ESP). The mix proportions of POFA and ESP were varied at 10% of
cement replacement and compared with OPC concrete as control specimen. The fineness of
POFA is characterized by passing through 300 μm sieve and ESP by passing through 75 μm
sieve. Compressive strength testing was conducted on concrete specimens to determine the
optimum mix proportion of POFA and ESP. Generally the compressive strength of OPC
concrete is higher compared to POFA-ESP concrete. Based on the results of POFA-ESP
concrete overall, it shows that the optimum mix proportion of concrete is 6%POFA:4% ESP
achieved compressive strength of 38.60 N/mm2 at 28 days. The compressive strength of OPC
concrete for the same period was 42.37 N/mm2. Higher water demand in concrete is needed
due to low fineness of POFA that contributing to low compressive strength of POFA-ESP
concrete. However, the compressive strength and workability of the POFA-ESP concrete
were within the ranges typically encountered in regular concrete mixtures indicating the
viability of this replacement procedure for structural and non-structural applications

18. Abdul Wafi Razali1, Mohd Asraf Ayob2, Mohammad Nabil Fikri Saaid(June 2013)
[18]
did the work on “Determining the Suitability of POFA as Partial Replacement to Cement
in Concrete for Acoustic Properties: Sounds Transmission Loss and Sounds Absorption
Assessment”. This paper represents the Abundance of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) produced by

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the process of burning fibers and fruit bunches as fuel has contribute to several problems
related to the space and environmental control. By having an alternative to manage and
control the POFA as agricultural waste, it can give great benefits in construction industry for
replacing the dependence of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as binder in concrete. The
properties of POFA itself are close to the OPC as binder in concrete yet there are some other
unique characteristic of POFA in providing a better acoustical performance in a concrete. In
this study shown that by replacing some part of cement with POFA in concrete mixture, it
contribute to greater acoustical performance due to the high sound transmission loss and
sound absorption found in this study. This study focus on single concrete mix with water
cement ratio of 0.45 for concrete grade 25 and can be concluded that higher percentage of
POFA replacement can enhance the acoustic properties of a concrete block but may reduce
the strength of the concrete.

19.Raudah ahmadi, Mohd Syukry Saiful, Dzul Fahmi Zawawi(March 2016) [19] did the
work on “Evaluation of Microfine Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as Cement Partial
Replacement Material for Mitigation of Chloride Attack”. This paper investigates the effect
of microfine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as cement replacement material for mitigation of
chloride attack in concrete. The raw POFA obtained from a local palm oil mill is initially
grinded using Los Angeles abrasion machine, and then sieved using 150 μm sieve before it is
burned in a furnace at 500°C. The burned POFA is then grinded using electric powder
grinder to obtain the targeted microfine size ranging between 1-10μm. Treated microfine
POFA is used in the production of concrete samples for experimental tests; compressive
strength test, sorptivity test and chloride penetration test to determine its physical properties
and the chloride resistance parameter for the mitigation of chloride attack in concrete. Results
showed that 20% of microfine POFA replacement in concrete gives the highest compressive
strength at 56thday and reduces the rate of absorption of water and chloride penetration.

20. K.Abdullah , M.W.Hussin(June 2016) [20] did the work on “POFA : A POTENTIAL
PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT MATERIAL IN AERATED CONCRETE”. This
paper represents the ever popular issue on environmental preservation and sustainability all
over the world has lead to innovations of new material using by-products generated from
various sectors resulting from never ending researches conducted. In Malaysia, Faculty of
Civil Engineering of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has been conducting researches for more
than 14 years in attempt to utilize of palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a local by-product produced

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abundantly by palm oil mill. Recently attempts have been carried out to incorporate POFA to
produce a new type of aerated concrete known as POFA aerated concrete. The objective of
this investigation is to study the effects of increasing the levels of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)
replacement towards the compressive strength of aerated concrete. Experiments have been
conducted by replacing 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of POFA by weight of Ordinary
Portland Cement. All specimens were tested for the compressive strength at 28 days in
accordance to BS1881: Part 116. Findings will be able to reveal the compressive strength
performance in aerated concrete when incorporated with various level of POFA quantity as
partial cement replacement in aerated concrete.

21. Abdul munnir,Abdullah(2015)[21] did the work on “Utilization of Palm Oil Fuel Ash
(POFA) in Producing Lightweight Foamed Concrete for Non-structural Building
Material”. The utilization of the materials from the industrial waste is an option to reduce the
production cost of building materials that also will reduce the environmental impact from the
waste. Industrial by-product from the palm oil mill in the form of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)
can be used as a partial replacement for cement into the concrete mix due to its pozzolanic
content. This study examines the role of POFA to replace the cement partially in foamed
concrete production. Experiments have been conducted by replacing 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%
and 50% of POFA by weight of Portland Pozzolan Cement. The results indicate a potential
use of POFA in foamed concrete production. Despite a decline in the strength of concrete
with the addition of POFA, the loss of concrete compressive strength by adding 50% POFA
is only about 30-40% compared to that of control specimens. Based on its compressive
strength, the foamed concrete with 20% POFA substitution is still applicable for non-
structural building element such as concrete block for non-bearing wall. Indonesia as the
largest palm oil industry produce a large amount of POFA that can be potentially utilized to
produce low cost lightweight building material and also to reduce the environmental impact
as well.
22.kwangwoo wi, Han-seung lee(2018)[22] did the work on “Effect of Using Micropalm Oil
Fuel Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement on the Properties of Cement Mortar”. This paper
represents This study investigates the effects of micropalm oil fuel ash (mPOFA) on
compressive strength and pore structure of cement mortar. Various experimental techniques,
such as compression test, isothermal calorimetry, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and X-ray
diffraction, are performed to figure out the effect of using mPOFA as partial replacement of
cement on the hydration of cement and determine its optimal replacement level to increase

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mechanical property of the mortar specimens. 10 wt.% of cement replacement with mPOFA
is found to give the highest level of compressive strength, achieving a 23% increase over the
control specimens after 3 days of curing. High K2O contents in mPOFA stimulate C3S in
cement to form C-S-H at early ages, and high surface area of mPOFA acts as a nucleus to
develop C-S-H. Also, small mPOFA particles and C-S-H formed by pozzolanic reaction fill
the pores and lead to reduction in large capillary pores. In XRD analysis, a decrease in
Ca(OH)2 and SiO2 contents with age confirmed a high pozzolanic reactivity of mPOFA.

