MODULE 1 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

This module will assist you in understanding the following lessons:

Lesson 1. The Importance of Research in Daily Life

Lesson 2. The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
Lesson 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Lesson 4 .The Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry

Learning Objectives
After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:

1. share research experiences and knowledge

2. explain the importance of research in daily life
3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
4. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research
provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports,
science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication
technology, and social inquiry)
Lesson The Importance of Research
1 in
Daily Life

Pretest

Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement
describes a research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers
on the blank.
_______1.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.
_______2.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should
avoid listening to another researcher.
_______3.A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or
she is studying.
_______4.An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an
answer to the question asked by the researcher.
_______5.The researcher has the final say in his findings.

B. Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of
research.

biases Instrument theories factual investigation

intuition discovery system subjective Interview
dreams experiences data phenomena guessing
productivity drama validate opinions Literature

C. Using the words encircled, formulate your own definition of

research.
Use the blanks provided.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

1
This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P.
& Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City.
I. What is Research?

1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which

includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts
that lines an individual‘s speculation with reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs,
guesses or theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to
meet the need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its
accuracy and effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring1.

II. Nature of Inquiry.

1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”.

It is a problem solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with
gathering by applying the different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.

III. Investigation and Immersion

Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”.

It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.

Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves)

himself in the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is
carefully read or examined by him in detail.

Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of

“research” comes in.

IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research

Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you
inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine
something to request for truth, information, or knowledge.

____________________
1
Focus on Research: a Guide to Developing Students ‘Research Skills (1990).Alberta.
Canada.
Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a
system or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles
presented), knowledge creation (a creative process)

V. Purpose of Research

1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting

further investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in
giving results and findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and
issues in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business,
technology and environment.
Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to
others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.
Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space
provided,
1. What is Research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

2. What is inquiry and its nature?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

3. What is the difference between inquiry and research?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

4. How important is research in your daily life activities?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

5. Why is there a need to conduct research?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Discussion of Activity 1
You just learned the importance of research in daily life. Answer the
following questions briefly on the blanks provided.
1. Was there an instance in your life when you did an inquiry or research?
Share and describe your experiences .What are your challenges and
difficulties?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. As a learner in senior high school, how important is research in your

daily life?
__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Activity 2
Direction: What makes these images a portrayal of what research is?
Write your reflection on the right space of the image.

1.

2.
3.

4.

What I have learned

Let’s check how well do you know about research. Write your answers on the
space provided.
1. Research is different from inquiry because the later will ask you a
question .If inquiring is synonymous with investigation then what makes
inquiry different from research which also investigates?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
____________________________________
2. Research in our daily life help us to understand various issues in life
leading to a solution, in what way does research empowers you with
knowledge to learn new things?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Assignment

Direction. Answer the following question.

1. What is the importance of research in your education as a 21st Century

learner?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. As a learner, what do you want to research on? Why?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Additional Activities

Interview your classmate or a friend about their plans after senior high
school. Ask them how research played a major role in their chosen track or
strand. Make a report about it and share it to your teacher.
Write your report using a narrative format. Make use of the notes you
wrote down before and after you conducted your interview to flesh out the
report. The first is the brief detail about what the report is, who is the
interviewee and the location of the interview. Then break up the interview into
paragraphs, like narrating a story and finally a conclusion paragraph to end
your report.
Posttest
Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement
describes a research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers
on the blank.
_______1. An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an
answer to the question asked by the researcher.
_______2. A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or
she is studying.
_______3. The researcher has the final say in his findings.
_______4.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should
avoid listening to another researcher.
_______5.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.

B Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of
research.

phenomena experiences theories discovery validate

biases interview investigation intuition dreams
guessing system instrument Literature drama
subjective factual opinions data productivity

C. Using the words underlined, formulate your own definition of

research.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

REFERENCES:

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research

[PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education

Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig
City
Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and
Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store. Manila

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior
High School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City.

Accessed in June 2020

https://www.slideshare.net/annnams1/lesson-1-nature-of-inquiry-and-research

https://rdcastro1.wordpress.com/2017/12/04/practical-research-1-quiz-1-revie
wer/

https://studentniche.blogspot.com/2017/06/practical-research-lesson-1.html
Lesson The Characteristics, Processes,
2 and Ethics of Research

Pretest
Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in
the following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
2. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity
b. Legality
c. Social Responsibility
d. Responsible Publication
3. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to
another should be done.
a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when
conducting the study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.
a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
7. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely
affected by the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
8. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in
the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the
following actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

____________________
1
This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P.
& Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City.
 Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting
information to answer questions. A good research follows processes that must
have certain characteristic. It must be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid
and verifiable, empirical and critical. To avoid unethical practices researchers
had obligations to adhere professional standards in conducting research .Thus
to consider a research writing ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and
authentic.

