Assignment

3 (1617-I) (Chapter 5)

1. Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigeration system as saturated vapor at
0.14 MPa, and leaves as superheated vapor at 0.8 MPa and 60°C at a rate of 0.06 kg/s.
Determine the rates of energy transfers by mass into and out of the compressor. Assume
the kinetic and potential energies to be negligible.

2. Steam at 5 MPa and 400°C enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 80 m/s, and it leaves
at 2 MPa and 300°C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2, and heat is being lost at a rate
of 120 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the
steam, and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.

3. Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions of 100 kPa and
25°C with a low velocity and exits at 1 MPa and 347°C with a velocity of 90 m/s. The
compressor is cooled at a rate of 1500 kJ/min, and the power input to the compressor is
250 kW. Determine the mass flow rate of air through the compressor.

4. Refrigerant-134a at 700 kPa, 70°C, and 8 kg/min is cooled by water in a condenser until it
exists as a saturated liquid at the same pressure. The cooling water enters the con- denser
at 300 kPa and 15°C and leaves at 25°C at the same pressure. Determine the mass flow
rate of the cooling water required to cool the refrigerant.

 6–5C An experimentalist claims to have raised the tempera- thermal efficiency of 28 percent. Determine the rate of fuel
ture of a small amount of water to 150°C by transferring heat consumption if the heating value of the fuel is 19,000 Btu/lbm.
from high-pressure steam at 120°C. Is this a reasonable 6–20 A steam power plant with a power output of 150 MW
claim? Why? Assume
cen84959_ch06.qxd no 3:51
3/31/05 refrigerator
PM Pageor 318
heat pump is used in consumes coal at a rate of 60 tons/h. If the heating value of
the process. the coal is 30,000 kJ/kg, determine the overall efficiency of
6–6C What is a thermal energy reservoir? Give some this plant. Answer: 30.0 percent
examples. 6–21 An automobile engine consumes fuel at a rate of 28
L/h and delivers 60 kW of power to the wheels. If the fuel has
Assignment 4 (1617-I) (Chapter 6)
6–7C Consider the process of baking potatoes in a conven-
a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg and a density of 0.8 g/cm3,
tional oven. Can the hot air in the oven be treated as a ther-
318energy| reservoir?
mal Thermodynamics
Explain. determine the efficiency of this engine. Answer: 21.9 percent
between the temperature
6–8C Consider the energy limits of 86°Fby
generated at athe
TVocean surface
set. What is a 6–22E
6–40 Solar
An air energy stored
conditioner removes inheat
largesteadily
bodiesfromof water,
a housecalled
and 41°F
suitable at a for
choice depth of 2100energy
a thermal ft. About 13,300 gpm of cold
reservoir? at solar
a rate ponds, is beingwhile
of 750 kJ/min useddrawing
to generate
electricelectricity.
power at aIfrate
such a
seawater was to be pumped from deep ocean through a ofsolar
6 kW.power
Determine
plant (a ) the
has anCOP of this of
efficiency air 4conditioner
percent and anda net
40-in-diameter
Heat Engines and pipeThermal
to serveEfficiency
as the cooling medium or heat (b)power
the rate of of
output heat
350transfer to the outside
kW, determine air. Answers:
the average value of the
sink. If the cooling water experiences a temperature rise of (a)required
2.08, (b)solar
1110energy
kJ/min collection rate, in Btu/h.
6–9C Is it possible for
6°F and the thermal efficiency is 2.5a heat engine to operate
percent, determinewithout
the
rejecting 6–41
6–23 A In household
2001, the refrigerator runs produced
United States one-fourth51 of percent
the timeof its
amount ofany waste
power heat toTake
generated. a low-temperature
the density of seawater reservoir?
to and removes in heatthefrom the food compartment
Explain.
be 64 lbm/ft3. electricity amount of 1.878 ! 1012atkWh an average
from coal-
rate of 800
fired powerkJ/h. If theTaking
plants. COP ofthe theaverage
refrigerator is 2.2,
thermal deter- to
efficiency
6–10C
6–28 AWhat are the steam
coal-burning characteristics
power plant of produces
all heat engines?
a net power mine the power the refrigerator draws when running.
be 34 percent, determine the amount of thermal energy
of 300 MW
6–11C with an
Consider overall
a pan thermal
of water efficiency
being heatedof(a)32bypercent.
placing rejected by the coal-fired power plants in the United States
·
itThe actual
on an gravimetric
electric range andair–fuel
(b) ratio in the furnace
by placing a heating is calculated
element in that year. Win
to be 12 kg air/kg fuel. The heating value of the coal is 28,000
the water. Which method is a more efficient way of heating
kJ/kg. Determine (a) the amount of coal consumed during a 6–24 The Department of Energy projects that between the
water? Explain.
24-hour period and (b) the rate of air flowing through the fur- years 1995 and 2010, the 800 United States will need to build
COP = 2.2
6–12C Baseboard
nace. Answers: heaters
(a) 2.89 ! 106arekg, basically
(b) 402 kg/selectric resistance new power plants to generate kJ/h an additional 150,000 MW of
heaters and are frequently used in space heating. A home electricity to meet the increasing demand for electric power.
Refrigerators
owner claims that and Heat Pumps
her 5-year-old baseboard heaters have a REFRIG.
One possibility is to build coal-fired power plants, which cost
6–29C What
conversion is the of
efficiency difference between
100 percent. a refrigerator
Is this and a
claim in violation $1300 per kW to construct and have an efficiency of 34 per-
ofheat
anypump?
thermodynamic laws? Explain. cent. Another possibility is to use the clean-burning Inte-
6–30C What
6–13C What is is the
the Kelvin–Planck
difference between a refrigerator
expression of theand an
second grated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants where the
air of
law conditioner?
thermodynamics? coal is subjected to heat and pressure to gasify it while
6–31C Does In a refrigerator, heat removing sulfur andFIGURE particulate
P6–41 matter from it. The gaseous
6–14C a heat engine thatis has
transferred
a thermal from a lower-of
efficiency coal is then burned in a gas turbine, and part of the waste
temperature
100 medium (the
percent necessarily refrigerated
violate (a) the space)
first law to and
a higher-
(b) the 6–42E
heat fromWatertheenters an ice
exhaust machine
gases at 55°F to
is recovered andgenerate
leaves assteam
temperature
second law ofone (the kitchen air).
thermodynamics? Is this a violation of the
Explain. icefor
at the
25°F.steam
If the turbine.
COP of Currently
the ice machine is 2.4 duringofthisIGCC
the construction
second law of thermodynamics? Explain.
6–15C In the absence of any friction and other irreversibili- operation, determine
plants costs about the required
$1500 power
per kW, butinput
their for an ice pro-
efficiency is about
6–32C A heat pump is a device that absorbs energy from duction rate ofThe 28 lbm/h.
ties, can a heat engine have an efficiency of 100 percent? 45 percent. average(169 Btu value
heating of energy needs
of the coaltoisbeabout
the cold outdoor air and transfers it to the warmer indoors. Is removed from kJeachper lbmtonof (that
water is,
at 55°F to turn itkJinto
Explain. 28,000,000 28,000,000 of ice
heat is
this a violation of the second law of thermodynamics? at released
25°F.) when 1 ton of coal is burned). If the IGCC plant is
6–16C
Explain. Are the efficiencies of all the work-producing
6–43 A household
to recover its cost refrigerator
difference fromthat has
fuel asavings
power in input
fiveofyears,
devices,
6–33C including
Define thethe hydroelectric
coefficient power plants,
of performance limited by
of a refrigera- 450 W and a what
determine COP of the2.5 is toofcool
price coalfive largebe
should watermelons,
in $ per ton. 10
the
torKelvin–Planck
in words. Can itstatement
be greaterofthan
the unity?
second law? Explain.
kg each, to 8°C. If the watermelons are initially at 20°C,
6–17 6–25 how Reconsider
long it will Prob. 6–24. Using EESto(or coolother)
6–34CA Define
600-MW thesteam power of
coefficient plant, which is cooled
performance by a
of a heat determine take for the refrigerator
nearby river, hasCana thermal efficiency of 40 percent. Deter- software,can
them. The watermelons investigate
be treatedtheasprice
waterofwhose
coal for
spe-vary-
pump in words. it be greater than unity?
mine the rate of heat transfer to the river water. Will the actual ingheat
cific simple
is 4.2payback periods,
kJ/kg · °C. Is yourplant construction
answer realistic orcosts,
opti- and
6–35C A heat pump that is used to heat a house has a COP operating efficiency.
heat transfer rate be higher or lower than this value? Why? mistic? Explain. Answer: 2240 s
of 2.5. That is, the heat pump delivers 2.5 kWh of energy to
6–26 Repeat