23.Belal alsubari, payamshafigh(2016)[23] did the work on “Utilization of high-volume

treated palm oil fuel ash to produce sustainable self-compacting concrete”. This paper
represents Palm oil fuel ash is a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) generated
from the combustion of palm oil fibers and shells in palm oil mills to produce electricity, and
One approach to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions and increase the sustainability of
concrete by substitute a significant amount of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with it. This
study conducted laboratory investigations to evaluate the use of high-volume treated palm oil
fuel ash (T-POFA) in producing economical and eco-friendly self-compacting concrete
(SCC). The concrete mixtures were prepared with 0%, 50%, 60% and 70% replacement (by
mass) of OPC with T-POFA at a constant water/binder ratio of 0.35. Self-compactability
testing methods were also employed to evaluate the fresh properties of SCC. Compressive
strength and drying shrinkage tests were performed and investigated for up to 6 months and
1 year, respectively. An acid attack resistance test was also conducted on the concrete
specimens. Results show that the substitution of OPC with high-volume T-POFA can
improve the fresh properties of concrete. At an early age, SCCs containing 50%–70% T-
POFA have lower compressive strength than the control SCC mix containing 100% OPC.
However, the concrete specimens attained a compressive strength equivalent to that of the
control at an age of 28 days and an even higher compressive strength at later ages. The
specimens containing high-volume T-POFA have lower drying shrinkage and exhibited better
performance against aggressive chemical attack. Cost analysis and carbon dioxide (CO 2)
emission calculation showed that the T-POFA concrete specimens have 8%–12% lower cost
and up to 45% lower CO2 emission than the control SCC mix. The results suggest that T-
POFA can be utilized as a cement replacement up to 70% in SCC to produce low-cost and
sustainable concrete.

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24. Muhamad Nazri Borhan, Amiruddin Ismail(2010) [24] did the work on “Evaluation of

Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) on Asphalt Mixtures”. This paper represents Malaysia is the
main crude palm oil supplier in the world. During the production of crude palm oil, a large
amount of waste material is generated, such as palm oil fibers (husk), shells and empty fruit
bunches (EFB). After combustion, about 5% of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) or boiler ash is
produced. The mechanical properties of the modified asphalt mixtures were examined and
compared with a conventional mixture. The physical properties of POFA were analyzed first.
Asphalt concrete mixes having different percentages of POFA (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7%) as an
additive of the mineral filler were prepared, and the materials passed through a 0.075 mm
sieve. These samples were characterized using the Marshall stability, resilient modulus, static
creep and dynamic creep tests and fatigue testing. The study showed that POFA-containing
materials showed different performance levels but displayed more resistance to permanent
deformation compared to the control mixtures.

25.Mohd ZaminJumaat (2018)[25] did the work on “Heat-treated palm oil fuel ash as an
effective supplementary cementitious material originating from agriculture waste”. Palm oil
fuel ash (POFA) is generated from the combustion of oil palm waste. This ash is considered a
disturbance to the environment since it is dumped without being profit return or recycled,
thus causing environmental problems and human health hazards. However, it has been proven
that POFA is a pozzolanic material that can be utilized as cement replacement in concrete. If
POFA is heated at high temperature, it exhibits better pozzolanic performance. In this study,
the treatment processes as well as microstructure and pozzolanic characteristics of POFA are
considered. Ordinary Portland cement was replaced with 0, 30, 50, and 70% treated POFA
(T-POFA) in a paste. The hydration products of different hardened pastes were checked by
means of simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission
scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) in order to assess the effect of TPOFA on the paste
microstructure. According to the test results, the physical properties and chemical
composition of T-POFA greatly enhanced due to heat treatment and the milling process. It
was observed that the calcium hydroxide content decreased in pastes containing T-POFA
upon hardening, which is evidence of its consumption by the pozzolanic reaction. The
FESEM images displayed needle-like and reticular C–S–H phases in the control paste, while
floc-like and fibrous-like C–S–H phases well-connected to each other were observed in the
pastes containing T-POFA.

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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS & TESTING

3.1. Selection of materials

The materials used in the experimental investigation are

1. Cement
Ordinary Portland cement
2. Aggregates
(i) Coarse aggregate
(ii) Fine aggregate
3. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)
4. Conplast SP 430 super plasticizer
5. Water
3.1.1. Cement

(i) Ordinary Portland Cement (53 Grade)

Conventional Portland cement, 53 grade will be fabricated by personally combining
calcareous and argillaceous or potentially other silica, alumina or iron oxide bearing
materials, consuming them at a clinkering temperature and pounding the resultant clinker in
order to deliver a concrete fit for agreeing to this standard. No material will be included in the
wake of consuming, other than gypsum (normal mineral or synthetic), water, execution
improver, and not in excess of a sum of 1.0 percent of air-entraining specialists or different
operators including shading specialists, which have turned out to be unsafe. At the point
when tried as per the strategies given in IS 4032, common Portland cement 53 grade will
agree to the substance necessities given. The tricalcium aluminates content (C3A) and
tricalcium silicate content (C3S) are determined by the equation:

C3A = 2.65 (Al2O3) – 1.69 (Fe2O3)

C3S = 4.07 (CaO) – 7.60 (SiO2) – 6.72 (Al2O3) – 1.43 (Fe2O3) – 2.85 (SO3)

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Table No. 3.1.1. Chemical composition of cement

Oxide Percent
content

CaO 60-67
SiO2 17-25
Al2O3 3.08.0
Fe2O3 0.5-6.0
MgO 0.1-4.0

Alkalies (K2O,Na2O) 0.4-1.3

SO3 1.3-3.0

Fig 3.1.1 Cement

3.1.2. Aggregates

Aggregates is a general term connected to those idle or synthetically dynamic materials

which, when fortified together by cement, structure concrete. A large portion of the
aggregatess are normally happening aggregatess, for example, pounded shake, rock and sand.

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Counterfeit and handled aggregatess might be broken break of pulverized air-cooled impact
heater slag. Light loads aggregates, for example, pumice, heater clinker, coke and so on., are
additionally utilized for the creation of low thickness.

(i) Coarse Aggregate

Aggregates more than 4.75 mm are known as coarse aggregates. Pulverized stone and
characteristic rock are the regular materials utilized as coarse aggregates for cement.
Common rock can be quarried from pits where they have been saved by alluvial or icy
activity, and are regularly made out of stone, quartz, schist and volcanic rocks. Coarse
aggregates are gotten by pounding different sorts of rocks, schist, gneiss, crystalline, hard
lime stone and great strength sand stones. At the point when high strength cement is required,
fine grained rock is maybe the best aggregates. Coarse grained rocks make unforgiving
cement, and need high extent of sand and water cement proportion to get sensible level of
usefulness. Harder sorts of sand stones, having fine grained surface, are reasonable as coarse
aggregates, yet gentler assortments ought to be utilized with alert. Concrete made with sand
stone aggregates give inconvenience because of breaking, on account of high level of
shrinkage. Essentially hard and coarse grained crystalline lime stones are entirely reasonable
for aggregates, are shabby, yet ought to be utilized just in plain concrete. The blocks ought to
be spotless, hard, well consumed and free from mortar and ought not contain the greater part
percent of solvent sulphates. It ought not be utilized for fortified solid work, since it is
permeable and may consume the support. Impact heater slag, coal fiery debris, and coke-
breeze, may likewise be utilized as aggregates to acquire light weight and protecting cement
of low strength.

Fig: 3.1.2 (i) Coarse aggregate

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(ii) Fine Aggregate

The material littler than 4.75 mm sizes are called as fine aggregates. Regular sands are
commonly utilized as fine aggregates. Sand might be gotten from pits, stream, and lake or
ocean shore and may contain chlorides which may cause blooming, and may cause erosion of
fortification. Henceforth it ought to be altogether washed before use. Thus, if stream sand
contains contaminations, for example, mud and so forth it ought to be washed before use.
Precise grained sand creates great and solid cement, since it has great entomb locking
property, while round grained particles of sand don't bear the cost of such interlocking.

Fig: 3.1.2 (ii) Fine aggregate

3.1.3. Palm oil fuel ash(POFA)

Palm Kernel Shell and fiber husk squanders here are singed in boilers as energizes the age of
vitality. Temperature kept up in the heater is above 4500c which produces about 0.5
MWt/day. Fiber husk when exposed to high temperature loses its weight and attempt to
escape from the consuming chamber. So as to gather the fine particles of slag water is
sprinkled over the stack to expand the heaviness of particles with the end goal that it gets
settled down at the base stockpiling shaft. This gathered powder from capacity shaft was
additionally pounded, broiler dried and went through 90 micron strainer and utilized for
cement substitution.

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Fig 3.1.3 palm oil fuel ash

3.1.4. Conplast SP 430 super plasticizer

Conplast SP430(NE) is provided as a dark coloured fluid in a split second dispersible in

water. Conplast SP430(NE) has been uncommonly figured to give high water decreases upto
25% without loss of functionality or to deliver great cement of diminished porousness.
Conplast SP430(NE) is utilized where a high level of functionality and its maintenance are
required, where delays in transportation or putting are likely or when high surrounding
temperatures cause fast droop misfortune. It encourage creation of excellent cement. Union is
improved because of scattering of cement particles consequently limiting isolation and
improving surface completion. Compressive strength : Conplast SP430(NE) is principally
profoundly proficient superplasticiser giving expansive increment in functionality without
critical change in compressive strength.

Fig: 3.1.4 Super plasticizer

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3.1.5. Water

Water goes about as grease for the fine and coarse grained totals and responds synthetically
with cement to shape the coupling glue for the total and fortification. Water is additionally
utilized for relieving the solid after it has been thrown into the structures. Water utilized for
blending and relieving will be spotless and free from harmful measure of oils, acids, soluble
bases, salts, sugar, natural materials and different substances that might be malicious to
cement or steel. Compact water might be for the most part viewed as tasteful for solid blend.
Water found acceptable for blending is likewise reasonable for relieving concrete. In any
case, water utilized for restoring ought not create any questionable strain or unattractive store
on the solid surface. Nearness of tannic corrosive or iron mixes is offensive.

