Name: Sridhar.

G
HR ID: 37576
Batch : 7(non math)

Assignment

Connotation and Denotation:

Connotation and Denotation are two principal methods of describing the meanings of
words. Connotation refers to the wide array of positive and negative associations that most words
naturally carry with them, whereas denotation is the precise.literal definition of a word that might
be found in a dictionary.

Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word

Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word.

Example:
-America's Midwest is often referred to as the heartland by Washington congressmen.
-America's Midwest is often referred to as flyover country by DC politicos.

Context clues:
Sometimes, when we read a given portion of text, we’re not entirely sure what’s going
on. This is where context clues come in. Context clues provide further information about a word
or phrase that helps readers understand its meaning. These clues offer insight - either directly or
indirectly - into the portion of text that’s difficult to understand.
The type of context clues are:
1. Definition/Explanation Clues
2. Restatement/Synonym Clues
3. Contrast/Antonym Clues
4. Inference/General Context Clues
5. Punctuation

Definition/Explanation Clues:
Sometimes a word's or phrase's meaning is explained immediately after its use.

Example:
"Haberdashery, which is a store that sells men’s clothing, is becoming more common today.”
Restatement/Synonym Clues:
Sometimes a hard word or phrase is said in a simple way.

Example:
"Lou was sent to the haberdashery to find a new suit. He needed to wear one for his
uncle’s wedding."
Explanation:
Because the sentence says that Lou would find a suit at the haberdashery, then it must be
a place where clothes for men are sold.

Contrast/Antonym Clues:
Sometimes a word or phrase is clarified by the presentation of the opposite meaning
somewhere close to its use. Look for signal words when applying context clues.

Example:
"Lou wanted to go to the haberdashery, but Ann wanted to shop at the boutique.”
Explanation:
The signal word but tells the reader that an opposite thought is going to be stated.

Inference/General Context Clues:

Sometimes a word or phrase is not immediately clarified within the same sentence.
Relationships, which are not directly apparent, are inferred or implied. The reader must look for
clues within, before, and after the sentence in which the word is used.

Example:
“The haberdashery was Lou’s favorite place. He loved shopping for nice suits.
Explanation:
The people who worked there were so kind and helpful.”

Punctuation:
Readers can also use clues of punctuation and type style to infer meaning, such as
quotation marks (showing the word has a special meaning), dashes, parentheses or brackets
(enclosing a definition), and italics (showing the word will be defined).

Example:
Tom's father was a haberdasher, or men’s shopkeeper, in the story. Tom's father was a
haberdasher (men’s shopkeeper) in the story. In the story, Tom's father was a haberdasher-or
men’s shopkeeper. Tom's father was a “haberdasher”. He had a clothing store for men.
Definition of Imagery:
 Imagery means to use figurative language to represent objects, actions, and ideas in such
a way that it appeals to our physical senses.

Usually it is thought that imagery makes use of particular words that create visual representation
of ideas in our minds. The word “imagery” is associated with mental pictures. However, this idea
is but partially correct. Imagery, to be realistic, turns out to be more complex than just a picture

Example:
It was dark and dim in the forest.
The words “dark” and “dim” are visual images.

● The children were screaming and shouting in the fields.

“Screaming” and “shouting” appeal to our sense of hearing, or auditory sense.
● He whiffed the aroma of brewed coffee.
“Whiff” and “aroma” evoke our sense of smell, or olfactory sense.
● The girl ran her hands on a soft satin fabric.
The idea of “soft” in this example appeals to our sense of touch, or tactile sense.
● The fresh and juicy orange is very cold and sweet.
“Juicy” and “sweet” – when associated with oranges – have an effect on our sense of
taste, or gustatory sense.

IRONY:
Definition: There are three types of irony: verbal, situational and dramatic.

Verbal irony occurs when a speaker’s intention is the opposite of what he or she is
saying. For example, a character stepping out into a hurricane and saying, “What nice weather
we’re having!”

Situational irony occurs when the actual result of a situation is totally different from
what you’d expect the result to be. Sitcoms often use situational irony. For example, a family
spends a lot of time and money planning an elaborate surprise birthday party for their mother to
show her how much they care. But it turns out, her birthday is next month, and none of them
knew the correct date. She ends up fuming that no one cares enough to remember her birthday.

Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows a key piece of information that a
character in a play, movie or novel does not. This is the type of irony that makes us yell,
“DON’T GO IN THERE!!” during a scary movie. Dramatic irony is huge in Shakespeare’s
tragedies, most famously in Othello and Romeo and Juliet,
Why Writers Use It: Irony inverts our expectations. It can create the unexpected twist at the end
of a joke or a story that gets us laughing — or crying. Verbal irony tends to be funny; situational
irony can be funny or tragic; and dramatic irony is often tragic.

Mood definition:
The mood of a piece of writing is its general atmosphere or emotional complexion—in
short, the array of feelings the work evokes in the reader. Every aspect of a piece of writing can
influence its mood, from the setting and the imagery to the author's word choice and tone. For
instance, a story that begins "It was a dark and stormy night" will probably have an overall dark,
ominous, or suspenseful mood.

Generally speaking, any word that can be used to describe emotion can be used to describe the
mood of a story, poem, or other piece of writing. Here are some words that are commonly used
to describe mood:
● Cheerful
● Reflective
● Gloomy
● Humorous
● Melancholy

Tone Definition:
Tone (or the attitude of piece of writing) is closely related to mood: often, the tone and
mood of a piece are similar or the same.

It wouldn't be unusual for a poem with a somber tone to also have a somber mood—i.e., to make
the reader feel somber as well.

A journalist who makes a jab at a politician might be conveying how they feel about their subject
(using a critical tone) while also trying to influence their readers to feel similarly—i.e., creating a
mood of anger or outrage.

Definition of Foreshadowing:
Foreshadowing is a literary device that writers utilize as a means to indicate or hint to
readers something that is to follow or appear later in a story. Foreshadowing, when done
properly, is an excellent device in terms of creating suspense and dramatic tension for readers. It
can set up emotional expectations of character behaviors and/or plot outcomes. This can heighten
a reader’s enjoyment of a literary work, enhance the work’s meaning, and help the reader make
connections with other literature and literary themes.

Example:

● Dialogue, such as “I have a bad feeling about this”

● Symbols, such as blood, certain colors, types of birds, weapons
● Weather motifs, such as storm clouds, wind, rain, clearing skies
● Omens, such as prophecies or broken mirror
● Character reactions, such as apprehension, curiosity, secrecy
● Time and/or season, such as midnight, dawn, spring, winter
● Settings, such as graveyard, battlefield, isolated path, river