STEM by ART: Teaching Science, Technology, Engineering, Math by ART

Programming Arduino with Scratch (S4A)

Fotios Gioulekas, Panagiotis Katsaros

School of Informatics
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Greece

http://stem.lupacovka.cz
Computer programming & computer
program
 Computer programming: Calorie Calculator
 act of writing computer programs to solve a problem
 Computer program
 structured collection of a sequence of instructions written
using a Computer Programming Language to tell the
computer to do a specific task

Robotic
arm
playing https://www.calculator.net/calorie-calculator.html
chess

Image taken from:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/steve_hoge/5143590110/
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 Microcontrollers
 A microcontroller is a computer system on a
single chip that does a job (MCU, μC)
 control electronic equipment
 exists in electrical device, cars, washing
machines, microwave ovens, telephones
 includes central processing unit (CPU),
memory (a small amount of RAM, program
memory, or both), and programmable
input/output peripherals, which are used to
interact with various units

Images taken from:

http://d1gsvnjtkwr6dd.cloudfront.net/large/IC-ATMEGA168A-PU_LRG.jpg
http://i.stack.imgur.com/whWVa.jpg
http://slideplayer.com/slide/5881540/19/images/26/Fixed+Function+Integrated+Circuits+I+(Cont.).jpg 2
 Arduino
 Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform that contains both hardware and
software founded by Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles in 2005
 open-source: Original design files are freely distributes enabling people to study them, make changes
and share those changes with others
 Electronics: Science sector dealing with the study of flow and control of electrons (electricity) and the
study of their behavior and effects in devices using such electrons
 Prototyping: An original model, form or an instance that serves as a basis for other things
 Platform: A combination of a hardware system with software environment that can be programmed and
execute other software

Refs: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction 3
 Arduino Uno platform – I
 One of the many flavors of Arduino platforms
 It is able to read inputs (e.g. light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message) -
and turn it into an output (e.g. activating a motor, turning on LEDs, publishing something
online)
 It can sense and react with the environment
 The μC on the Arduino board is programmed using the Arduino programming language
(Wiring Language which is based on C++) and the Arduino Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)
 The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and a boot loader that
executes on the microcontroller

Refs: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction 4
 Arduino Uno platform – II

 Input voltage: 7-12 V (USB,

DC plug, or Vin)
 Max output current per pin:
40 mA Power
Indicator

16MHz Clock

Voltage
regulator

Image taken from:

http://www.studentcompanion.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Arduino-Uno-R3-pins.jpg 5
Arduino Uno Kit

Shift Register
Temperature
sensor LDR

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Putting parts together
 How can I connect various sensors to Arduino?
 How can I connect actuators to Arduino?
 How can I tell or program an Arduino to do a job?

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Programming Environment
 It is an computer software framework
that includes:
 A text editor to create computer
programs
 A compiler to compile the created
programs using the text editor
into binary format or
 An interpreter to execute the
programs created directly

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Scratch
 Scratch is an open source visual
programming language for teaching
programming to children
 One can create interactive stories,
games, and animations – and share the
creations with others on the we
 Developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten
group at the MIT Media Lab, USA
 Programming resembles to putting parts
together assembling a puzzle

Source: https://scratch.mit.edu/
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Scratch for Arduino S4A - I
 S4A, developed in 2010 by the Citilab Smalltalk
Team, is a Scratch modification that allows for
simple programming of the Arduino open source
hardware platform
 It provides a high level interface to Arduino
programmers so as to manage sensors and
actuators
 An Arduino sketch (S4AFirmware16.ino) has to
be loaded to the board to communicate with S4A
through USB

Source: http://s4a.cat/
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Scratch for Arduino S4A - II
 Comparison of a simple program that blinks a LED connected to LED BUILTIN PIN #
13 on Arduino and in S4A
LED # 13
Arduino Code
S4A Program

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Breadboards
 A breadboard is used to create circuits and connect different sensors and actuators to the
Arduino board through jumper wires, and electronic components
 Horizontal hole groups are linked power and ground columns are connected vertically

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Ohm's Law (Basic Electronics Law)
 A physics law which states that current passing
through a conductor is proportional to the input
voltage
 Voltage (V): is the measure of electrical potential
 unit of measurement = Volts (V)
 Current (I): is the amount of flow through a
conductive material
 unit of measurement = Amperes or Amps (A)
 Resistance (R): is the material's opposition to the
flow of electric current
 unit of measurement = Ohms (Ω)
Source: http://ohmlaw.com/ohms-law-for-kids/
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How a LED works
 It is a light-emitting diode that emits light when activated based on
the Electroluminescence (EL)
 An optical phenomenon and electrical phenomenon in which a
material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current
 Electricity flows from a higher voltage to a lower voltage