Fig: 3.1.5 water

3.2. Tests on cement

3.2.1 Specific gravity of cement

To decide the particular gravity of cement we are utilizing thickness bottle technique. Right

off the bath clean the thickness container and place it in a stove at a temperature of 105 0C to

1000C for drying. Presently the thickness bottle alongside plug is gauged utilizing

equalization to an exactness of 0.001 gm. Note down this perusing as "W1". Take 5 to 10 g of

cement in the thickness bottle and gauge the jug alongside plug and dry example. Note this

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perusing as "W2". Fill the thickness bottle with lamp fuel upto the imprint. Presently the jug

is gauged which is the all out mass of container, cement and lamp oil. Note down this as

"W3". Presently spotless the thickness bottle and pour just lamp oil upto the imprint and note

down the perusing as "W4".

Reference: IS: 269 – 1976 and IS: 4031 – 1968

The perceptions are as given underneath.

Weight of density bottle ( W1) = 29gm

Weight of density bottle +wt.of cement (W2 ) = 44.4gm

Weight of density bottle + cement +kerosene ( W3 ) = 85gm

Weight ofdensity bottle+kerosene (W4) = 73.5gm.

specific gravity of kerosene=0.78

Explicit gravity of cement = {[W2-W1]÷[(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)]}×0.79

=((44.4-29))/{(44.4-29)- (85-73.5) } ×0.79

= 3.12

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Fig 3.2.1. Specific gravity of cement

3.2.2 Normal consistency

The Consistency of cement test is performed to decide the measure of water content that will
be included concrete to achieve Standard consistency or typical consistency of cement.
Measure of water included concrete to enter the Vicat plunger up to a profundity of 5-7mm
from the base of the Vicat form or 33-35mm from top of the Vicat Mould.

Normal consistency of ultratech cement= 28%

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Fig 3.2.2 Normal consistency

3.2.3 Initial setting time of cement

Introductory setting time of cement is the time span between expansion of water to cement
till the time at 1 mm square area needle neglects to enter the concrete glue, set in the Vicat's
shape 5mm to 7mm from the base of the form. Last setting time is that timeframe between the
time water is added to cement and the time at which 1 mm needle establishes a connection on
the glue in the shape yet 5 mm connection does not establish any connection.

Table 3.2.3 Initial setting time of cement

Sl.no % of pofa Weight of cement in Weight of pofa in Initial setting

gms gms time in min
1 0 400 0 32
2 5 380 20 33
3 10 360 40 36
4 15 340 60 40
5 20 320 80 42
6 25 300 100 44

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Fig 3.2.3 Initial setting time

3.2.4 Final setting time of cement

For deciding the last setting time, supplant the needle of the Vicat's contraption by the needle
with an annular connection. The concrete is viewed as at long last set when after applying the
last setting needle tenderly to the outside of the test obstruct; the needle establishes a
connection subsequently, while the connection neglects to do as such. Record this time (T3).

Table 3.2.4 Final setting time of cement

Sl.no % of pofa Weight of Weight of pofa Final setting

cement in gms in gms time
1 0 400 0 558
2 5 380 20 563
3 10 360 40 568
4 15 340 60 570
5 20 320 80 575
6 25 300 100 580
3.2.5 Fineness
Fineness of Cement is estimated by sieving cement on standard sifter. The extent of concrete
of which the cement molecule sizes are more noteworthy than the 90 micron is resolved.
Take 100gms of cement in sifter. shake the strainer with your hands by Agitating the sifter in
planetary and straight developments for 15 minutes.

Fineness of cement =5%

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Fig 3.2.5. Fineness of cement

3.3 Tests on POFA
3.3.1 Specific gravity of POFA
W1= weight of density bottle = 28.5 gms
W2= weight of bottle+weight of pofa= 43.5 gms
W3= weight of bottle+weight of pofa+ kerosene= 80.5 gms
W4= weight of bottle + kerosene = 74 gms
Specific gravity of POFA= 1.4

Fig 3.3.1. Specific gravity of POFA

CHAPTER 4

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METHODOLOGY
In accomplishing the target of the work, "M35 Mix plan incomplete substitution of palm oil
fuel cinder by weight of concrete " ,five rates are threw for finding the compressive strength
of concrete moulds at 0%,5%, 10%, 15%,20% The ideal strength is accomplished at 15% of
POFA is included for OPC . For each trail, 9 3D squares are threw for OPC. To determine the
split tensile strength 4 cylinder shapes are threw for testing the 14 days , 28 days . To
determine durability test Acid and Sulphate compounds are used for curing for 56 days for
finding the method for compressive strength. For every preliminary, the throwing of
examples was finished by following the procedural advances.
The test results for each trail are exhibited in the following section under outcomes .
1. Batching
2. Mixing
3. Casting
4. Compaction
5. Curing
6. Testing for compressive strength ,Acid attacks ,sulphate attacks

4.1. Batching
It is the way toward estimating solid fixings either by volume or by mass and bringing them
into the blend. Customarily bunching is finished by volume however most determinations
require that clumping be finished by mass as opposed to volume. Concrete is constantly
estimated by weight and it is never estimated by volume. For the most part for each cluster
blend, one sack of cement is utilized. Fine total utilized here is of zone II going through
2.36mm and held on 1.18mm and up to 300 microns held. Coarse total utilized here is
underneath 20mm. Consumable water is utilized for this work.
4.2. Mixing
Exhaustive blending of the materials is basic for the creation of uniform cement. The
blending ought to guarantee that the mass winds up homogeneous, uniform in shading and
consistency. Hand blending is polished for little scale irrelevant solid works. As the blending
can't be exhaustive and proficient, it is alluring to include 10 percent greater cement to cook
for the substandard cement created by this strategy. Hand blending ought to be done over an
impenetrable cement or block floor of adequately substantial size to take one sack of cement.
Spread out the deliberate amount of coarse total and fine total in interchange layers. Pour the

