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Assignment 3: Square Root

The document discusses Newton's method for calculating square roots. It explains that the method starts with an initial guess and iteratively improves the guess using the formula xn+1 = (xn + a/xn)/2 until the result converges within a certain tolerance. The document provides an example Python code to calculate the square root of a given number using this method. It also includes two tasks - to calculate machine epsilon using a while loop, and to print the multiplication table of a given number up to 12 using a while loop.

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Akash Chhabria
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118 views3 pages

Assignment 3: Square Root

The document discusses Newton's method for calculating square roots. It explains that the method starts with an initial guess and iteratively improves the guess using the formula xn+1 = (xn + a/xn)/2 until the result converges within a certain tolerance. The document provides an example Python code to calculate the square root of a given number using this method. It also includes two tasks - to calculate machine epsilon using a while loop, and to print the multiplication table of a given number up to 12 using a while loop.

Uploaded by

Akash Chhabria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9/11/2018 Assignment3_13174

Assignment 3

Square Root
A classic algorithm that illustrates many of these concerns is Newton’s method to compute square roots
x = √ (a) for a>0, i.e. to solve x = a. The algorithm starts with some guess x 1 > 0 and computes the
2

sequence of improved guesses


1 a
x n+1 = (x n + )
2 xn

it turns out that this algorithm is very old, dating at least to the ancient Babylonians circa 1000 BCE(See e.g.
Boyer,A History of Mathematics, ch. 3; the Babylonians used base 60 and a famous tablet (YBC
7289)shows√2 to about six decimal digits.)

In modern times, this was seen to be equivalent to Newton’s method to find a root of f (x) = x 2 − a Recall
that Newton’s method finds an approximate root of f(x)=0 from a guess x n by approximating f(x) as its
tangent line f (x n ) + f ′ (x n )(x − x n ) eading to an improved guess x n+1 from the root of the tangent:
f (x)
x n+1 = x n +
′
f (x)

and for f (x) = x


2
− a this yields the Babylonian formula above.

Example
Find the Square root of any input positive integer and evaluate the square root using above Formula

In [6]:

number=input("Enter a number ?")


x=float(number);
guess=1
i=0
while abs(guess*guess-x)>1e-15:
guess=.5*(guess+x/guess)
i=i+1

print("Required Square root of ",x," is ","{:30.8}".format(guess), "\n calculated in",


i ,"iterations" )

Enter a number ?22


Required Square root of 22.0 is 4.6904158
calculated in 7 iterations

Task 1
Use only While loop to solve the following Problems

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9/11/2018 Assignment3_13174

Q1
When talking about floating point, we discussed machine epsilon, ϵ —this is the smallest number that when
added to 1 is still different from 1.

We'll compute ϵ here:

Pick an initial guess for ϵ of eps = 1.


Create a loop that checks whether 1 + eps is different from 1
Each loop iteration, cut the value of eps in half

What value of ϵ do you find?

In [2]:

eps=1
while(1+eps!=1):
eps=eps/2
print(eps)

1.1102230246251565e-16

Q2
Create a loop to calculate and print the times table (Multiplication table) of given input number upto first 12
places Required output is given as follow

2   ×   1 = 2

2   ×   2 = 4

2   ×   3 = 6

2   ×   5 = 8

2   ×   11 = 22

2   ×   12 = 24

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9/11/2018 Assignment3_13174

In [6]:

x=int(input("Enter a number = "))


i=0
while (i<12):
i+=1
print(x,"x",i,"=",x*i)

Enter a number = 12
12 x 1 = 12
12 x 2 = 24
12 x 3 = 36
12 x 4 = 48
12 x 5 = 60
12 x 6 = 72
12 x 7 = 84
12 x 8 = 96
12 x 9 = 108
12 x 10 = 120
12 x 11 = 132
12 x 12 = 144

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