Long Short
leg leg

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
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S4A installation
 Install S4A into your PC
 Download the program from http://vps34736.ovh.net/S4A/S4A16.zip
 Unzip it to a folder named S4A
 Installing the Firmware into your Arduino
 Download Arduino IDE from https://www.arduino.cc/download_handler.php and
run the file arduino-1.8.5-windows.exe to setup it
 Download S4A firmware from http://vps34736.ovh.net/S4A/S4AFirmware16.ino
 Connect your Arduino board to a USB port in your computer
 Open the firmware file (S4AFirmware16.ino) from the Arduino environment
 In the Tools menu, select the board version and the serial port where the board is
connected
 Load the firmware into your board through File > Upload

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Physical computing
 Design interactive physical systems by the use of software and hardware that
can sense and respond to the real world
 smart automotive
 traffic control systems
 factory automation processes
 Smart buildings
 Robots

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_computing
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Lab 1 – Control a LED from S4A (I)
 Connect a LED and a 220Ω Resistor on the breadboard and with Arduino according to the
schematic below

_
Digital port #10 +

GND

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Lab 1 – Control a LED from S4A (II)
 In S4A select
 Digital off and on
I/O
 Drag and drop
them to scripts
area
 Change them to Press here to switch
on or off the LED
#10

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Lab 1 – Control a LED from S4A (III)
 From control place
wait 1 sec block in
between the on of
motion blocks
 LED switches on
and off every 1
sec if you click on
the block of
commands

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Lab 1 – Control a LED from S4A (IV)
 How to make
Loops in the
program?

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 Lab 1 – Control a LED from S4A (V)
 When button is pushed, turn ON the LED for 10 seconds and then switch it OFF
 10KΩ pull down resistor is required to avoid inducing a dead short circuit when the button is
pushed down

Common
pins Common
pins
Images sources: https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/mjrobot/physical-computing-scratch-for-arduino-72661a , http://tymkrs.tumblr.com/post/19734219441/the-four-pin-switch-hooking-it-up 21
Lab 1 – Control a LED from S4A (VI)
 Connect a LED and a 220Ω Resistor on the breadboard and with Arduino according to the
schematic below

220Ω _ 10KΩ
5V
Digital port OUT #10 +

GND GND

Digital port IN #2

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Lab 1 – Control a LED from S4A (VI)
 S4A program

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Lab 2 – Turn on a LED when LDR sensor is
covered Automatic Night Light (I)
CdS - LDR (Cadmium Sulfide - Light
Dependent Resistor) or photocell sensor
Its resistance is inversely dependent on
the amount of light falling on it

5V
Light

Pin A0

0-5V
10KΩ

10kΩ resistor
220Ω resistor 24
Lab 2 – Turn on a LED when LDR sensor is
covered Automatic Night Light (II)
 Write down the Voltage values at Analog pin A0

CONDITION A0 VOLTAGE (mV)

Lab’s light are switched ON

Lab’s light are switched ON

& Hand on the LDR
Lab’s light are switched OFF

Lab’s light are switched OFF

& Hand on the LDR

 What is the threshold value that differentiates

darkness from lightness?
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Lab 2 – Turn on a LED when LDR sensor is
covered Automatic Night Light (II)
 Program S4A
 Sense the threshold
voltage value of the
sensor in an if loop
 Depending on the
value of the sensor
 Switch on and
off the LED

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Lab 3 - Temperature Alarm – (I)
 Program Arduino
buzzer
to buzz when
temperature
goes higher than
a value
+5V
Temperature
LM35
LM35 analog temperature sensor

Voltage Supply:
4V – 20V

Output Voltage Pin A3

10mv per Degree Ground
Celsius 0-5V
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Lab 3 - Temperature Alarm – (II)
 Schematic Topology

GND

5V
Digital
Pin #11
GND

Analog
Pin A3

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Lab 3 - Temperature Alarm – (III)
 Read the voltage value in pin A1
 Does it correspond to real room temperature?
 How to calculate the temperature value in oC since voltage values are read in A1 from the
LM35 sensor?
 Formula according to LM35 datasheet
 Find what percentage of the range (1024 = 10bits representation of ADC) value in
A1 is, multiplying that by the range itself (5000 mV), and divide it by 10 mV per oC
 Temperature in oC = (A1 value * 500)/1023

Source: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdf
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Lab 3 - Temperature Alarm – (IV)
 S4A program
Make 1 variable
 Loop forever
 temperature
 Enter the formula in S4A
 If temperature is above 25oC
 Buzzer is activated
 Else
 Buzzer is deactivated

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Lab 3 - Temperature Alarm – (I)

Final S4A program

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 Thank you
School of Informatics
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Greece

http://stem.lupacovka.cz