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cement on its highest point, and blend them dry by scoop, turning the blend again and again
until consistency of shading is accomplished. This uniform blend is spread out in thickness of
around 20 cm. Water is taken in a water-can fitted with a rose-head and sprinkled over the
blend and at the same time turned over. This activity is proceeded till such time a decent
uniform, homogeneous cement is gotten. It is of specific significance to see that the water
isn't poured however it is just sprinkled. Water in little amount ought to be included towards
the finish of the blending to get the simply required consistency. At that organize, even a little
amount of water makes contrast.
4.3. Casting
Metal moulds, ideally steel or cast iron, thick enough to avert bending are required. They are
made in such a way as to encourage the expulsion of the formed example without harm and
are machined to the point that, when it is collected prepared for use, the measurements and
inside appearances are required to be exact inside as far as possible. The tallness of the form
and the separation between the contrary countenances are of the predefined estimate ± 0.2
mm. The edge between nearby interior appearances and between inside countenances and top
and base planes of the shape is required to be 90° ± 0.5°. The inside essences of the form, are
plane surfaces with a reasonable variety of 0.03 mm. The solid shapes utilized for this work
are of measurements 70.6mm×70.6mm×70.6mm and 150mm×150mm×150mm. Each form is
furnished with a metal base plate having a plane surface. The base plate is of such
measurements as to help the form amid the filling without spillage and it is ideally connected
to the shape by springs or screws. The pieces of the form, when amassed, are emphatically
and unbendingly held together, and reasonable strategies for guaranteeing this, both amid the
filling and on ensuing treatment of the filled shape, are required to be give.
4.4. Compaction
Compaction of cement is the procedure received for removing the entangled air from the
solid. During the time spent blending, transporting and putting of solid air is probably going
to get captured in the solid. The lower the functionality, higher is the measure of air captured.
At the end of the day, hardened solid blend has high level of entangled air and, in this
manner, would require higher compacting endeavours than high functional blends.
On the off chance that this air isn't expelled completely, the solid loses strength extensively.
Fig. 6.23 demonstrates the connection between loss of solidarity and air voids left because of
absence of compaction. It very well may be seen from the assume that 5 percent voids
diminish the strength of cement by around 30 percent and 10 percent voids lessen the strength

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by more than 50 percent. In this way, it is basic that 100 percent compaction of cement is a
standout amongst the most essential intend to be remembered in great solid making rehearses.

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Fig 4.4 (i) Compaction of concrete cubes

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Fig 4.4 (ii) Casting of mortar cubes

4.5 Curing

Concrete determines its strength by the hydration of cement particles. The hydration of

cement is definitely not a Momentary activity however a procedure proceeding for long time.

Obviously, the rate of hydration is quick to begin with, yet proceeds over an exceptionally

prolonged stretch of time at a diminishing rate. The amount of the result of hydration and

thus the measure of gel shaped relies on the degree of hydration. It has been referenced

before that concrete requires a water/cement proportion about 0.23 for hydration and a

water/cement proportion of 0.15 for filling the voids in the gel pores. At the end of the day, a

water/cement proportion of about 0.38 would be required to hydrate every one of the particles

of concrete and furthermore to consume the space in the gel pores. Hypothetically, for a solid

made and contained in a fixed compartment a water concrete proportion of 0.38 would fulfill

the prerequisite of water for hydration.

4.6 Tests for examples

The pressure gives the compressive strength of moulds of size 70.6mm×70.6mm×70.6mm ,

and 150mm×150mm×150mm.

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4.6.1 Compressive strength for cement concrete moulds

4.6.2 Tensile strength of cylinders

4.6.3 Compressive strength for mortar moulds

4.6.3.1. Sulphate attack

4.6.3.2. Acid attack

4.6.1 Compressive strength for cement concrete moulds

Compressive strength is the capacity of material or structure to convey the heaps on its
surface with no split or diversion. A material under pressure will in general decrease the size,
while in strain, estimate stretches. Compressive strength for any material is the heap
connected at the purpose of inability to the cross-segment territory of the face on which load
was connected.

Fig 4.6.1 Compressive strength for cement concrete moulds

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4.6.2 Tensile stress of cylinders

The split pliable test were directed according to IS 5816:1999. The measure of chamber is

300mm length with 150mm width. The example were kept in water for relieving for 14 days

and 28 days and on expulsion were tried in wet condition by cleaning water and coarseness

present superficially. The test is done by setting a round and hollow example on a level plane

between the stacking surfaces of a pressure testing machine and the heap is connected until

disappointment of the barrel along the vertical width. The most extreme burden connected to

the example was then recorded and the presence of the solid for any uncommon highlights in

the sort of disappointment was noted. Normal of three qualities was taken as the delegate of

bunch. The test is done by putting a tube shaped example on a level plane between the

stacking surfaces of a pressure testing machine and the heap is connected until

disappointment of the barrel along the vertical width.

Fig 4.6.2 Split tensile test of cylinders

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4.6.3 Compressive strength for mortar moulds

4.6.3.1. Sulphate attack

The procedure of sulphate assault on cement mortar was considered from impacts of
interfacial zone among total and mass glue. The impacts are the substance of interfacial zone
and the structure of interfacial zone. The mortar tests were set up in agreement to a
progression of volume part of total. To improve the structure of interfacial zone, pretreated
quartz total was utilized, which is made out of water powered surface layer and inactive
center. The outcomes demonstrated that the interfacial zone was an essential impacting
factor. The protection from sulphate assault was decreased with the expansion in substance of
interfacial zone yet was upgraded by the improvement of the structure of interfacial zone.