6–18 A steam
the house power
for each 1 kWhplant
of receives heat
electricity from a furnace
it consumes. Is thisata a 6–44 WhenProb.
a man6–24
returnsforto ahissimple payback
well-sealed houseperiod
on a of
rate of 280ofGJ/h.
violation Heat
the first lawlosses to the surrounding
of thermodynamics? air from the
Explain. three yearssummer
instead day,
of five years.that the house is at 32°C.
he finds
steam
6–36Cas A it refrigerator
passes throughhas athe
COP pipes andThat
of 1.5. other
is, components
the refrig-
He6–27E
turns on An
the air conditioner,
Ocean Thermalwhich cools the
Energy entire house(OTEC)
Conversion to
are estimated 20°C in 15 min.built
If the
in COP of the air-conditioning system is
erator removesto1.5
bekWhaboutof 8energy
GJ/h.from
If thethewaste heat isspace
refrigerated trans- power plant Hawaii in 1987 was designed to operate
2.5, determine the power drawn by the air conditioner. Assume
for each 1 kWh of electricity it consumes. Is this a violation
the entire mass within the house is equivalent to 800 kg of air
of the first law of thermodynamics? Explain.
for which cv " 0.72 kJ/kg · °C and cp " 1.0 kJ/kg · °C.
6–37C What is the Clausius expression of the second law
of thermodynamics?
6–38C Show that the Kelvin–Planck and the Clausius
·
expressions of the second law are equivalent. Win
32°C
6–39 A household refrigerator with a COP of 1.2 removes
heat from the refrigerated space at a rate of 60 kJ/min. Deter-
20°C A/C
mine (a) the electric power consumed by the refrigerator and
(b) the rate of heat transfer to the kitchen air. Answers:
(a) 0.83 kW, (b) 110 kJ/min FIGURE P6–44