Experiment No 12 A-Motor Speed and Input Characteristics: Objective

Experiment no 12
A-Motor speed and input characteristics
Objective:
Introduction to DC Servo Trainer. Connection of modules to study motor speed and input
characteristics.
Basic Theory:
In general, a motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical rotation. The key
element of a DC motor is a field winding and an armature winding, as electrical currents through
the windings, torque is developed between these two windings. In ED-4400B trainer system the
field winding is replaced by permanent magnets. The permanent magnets provide constant lines
of magnetic flux and therefore, the motor speed becomes only a function of the voltage applied
to the armature winding. This relation is show in figure1-1.
In figure 1-1, the voltage “a” occurs because a motor requires a certain minimum voltage to
overcome the mechanical friction brushes, bearings and other moving parts before it starts to
move. Once the input voltage exceeds the minimum voltage, the speed of the motor begins to
increase in linear fashion as the input voltage is increased. However, this linear characteristic is
not maintained beyond the saturation point. It is because the counter electromotive force in the
armature coil is also increased as the input voltage is increased, and at some point, any further
increase in input voltage does not produce increased electric currents in the coil.
The motor in ED-4400B system is driven by U-154 Motor driver amplifier with U-151
Attenuator as a voltage control. The detection of the motor speed is accomplished by converting
the Tacho output of the motor (U-161) through the F/V converter (U-155). The converter output
is indicated on the Tachometer, (U-159). The AC output from the Tachometer is converted into
DC which is proportional to the motor speed through U-155

Experiment Procedure:
1. Referring to figure 1-2 and figure 1-3, place the nodules needed in the experiment on a
flat surface or on top of the ED-4400B cover, and connect modules as indicated in the
figure.
2. Connect the Tachometer U-159 across U-155 meter and GND.
3. Set the angle on U-159 to 180 degrees.
4. Verify that the line voltage is correct (220V). Plug U-156 line cord to the power outlet,
and turn the power switch ON.
5. Turn U-157 slowly counter-clockwise until the motor begins to move. Record the U-
157 position and the input voltage.
6. Increase the input voltage by slowly turning the U-157 clockwise. For every on volt
increment of the input voltage (1V, 2V, 3V…..), record the U-159 indication.
7. Make a graph on input voltage vs. motor speed using the above measurement data.
[Caution] when the motor is saturated, increasing the input voltage will not increase
motor speed. Avoid saturation in this experiment.
8. Make a graph on motor speed vs. motor current using the data obtained in step 5 and 6.
Review the relationships between these two parameters.
9. Repeat the steps 5-7 several times to reduce the measurement error.
Summary:
 The motor speed is a servo system is proportional to the input voltage.

 The motor current is not linearly proportional to the input voltage. At saturation, the
motor input current no longer increases even if the input voltage is increased. The
saturation effect is caused by the counter electromotive force in the armature coil.
 There exists a “deadband” input voltage range in a motor, below which a motor can’t
start. Motor input voltage is required to be greater than the largest value of the deadband
to initiate motion. The deadband is caused by various mechanical frictions in the system.
B-Motor speed and the load characteristics
Objective:
Introduction to DC Servo Trainer. Connection of modules to study motor speed and input
characteristics.
Basic Theory:
Typical output ratings of permanent magnet-based DC motors range from a few watts to several
hundred watts, and this type of motors exhibit an excellent power efficiency.
As was mentioned earlier, permanent magnets in the motor provide constant magnetic flux (Kϕ).
Therefore, the torque (T) generated in the motor becomes a function of only the input current
(Ia). Also, the counter emf (electromotive force) of a motor (Ea) is generated by the action of the
armature conductors cutting lines of force, and is proportional to the speed of the motor (Wm).
These relationships are expressed in the following formulas.
K ϕ=constant … … … . … ( 2−1 )
Ea=K ϕ Wm ( V ) … … … …(2−2)
T =K ϕ Ia ( Nm ) … … … … …(2−3)
Where Kϕ =magnetic flux (line of force) of the permanent magnet
Ea = counter emf in volts
Wm = speed of the motor in rad/sec
T = torque in N.m
Ia = input current in amps
The input voltage and speed of the motor are related to other parameters according to the
following equations:
Vt =Ea+ Ra∗Ia … … … … … .(2−4)
Vt RaT rad
Wm= − ( )
K ϕ ( K ϕ )2 sec
… … … .(2−5)
Where Vt = input voltage in Volt

Ra = Resistance of armature coil in Ohms
It should be noted that the input current increase as the mechanical load of the motor is
increased, resulting in increased input power. Also, the counter emf keeps the motor speed
constant when a motor is not loaded. The relationship between motor speed and load is
illustrated in Figure 2-2.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Referring to Figure 2-1 and 2-3 arrange the modules and connect them together.
2. Set U-151 attenuator to “8”, and turn the power switch of U-156 on. Adjust U-157 to
obtain maximum speed on U-159 without saturation.
3. Attach the aluminum disk to the high speed shaft of U-161 as shown in Figure 2-4. Raise
the electric brake setting on U-163 from 0 to 10 by one step each time, and push the
button and measure the RPM on U-159. See also Step 5.
4. Repeat the measurements in Step 3 by starting from 10, and moving toward 0. See also
Step 5.
5. In step 3 and 4, record the corresponding motor current readings as indicated on U-156
power supply module. This is t the current flowing between U-154 (Motor Driver Amp)
and U-161 (Motor).
6. Plot the data points obtained in Steps 3 and 4, showing the relationships between brake
setting and motor speed and motor currents.
Summary:
 When a motor is loaded, the speed of the motor decreases, and the input current
increases.
 Overloading a motor causes excessive currents in the motor winding, and could result in
damage to the motor due the heat generated by the product of the motor voltage and
motor current.

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Experiment no 12

A-Motor speed and input characteristics

DC which is proportional to the motor speed through U-155

 The motor speed is a servo system is proportional to the input voltage.

Where Kϕ =magnetic flux (line of force) of the permanent magnet

Ea = counter emf in volts

Wm = speed of the motor in rad/sec

Ia = input current in amps

Vt =Ea+ Ra∗Ia … … … … … .(2−4)

Where Vt = input voltage in Volt

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