Fig 4.6.3.1 Sulphate attack

4.6.3.2. Acid attack

A major consequence of environmental degradation is the adverse effect of pollution on

building materials. With the growing contamination of water industrial and domestic waste,

building materials, especially concrete and mortar are becoming increasingly prone to

aggregate chemical attack.

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Fig 4.6.3.2 Acid attack

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CHAPTER 5

TEST OUTCOMES

Compressive strength test for cubes :

Reference :IS 456-2000

Pressure test is the most widely recognized test led on solidified cement, incompletely in light
of the fact that it is a simple test to perform, and somewhat on the grounds that the greater
part of the alluring trademark properties of cement are subjectively identified with its
compressive strength.

Pressure test is completed on examples cubical fit as a fiddle. Here and there, the pressure
strength of cement is resolved utilizing portions of bar tried in flexure.

The 3D square example is of the size 15cm×15cm×15 cm.

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Table 5.1 Compressive strength for various replacements levels at 7 days

Grade % of Load Area Compressive Average

POFA in (KN) (mm2) strength compressive
cement (MPa) strength
(MPa)
714.7 22500 31.7
715.2 22500 34.6
0% 588.3 22500 26.1 30.8
798.7 22500 35.5
702 22500 31.2
5% 663.7 22500 29.5 32.1
846 22500 37.3
733.5 22500 32.6
10% 670.5 22500 29.8 33.2
904.5 22500 40.2
819 22500 36.4
15% 684 22500 30.4 35.7
951.7 22500 42.3
686.2 22500 30.5
M35 20% 846 22500 37.6 36.8

Table 5.2 Compressive strength for various replacements levels at 14 days

Grade % of LOAD Area Compressive Average

POFA (KN) (mm2) strength compressive
(MPa) strength
(MPa)
711 22500 31.6
738 22500 32.8
0% 751.5 22500 33.4 32.6
735.7 22500 32.7

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5% 810 22500 36 34.7
798.7 22500 35.5
771.7 22500 34.3
814.5 22500 36.2
10% 947.3 22500 42.1 37.5
868.5 22500 38.6
972 22500 43.2
15% 832.5 22500 37.0 39.6
843.7 22500 37.5
744.7 22500 33.1
M35 20% 828 22500 36.8 35.8

Table 5.3 Compressive strength for various replacements levels at 28 days

Grade % of LOAD Area Compressive Average

POFA (KN) (mm2) strength compressive
(MPa) strength
(MPa)
778.5 22500 34.6
873 22500 38.8
0% 819 22500 36.4 36.6
904.5 22500 40.2
819 22500 36.4
5% 868.5 22500 38.6 38.4
929.3 22500 41.3
891 22500 39.6
10% 913.5 22500 40.6 40.5
1091.3 22500 48.5
1017 22500 45.2
15% 949.5 22500 42.2 45.3
821.3 22500 36.5
767.3 22500 34.1
M35 20% 850.5 22500 37.8 36.2

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Graph 1 Compressive strength of concrete cubes

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

CUBES
50 45.3
45 40.5 39.6
compressive strength MPa

38.4 37.5 36.835.836.2

40 36.6 35.7
34.7 33.2
35 32.6 32.1
30.8
30
7 days
25
20 14 days
15 28 days
10
5
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
% of replacement

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

It is the standard test, to determine the tensile strength of concrete in an indirect way. A

standard test cylinder of concrete specimen (300 mm X 150mm diameter) is placed
horizontally between the loading surfaces of Compression Testing Machine. The tensile
strength of concrete is one of the basic and important properties which greatly affect the
extent and size of cracking in structures.

Moreover, the concrete is very weak in tension due to its brittle nature. Hence. it is
not expected to resist the direct tension. So, concrete develops cracks when tensile forces
exceed its tensile strength.

Therefore, it is necessary to determine the tensile strength of concrete to determine the load at
which the concrete members may crack.

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Furthermore, splitting tensile strength test on concrete cylinder is a method to determine the
tensile strength of concrete. The procedure based on the ASTM C496 (Standard Test Method
of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen) which similar to other codes lik IS 5816 1999.

Table 5.4 Split tensile test of cylinders for 14 days

Grade % of LOAD Split tensile Average split

POFA (KN) strength tensile
(MPa) strength (MPa)
183.1 1.4
227 1.6
0% 1.4
189.7 1.3
196.4 1.4
5% 1.37

176.7 1.25
M35 204.9 1.45
10% 1.35
169.6 1.2
268.6 1.9
15% 1.55
183.7 1.3
190.8 1.35
20% 1.32

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Table 5.5 Split tensile test of cylinders for 28 days

Grade % of LOAD Split tensile Average split tensile

POFA (KN) strength strength (MPa)
(MPa)
273.5 1.9
200.0 1.4
0% 1.65
198.4 1.4
233.6 1.6
5% 1.5

212.4 1.5
M35 254.5 1.8
10% 1.65
204.9 1.45
275.6 1.95
15% 1.7
226.2 1.6
204.9 1.45
20% 1.51

Graph 2 Split tensile test for cylinders

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1.8
SPLIT TENSILE TEST FOR CYLINDERS
1.7
1.65 1.65
1.5 1.55 1.51
1.6
1.4 1.37
split tensile strength MPa

1.35 1.32
1.4
1.2
1
14 days
0.8
28 days
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0% 5% % of replacement
10% 15% 20%

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ACID ATTACK

Table 5.6 Acid attack

Grade % of Load Area compressive Average

POFA in (KN) (mm2) strength compressive
cement (MPa) strength
(MPa)
176.9 4984 35.5
168.4 4984 33.8
0% 169.9 4984 34.1 34.47
170.4 4984 34.2
185.4 4984 37.2
5% 175.9 4984 35.3 35.56
193.3 4984 38.8
182.4 4984 36.6
10% 184.4 4984 37.0 37.46
196.3 4984 39.4
192.3 4984 38.6
15% 205.8 4984 41.3 39.77
125.5 4984 25.2
146.0 4984 29.3
M35 20% 118.6 4984 23.8 26.1