In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its
importance in your daily life. Research is different from inquiry. When you
inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine
something to request for truth, information, or knowledge. The importance of
research helps improved life as well as finding a solution to problems through
reliable and validated information.

I. Characteristics of Research1

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the

researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and

ends with a problem.

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the

data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias

using systematic method and procedures.

7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or

repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

__________________
1
For more information on this Characteristics of Research, see Calmorin,E.&
Calmorin,A.(2015).Research Methods and Thesis Writing. Retrieved from http:/www.
https://www.rexestore.com/e-books/
II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of

Related Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative
research) and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire
(for quantitative research) (Data Gathering Activities).

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative
research) and statistical tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions

(for quantitative research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

___________________
1
For more information on this Seven Steps of the Research Process, see Abdullah, S.N.
(2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu./ppt
III. Ethics in Research

Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which
educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the
aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values
required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.

 Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection
of
subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

 What are these ethics in research1?

1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the

participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for
choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the
convenient time they are available. Participation to the study will be completely
voluntary.

2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication

status. Do not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data

interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.

4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically

examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research
activities.

____________________
1
For more information on this Ethics of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical
Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu./ppt
6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.

7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks,

trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or
unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where
credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or

grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets,
and patient records.

9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.

Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and

scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.

11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly
and do not outsmart others.

12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or

mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on

the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their
scientific competence and integrity.

14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence

and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote
competence in science as a whole.

15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government
policies.

16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them
in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal
experiments.

17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human

subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human
dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
IV.Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain
standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal
rights. They constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of
human dignity, inherent to all human beings.

2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a

moral and a commercial value.

3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected

material without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement
means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive
use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by a third party

Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in

research process. Essentially, this means that prospective research
participants must be informed about the procedures and risks involved in
research and must give their consent to participate.

5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing

their name or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering
activities in which informant’s name is not given nor known.

6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships

secret. It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any
research activity.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It

doesn’t include honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust
between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more difficult for
colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.
Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works,

processes, and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as
the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of intellectual property
rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the
space provided.
1. Why is research practical and realistic?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research

problem. What is the importance of considering those factors in selecting a
research problem?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new
problem.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Discussion of Activity 1

You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.

1. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research team,
can you identify the processes involved in conducting research and its
characteristics? Enumerate those processes.

2. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research

participant
Read and Analyse
Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that
follow .Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Certain ethical challenges in qualitative research necessitate

sustained attention of two interconnected worlds: the world of the
researcher and the world of the participant. A critical view of some
of the ethical challenges in the participants’ and researchers’ world
reveals that how we examine both these worlds’ effects how we
design our research. In addition, it reflects the need for researchers
to develop an ethical research vocabulary at the inception of their
research life through multiple modes. The modes may include
dialogue in the spoken and written and visual to affect their aims to
adhere to the principles of respect, beneficence, non-maleficence,
and justice in a way that is mutually beneficial to the participant and
the researcher.1
Further, the deliberations in this paper reveal that a critical
conscious research ethics are embedded in the unfolding research
ethics process involving the participants and the researchers, and
both the participant and researcher add equal weight to the
transparency of the ethical process and add value to building
methodological and ethical rigor to the research.1
The global public health response to COVID-19 could be
significantly enhanced by safe, effective vaccines and treatments,
reliable measures of correlates of immune protection, and
improved scientific knowledge of the disease and its transmission.
It is widely agreed that vaccines would be particularly important,
and over 100 candidate vaccines are currently being developed .
Well designed human challenge studies provide one of the most
efficient and scientifically powerful means for testing vaccines,
especially because animal models are not adequately
generalizable to humans.

