PRESSURE

PRESSURE
MENU
1. PRESSURE IN SOLIDS
2. PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS
3. PRESSURE IN GASES
4. MEASURING PRESSURE
Pressure in solids
An elephant will exert less
pressure than a person
wearing high heels. This is
because the weight of the
elephant is spread over a
larger surface area.
Teacher jumps quickly to his feet

He’s got the point!
The pressure acting on his seat,
Is force per unit areaaaaaaaaagh!
Pressure is Force per Unit Area
Force ÷ Area = Pressure
Measured in N/m2 (or sometimes N/cm2)
N/m2 = 1Pa (pascal)
Pressure in solids
This man can lie on a bed of nails because by having many nails
he has increased the surface area so his pressure is less.
Increasing
pressure
Reducing
pressure
Reducing Pressure
These are all examples of where pressure in
reduced by increasing surface area
Increasing pressure
Pressure in solids
It acts in the direction of the force

only.
The smaller the area the higher the

pressure.
The larger the area the smaller the

pressure
Calculating pressure
Main
menu
Pressure in liquids
Pressure in liquids at depth
Pressure in liquids acts
in all directions.
The greater the depth the

greater the pressure, as
the mass (and therefore
the force exerted) is
greater.
Pressure is exerted
throughout the liquid and in
all directions.
The deeper the water the
greater the pressure
because the weight of the
water is greater
Calculating pressure at depth
Pressure = 10 x depth x density
(N/m2 ) ( N/kg) (m) (kg/m3)
The hydrometer
This is used to measure
the density of milk and
other liquids. It floats to
different depths in
different liquids,
depending on their
densities
Upthrust and Pressure
All liquids exert an
upthrust because the
pressure inside the
liquid increases as
you go deeper. This
means that the
pressure on the
bottom of an object is
greater than on the
top, and so there is a
resultant force
upwards
Pressure in liquids
Liquids will find their own level

Pressure in Liquids
Higher
density
higher
pressure.
Using pressure in liquids
Hydraulic machines
It was easier to push on the small syringe that on the

big syringe. This is because a force acting over
small area creates a high pressure. This pressure is
then transmitted through the fluid and acts over a
large area. This results in a larger force on the
plunger of the large syringe.
Using pressure in liquids
The drivers foot pushes the piston to exert pressure on the liquid. This
pressure is transmitted to the pistons on each side of the large disc on the
axle. The pressure makes the pistons squeeze the disc like the brakes on a
bicycle to slow down the car. Exactly the same pressure is applied to the other
brakes on the car.
If the pistons have twice the area of the master piston, they will exert twice
the force that the driver applied with her foot. The force is magnified by the
increased area of the pistons.
Using Pressure in Liquids
The moving arms
on this mechanical
digger use
hydraulic systems
Hydraulic Jack
Pressure in Liquids
Answers
Answer these
questions: The pressure at the bottom is
greater so the wall must be
stronger.
Why does the dam
wall need to be thicker
at its base? Upthrust from the water is
spread over a large area so
the upward force is greater
than the weight.
Why does the boat
float?
When the diver breathes at
depth the air is at a higher
Why must the diver pressure. As he surfaces the
breathe out as he water pressure decreases so
surfaces? the air in his lungs would
expand and burst his lungs.
Main Menu
Pressure in Gases
We are living at the bottom of a ‘sea’

of air called the atmosphere, which
exerts a pressure on us (just as the
sea squeezes a diver).
Atmospheric pressure is 100 000N/m2

Collapsing Can Experiment
Before the pump is
switched on,
molecules are hitting
the outside and inside
with equal pressure.
After the pump is

switched on, there are
almost no molecules
inside the can and the
pressure of the
molecules outside the
can crushes it.
Magdeburg Hemispheres
Magdeburg hemispheres
The pressure of
the air outside
pushes the cups
closed when
there is a
vacuum inside.
When air enters the pressure outside and

inside are the same and they are easily
pulled apart
Gases can be Compressed
...Pressure increases
Exploding Marshmallow
At first the atmospheric pressure on the outside

of the balloon balances the air pressure inside
....
...when you pump out the air
A vacuum is created in the bell jar
air pressure in the balloon /

marshmallow is higher than the
pressure in the bell jar so the balloon
expands
Using Air pressure
Using pressure Sucking creates
a negative
pressure in the
straw.
The high air

pressure acting
on the surface
of the liquid
pushes the
liquid up the
straw.
Using Air Pressure
The higher
pressure outside
the sucker holds
it in place.
As you push the

sucker down air
is forced out of
the cup creating
a negative
pressure
Using pressure – force pump
Plunger out –
Negative pressure water
pushed up by air pressure.
Plunger in –
Pressure exerted on liquid,
inlet valve forced closed, so
water pressure forces open
outlet valve
Main
Menu
Measuring Pressure
Bourdon Gauge: The higher pressure

makes the tube straighten out slightly, and
this movement is used to turn a pointer
Measuring Pressure
Manometer: The
pressure changes
the level of the
water in the
manometer. The
pressure can be
found (in cm of
water) by
measuring the
height marked h.
Aneroid
Measuring Pressure Barometer:
This uses a flexible
metal can which has
had the air taken out
of it. A strong spring
stops the
atmosphere from
completely crushing
the can.
If the air pressure increases, the top of the can is

squeezed down slightly. If the air pressure decreases, the
spring pulls up the top of the can. This small movement is
magnified by a long pointer
Measuring Pressure
The Mercury Barometer:
The column of mercury is
held up by air pressure.
As the air pressure varies
from day to day (depending
on the weather), the height
of the Mercury varies.
The distance to measure is

shown in the diagram. A
height of 760 mm is called
Standard Atmospheric
Pressure (written 760 mm
Hg).
Menu
PRESSURE SUMMARY
Pressure is the force per unit area
It is measured in N/m2 ( Pascals), N/cm2 , Bar.
The larger the area the more the force is spread so the less
the pressure.
The smaller the area the less the force is spread, so the
greater the pressure.
In liquids and gases the fluids will flow from an area of high
pressure to an area of low pressure until the pressure is equal
throughout.
Pressure in a liquid is greater at depth.
Pressure in liquids and gases are exerted equally throughout.
The same pressure at equal depths.

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Teacher jumps quickly to his feet

It acts in the direction of the force

The smaller the area the higher the

The larger the area the smaller the

The greater the depth the

Liquids will find their own level

It was easier to push on the small syringe that on the

We are living at the bottom of a ‘sea’

Atmospheric pressure is 100 000N/m2

After the pump is

When air enters the pressure outside and

At first the atmospheric pressure on the outside

A vacuum is created in the bell jar

air pressure in the balloon /

The high air

As you push the

Bourdon Gauge: The higher pressure

If the air pressure increases, the top of the can is

The distance to measure is

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