Graph 3 Acid attack

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ACID ATTACK
45
39.77
40 37.9
compressive strength MPa

35.56 34.46
35
30 26.1
25
20
15 56 days
10
5
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
% of replacement

SULPHATE ATTACK

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Table 5.7 Sulphate attack

Grade % of Load Area Split tensile Average split

POFA in (KN) (mm2) strength tensile
cement (MPa) strength
(MPa)
171.4 4984 34.4
165.4 4984 33.2
0% 179.9 4984 36.1 34.5
168.4 4984 33.8
180.4 4984 36.2
5% 176.9 4984 35.5 35.16
176.4 4984 35.4
182.4 4984 36.6
10% 186.4 4984 37.4 36.50
191.3 4984 38.4
182.4 4984 36.6
15% 186.4 4984 37.4 37.46
137.5 4984 27.6
126.0 4984 25.3
M35 20% 133.5 4984 26.8 26.56

Graph 4 Sulphate attack

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SULPHATE ATTACK

40 37.4 37.46
35.16 34.13
35
Compressive strength MPa

30
26.56
25

20
56 days
15

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

% of replacement

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

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1. The compressive strength of the conventional concrete is lower than the Palm oil fuel ash
concrete (POFA).

2. The strength will increase by using the increase percentage of the POFA.

3. At 15% replacement of POFA is gives the more strength when compared to the 0%, 5%,
10% and 20% POFA replacement.

4. Compressive strength increases with increasing the POFA content up to the 15% of
replacement by weight of the cement in all conducting tests.

5. The tensile strength of cylinders is also high for 15% of POFA replacement.

6. At acid attacks the 56 days acid curing strength is more for 15% than any other
percentages.

7. At sulphate attacks the 56 days curing strength is more for 15% replacement of POFA.

CHAPTER 7

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REFERENCES
1.Aiswarya V S, B. eyoola Wilson, Harsha V N took the necessary steps on "Palm Oil Fuel
Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete". . Vol.6 Issue 03, MARCH-2017.

2. V. Suleman Ahamed took the necessar y steps on "Investigation Of Strength Of Concrete

With Palm Oil Fuel Ash As Cement Replacement". Vol.6 Issue 03 May June 2016.

3. P.Premalatha, K.R.Vinodh, L.Chris Anto, R.Nithiya took the necessary steps on

"Properties of Palm Ash Concrete". Vol. 3 Issue 01 JAN 2014

4. L.Subhashini took every necessary step on "Exploratory Investigation on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Concrete". Vol.2 , 27 NOV 2018

5. Tay et al., (1990) explored that supplanting 10– half fiery debris by weight of cementitious
material in mixed cement had no noteworthy impact on isolation. Vol.5, Issue : 3

6. Hussin et al., (1996) considered the compressive strength of cement containing POFA.
The outcomes uncovered that it was conceivable to supplant at a dimension of 40% POFA
without influencing compressive strength. Vol.5, Issue : 5

7. Sukantapree et al., (2002) have discovered that POFA can be utilized in the development
business, explicitly as an advantageous cementitious material in cement. Vol 3, Issue :7

8. Sata et al., (2018) researched that the strength improvement of POFA cements with w/c
proportions of 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60 would in general be a similar way. Vol 5, Issue: 3

9. Augustine U. Elinwa, Michael C. Arimanva, D.O.Onwuka (NOV 2014)explore the

employments of Palm cluster fiery remains as mineral admixture in cement and solid
creation. Vol 9, Issue: 5

10. A.S.M.A. Awal and M.W. Hussain (DEC 2015)look at the impact of palm oil fuel fiery
debris in lessening warmth of hydration of cement of cement. Vol;9 , Issue:19.

11.M.H.Ahamed,R.C.Omar,M.A.Malek,N.Md.Noor and S.Thiruselvam(08 AUG 2016 )

assess the compressive strength of palm oil fuel fiery remains concrete. Vol:5, Issue:8

12. Oyejobi, D. O., Abdulkadir, Ahmed, A. T.(16 JULY 2016) explore is to contemplate
the cementitious properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as halfway cement substitution
material in cement. Vol:2, Issue:9

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 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
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13. Walid Al-Kuttia,*, A. B. M. S Islama , Muhammad Nasira(11 MAY 2017) presents a
trial examination on the mechanical, sturdiness and microstructural execution of date palm
fiery remains (PA) with shifting dose. Vol:17, Issue:5

14. Sooraj V.M (03 MAY 2017)took the necessary steps on "Impact of Palm Oil Fuel Ash
(POFA) on Strength Properties of Concrete". Vol:4 , Issue:13

15. M.N. M. Sidek, N.H. Hashim (05 OCT 2018) took the necessary steps on "Use of Palm
Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as Cement Replacement by Using Powder and Liquidation Technique".
Vol:5, Issue:4

16.Wachilakorn Sanawung,Tieng Cheewaket, Weerachart Tangchirapat, and Chai

Jaturapitakkul (23 JUNE 2013)took every necessary step on "Impact of Palm Oil Fuel Ash
and W/B Ratios on Compressive Strength, Water Permeability, and Chloride Resistance of
Concrete" . Vol:2, Issue: 12

17.Mazizah Ezdiani Mohamad, Ali A. Mahmood, Alicia Yik Yee Min and Nur Nadhira
A.R. (09 MARCH 2015) took every necessary step on "Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and
Eggshell Powder (ESP) as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete". Vol:6, Issue:2.