_____________________
1
Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and
Researchers’ World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative Methods,
11(2), 1.
 Challenge studies could thus be associated with substantial
public health benefit in so far as they (a) accelerate vaccine
development, (b) increase the likelihood that the most effective
(candidate) vaccines will ultimately become available), (c) validate
tests of immunity, and (d) improve knowledge regarding
SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.2

Questions:
1.Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2.Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.study on humans rather than

animal models unethical?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3.If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what
will you do to correct the unethical feature of the experiment?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2
World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of
COVID-19 .human challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1
Activity 2

Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. Research process is a step by step procedure that guides the
researcher in conceptualizing and conducting the research. These 7
steps are
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. According to Sanchez (2002) research is a continuous undertaking of

making known the unknown. This definition of research leads to
common characteristics of research. Can you elaborate further on this?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

3. What are some of the ethical codes of research?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

4. What are some tips to avoid plagiarism when one is conducting

research?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Assignment
Answer the following question and write your answers on a space
provided.
1. How do you characterize good research writing?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. What is the importance of following the ethical standards in

conducting a research?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Additional Activities
Look for a sample of local or foreign research in your own field of
specialization (internet).Evaluate the research if it follows the ethical
practices in conducting research.
Posttest
Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in
the following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.

a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
2. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely
affected by the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
3. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in
the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to
another should be done.
a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when
conducting the study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity
b. Legality
c. Social Responsibility
d. Responsible Publication
8. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the
following actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

___________________
1 Thisset of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P.
& Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City.
REFERENCES

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research

[PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the

Participants’ and Researchers’ World from a Critical Standpoint.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(2), 1.

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education

Practical Research 1 . Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc.Pasig
City

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and

Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store.Manila.

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior
High School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City

Sanchez, C.A. (2002).Method and Techniques of Research,

(Rev.ed).Philippines: Rex Printing Co. Inc.

World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of
COVID-19 .human challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1

Accessed in June 2020

https://www.slideshare.net/jedliam/meaning-and-characteristics-of-research

https://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf

http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/

https://www.fhi360.org/sites/all/libraries/webpages/fhiretc2/Resources/RETC2
_Test_and_Evaluations.pdf
Lesson Quantitative and Qualitative
3 Research

Pretest

Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates

Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research.

___________________1.Objective
___________________2.Subjective
___________________3.Naturalistic
___________________4.To validate the already constructed theory
___________________5.Open-Ended Questions
___________________6.Highly-structured Research
___________________7.Hypothesis
___________________8.Multiple Methods
___________________9.Pure words, phrases, sentences,
compositions and Stories are used in data analysis
___________________10.No criteria

____________________
1
This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Abdullah,
S.N.(2018) Practical Research 1-Pre/Post Test. Retrieved from
http:/www.academia.edu.co/preposttest
 Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and
quantitative research. Quantitative and qualitative researches are
complementary methods that you can combine in your research studies to get
results that are both wide-reaching and profound. To get the best results from
these methods in your research, it’s important that you understand the
differences between them which you will study in this lesson.

In the previous lessons, you learned that research should be

systematic, objective, feasible, empirical and clear. These characteristics
guide you in realizing the real nature of research following the processes as
well as the factors in selecting your general problem or topic. As a researcher
you need to consider the ethics and unethical practices in conducting
research.

I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Quantitative data can help you see the big picture.

Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your
survey results.
Concept Map showing the Designs of Research.1

DESIGN

TYPES
Ethnography Experimental Research
Grounded Theory 1. Pre-Experimental
2. True-Experimental
Case Study
3. Quasi-Experimental
Discourse Analysis

Phenomenology
Non-Experimental
Historical Research Research

(Survey Research)
Narrative Report
1. Descriptive Research
Biography 2.Comparative Research
3.Correlational Research
1. Scholarly Chronicle
2. Intellectual
Biography Action Research
3. Life History Writing
4. Memoir Biography 5.
Narrative Biography

___________________
1
For more information on these Designs of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical
Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu./ppt
II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research2

Qualitative Quantitative
It aims to create new theory The purpose is to test a
based on the gathered data. hypothesis or theory.
Objective
A fact-finding research used to Measures problem using rating
gain understanding of individual scale and other research
differences in terms of feelings parameters of group
and experiences. similarities.

-natural setting -measurement setting

Data Description -making stories out of a certain -performs measures out of a
phenomenon. certain phenomenon.

-Uses pictures, words, - Uses numbers, scales,

sentences, paragraphs, hypotheses, calculations,
compositions, narrations and computations and statistics
short stories tools.

Sample (size) Small judgment (by decision) Large sample representatives

sampling of population
Data Gathering Unstructured or semi structured Standardized /Structured
(flexible processes)
Uses census, survey
Uses interviews, participant questionnaire, checklist,
observation, group discussions. paper-pencil test and
Ex: Case Study, field research experimentation.

Uses open ended questions. Uses closed ended questions.