18. Abdul Wafi Razali1, Mohd Asraf Ayob2, Mohammad Nabil Fikri Saaid(12 JUNE
2013) took every necessary step on "Deciding the Suitability of POFA as Partial Replacement
to Cement in Concrete for Acoustic Properties”. Vol:3, Issue:15.

19.Raudah ahmadi, Mohd Syukry Saiful, Dzul Fahmi Zawawi(09 MAR 2016) took the
necessary steps on "Assessment of Microfine Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as Cement Partial
Replacement Material for Mitigation of Chloride Attack”. Vol:5 , Issue:9

20.K.Abdullah , M.W.Hussin(June 2016)[20] did the work on “POFA : A POTENTIAL

PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT MATERIAL IN AERATED CONCRETE”.Vol: 31
Issue 05.

21. Abdul munnir,Abdullah(2015) did the work on “Utilization of Palm Oil Fuel Ash
(POFA) in Producing Lightweight Foamed Concrete for Non-structural Building Material”.
Vol:15, Issue 2.

22.kwangwoo wi, Han-seung lee(2018) did the work on “Effect of Using Micropalm Oil
Fuel Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement on the Properties of Cement Mortar”. Vol:4,
Issue: 7.

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 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
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23.Belal alsubari, payamshafigh(2016) did the work on “Utilization of high-volume treated
palm oil fuel ash to produce sustainable self-compacting concrete”. Vol:21, Issue: 3.

24. Muhamad NazriBorhan, Amiruddin Ismail(2010) did the work on “Evaluation of

Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) on Asphalt Mixtures”. Vol: 15, Issue: 09

25.Mohd ZaminJumaat (2018) did the work on “Heat-treated palm oil fuel ash as an
effective supplementary cementitious material originating from agriculture waste”. Vol:05,
Issue: 21

ANNEXURE-I
M35 Concrete Mix Design by Using IS 10262:2009

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Step 1.Target Mean Strength
Concrete mix should be designed for certain higher strength than characteristic strength so
that the field strength or site strength of concrete will not be falling below the characteristic
strength by certain percent of the result.
The targets mean compressive (fck) strength at 28 days is given by
fm = fck+ k (s)
Where,
fck = Characteristic compressive strength in 28 days
S = Standard Deviation
fm = Target mean strength
k = Probability factor (or) Risk factor
fm = fck + k (s)
=35+1.65(5)
Fm =43.25 N/mm2
For IS 10262:2009, M35 the value of (s)=5 (Clause 3.2.1.2)
Step 2: Selection of W/C Ratio
Various parameters like types of cement, aggregates, maximum size of aggregates, surface
texture of aggregate etc. are influencing the strength of concrete, when water/cement ratio
remain constant, hence it is desirable to establish a relation between concrete strength and
free water/cement ratio with materials and conditions to be used actually at site. The
improvements in the quality and strength of Indian cement since 1982 the water/cement ratio
is given in the graph between water/cement ratio and 28 days compressive strength of
concrete.

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W/C ratio graph based on 28 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete

Like this, the water/ cement ratio can be selected based up on the strength criterion and
durability criterion. The durability criterion is based upon the above. The above values of the
two are selected as the required water/cement ratio for the work. From strength point of view,
for target mean strength of 31.6MPa, the w/c ratio is selected as 0.50. For using the admixture
(Nano silica), based on experience adopt W/C =0.45.
Step 3: Selection of Water Content:
Maximum water content per cubic meter of concrete for Nominal maximum size of Aggregates.

Sl.no Nominal maximum size of Maximum water content in

aggregate (mm) (kg)

1 10 208

2 20 186

3 30 165

From the above table in IS10262:2009 water content for 20mm (Angular) is 186 liters (25-
50mm slump). Estimated water content for 75mm slump is

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=186+3/100x186
=242 litres
As super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced up to 15% and above
Hence the arrived water content =242x0.85
=206 litres
Step 4: Selection of Cement Content
Cement and supplementary cementitious material content per unit volume of concrete may be
calculated from the free w/c ratio and quantity of water per unit volume of concrete. The
cementitious material content so, calculated shall be checked against minimum cementitious
content for the durability requirements.
W/c=0.45
206/c=0.45
C=458 kg/m3
Step 5: Calculation of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate proportions
As per IS10262:2009, Table No.3, clause 4.4, the volume of coarse aggregate per unit
volume of total aggregate for different zones of fine aggregate as for 20mm (Angular) Zone-
II is good for severe condition i.e., 0.62
Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62+0.01
=0.63
Therefore final volume of coarse aggregate = 0.64 and
Volume of fine aggregate =0.37

Step 6: Calculation of Mix Proportions

Volume of concrete = 1m3
Absolute volume of cement = Absolute mass/Absolute density
= Absolute mass/ (Specific gravity x density of water)
= 458/3.12 x 1000
= 0.146m3
Volume of water = 0.206m3
Volume of super plasticizer = 1.0/100 x 458/1.22 x 1/1000
= 0.008m3
Volume of all in aggregates = 1-[0.146+0.206+0.008] = 0.64m3
Weight of coarse aggregate = 0.64 x 0.63 x 2.75 x 1000
= 1109 kg/m3

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Weight of fine aggregate = 0.37 x 0.64 x 2.64 x 1000
= 625 kg/m3
Mix proportions:
Cement = 351 kg/m3
Water = 158 litres
Fine aggregate = 697 kg/m3

Coarse aggregate = 1285 kg/m3

Cement : Fine aggregate : Coarse aggregate : Water = 458 : 625 : 1109 : 206
= 1 :1.38 : 2.42 : 0.45

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