It is a freeform survey questions This questions can only be
allow a participant to answer in answered by selecting from a
open-text format, responses are limited number of options,
unlimited to a set of options. usually “multiple-choice”, “yes
or no”, or a rating scale

Example: Example:
Guide questions for the Strongly agree to strongly
interviews disagree
In quantitative research closed
1. What was your experiences ended questions are the basis
during quarantine period on the of all statistical analysis
 COVID-19 pandemic? How did techniques applied on
you handle the situation caused questionnaires and surveys.
by the pandemic?
2. Was the support of the Sample Question:
National and Local Government Do you agree on online
enough for your basic needs? modality class in transitioning
Did they conduct evaluation for the new normal of education?
those who were affected? a. Strongly agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree
Inductive Deductive
The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or
Activities observations, an open mind already created theory
without biases, gathering all emphasizing the previously
exact details of the topic and researched phenomenon from
generalization or new theory is different views (tested against
given towards the end of the observations).
research process.
Uses both inductive and deductive
They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.

Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts

Data discussions discussions from the lowest and highest means then explains the
and Presentation overall mean.

Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean

going to the lowest and highest means, deductive.
Opinions are based on Opinions are based on laws,
experience or observation. rules, or other recognized
There are no criteria used in principles.
data discussions.
Synthesize data, interpret, Statistical
thematic.

Subjective Objective
Data Analysis
Data analysis is influenced by The researcher employs
the personal experiences and
standard criteria in analyzing
views.
data.

Cultivates understanding with Endorse a development.

high validity. Has high output replicability.
Outcome
There are no conclusions Conclusion is formulated
formulated. towards the end of the research
process.

___________________
2
For more information on “Differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative Research”, see Abdullah,
S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu./ppt
III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research

1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.

2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in
giving solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers in a separate
sheet of paper.

1. How do you define the two designs of research: qualitative and quantitative?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What are the differences and similarities between these methods?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Discussion of Activity 1
You just learned to differentiate quantitative from qualitative research.
1. In one sentence, differentiate a quantitative research from qualitative
research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 2. Tell whether the following statement is a quantitative research or
qualitative research. Explain your answer.
a. Prefer for statistical summary of results.

b. Prefer for narrative summary of results.

Activity 2
Direction: Using a Venn Diagram below, illustrate the differences and
similarities between a quantitative and qualitative method of research by
filling in completely the Venn diagram presented in the next page.

One example is done for you to follow.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Similarities
Natural Dependent on
Setting Both are rigorous & statistical tool
uses textual form
in data analysis
Activity 2
Complete the box by filling out the missing description of qualitative or
quantitative research.
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
1. Dependent on statistical tools

Uses open-ended questions 2.

Inductive in data gathering activities. 3.

4. Results oriented and highly structured

Uses more flexible processes. 5.

6. Has high output replicability.

No conclusions formulated. 8.

9. Uses large sample size.

Data analysis is subjective. 10.

Assignment
What do the figures below mean? Explain and write your answer below.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Additional Activities
Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative
or quantitative. Explain why and what is your basis. Write your answers
on the spaces provided.

 Culinary Arts: Then and Now

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

 How do the TVL students feel about their chosen strand?

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

 What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS

Tracks?
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

 The Why and How of Social Networking Use

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

 The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth

___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Posttest
Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates
Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research.

___________________1.Naturalistic
___________________2.To validate the already constructed
theory
___________________3.Hypothesis
___________________4.Multiple Methods
___________________5.No criteria
___________________6.Pure words, phrases, sentences,
compositions and stories are used in
data analysis
___________________7.Open-Ended Questions
___________________8.Highly-structured Research
___________________9. Objective
___________________10.Subjective

____________________
1
This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Abdullah,
S.N.2018) Practical Research 1-Pre/Post Test. Retrieved from
http:/www.academia.edu.co/preposttest
REFERENCES

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research

[PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education

Practical Research 1 Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig
City

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and

Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store. Manila

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior
High School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City

Accessed in June 2020

http://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-qualitative-r
esearch-and-quantitative-research/
Lesson
The Kinds of Research Across
4 Fields

Pretest

Modified Identification

Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it
belongs to by choosing your answers from the box below. Write only the letter
as your answer on the space provided below each number.

A. Science Research
B. Fisheries research
C. Information & Communication Technology Research
D. Arts Based Research
E. Business Research
F. Humanities Research
G. Agriculture Research
H. Sports Research
I. Mathematics Research
J. Social Science Research

_______1 Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine

Animals
_______2.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_______3. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus
_______4. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_______5.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in
Academics
_______6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
_______7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
_______8. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring
_______9. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of
Selected Vegetables
_______10.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents
 Developing an interest in different kinds of research will help you look
into something that affects your personality or your life in some important way.
If you are interested on a topic you are researching, you will enjoy reading and
learning about it. To define clearly the types of research in areas of interest
you want to embark, focus your scientific skills, your passion and ideas. It
supports you to connect to your
career path. The examples of research in areas of interest will lead you to
choose specific topic of your research study which you will be exploring to
create new knowledge.

I. Kinds of Research across Fields

Areas of Description Example of Studies

Interest

Arts-Based Personal expression in various 1.The Role of Arts in Student

Research art forms is use as a primary Achievement in Reading
mode of inquiry
2.How Classroom Artistic
Structure Motivates Learning

Deals with human culture such

Research in 1 Values Education in the Public
as philosophy, religion,
Humanities Schools: Practices and
literature, linguistics and
Challenges
history

2. Children In-Conflict with the

It includes ancient and modern
Law: A Resolution and
languages, human geography,
Intervention
laws, politics and other social
sciences.

Sports Research Intended for athletes to endure 1. Student Involvement in

their health and wellness goals Athletics and their Academic
through proven high quality Performance
products.
2.Sports and Fitness Support on
It helps the coaches and Students in Public Schools
athletes to access information
and apply it to develop
programs and techniques in
sports.
Science Discover laws, postulates 1.Utilization of Garbage and
Research theories that can explain other Waste Resources as
natural or social phenomena. Cleaning Materials

Applies systematic and 2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out

constructed scientific method of Heat Transfer
to obtain, analyze and interpret
data.

A strong and testable

hypothesis is the fundamental
part of the scientific research.

Provides mathematics mastery 1.Student Difficulties in General

topics and helps develops Mathematics: Remediation and
Mathematics confidence and interest to Interventions
Research solve more mathematical
problems.

It may also assist to find new 2.A Systemic Approach to

methods to simplify Changing Classroom Practices
calculations. for Enhancing Mathematics
Outcomes

Agriculture Improves productivity and 1.Green Space in School: Social

Research quality of crops irrigation, and Environment Perspective
storage methods, effective
farm management and 2. Is Urban Gardening as a
marketing of agricultural Source of Well-Being?
resources.

Agriculture is the backbone of

the economic system providing
food, raw material and
employment opportunities.

Fisheries Increase the productivity and 1.Finding a Future: Sustaining

research management of fishery Inland Fishery
resources to provide food:
protect and maintain different
2.Fishing for Change: Fishery
 bodies of water for sustainable Policy in the Philippines
supply of aquatic resources.

Information and Aim to adapt current 1.The Role of ICT in the New
Communication technology advancement Normal Education
Technology (ICT) which enhances development
Research of resources. 2.Exploring the Interactive
Computer Simulation in Public
Schools

Business Acquire information in business 1.Developing a Framework for

Research to maximize the sales and Small Scale Business
profit. It aids business
companies regulates which 2.Business Practices and
product or service is most Strategies of Small Enterprises
profitable or in demand. at Limketkai Mall

Social Science Finds solutions for human 1.The Impact of COVID-19

Research behavior gathering information Pandemic on Employment
about people and societies. Opportunities

2. Implementation of Enhanced
Community Quarantined in Low
Risk Area of Misamis.Oriental.

(Source: Abdullah, S.N. (2018), Practical Research 1-Qualitative.ppt)

Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the
space provided.
1. What are those kinds of research across fields?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. How do samples of research in different areas of interest help you in writing

the research proposal?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Discussion of Activity 1

You just learned the kinds and samples of research in areas of interest.
Answer the following questions on the space provided.

1. What are your views in using the samples of the research papers presented
previously in areas of your interest?

2. Can you write your qualitative research proposal through the use of such
pattern from the sample research paper?
Activity 2

Direction: Compare and Contrast. Write in a separate sheet of paper.

Choose two researches from the different areas of interest like those in the
field of arts, humanities, sports, science, mathematics, business, agriculture,
fisheries, ICT and social science. Be able to differentiate your chosen topics.
Highlight their similarities and differences.

Activity 3
Identify the specific area of interest for each given topic by writing the
letter of each type in the correct column. Likewise, below the letter
representing your answer, write the importance of such research in your daily
life.

Arts-Based Humanities Science ICT Business

A. Digital Age
B. Child in Conflict with the Law
C. Classroom Environment
D. Herbal Medicines
E. Financial Management
Assignment
1. In the space provided, make a graphical presentation of the type of
research which interest you the most.

2. Think of your own topic for research which you would like to work on.
Keep in mind what you have learned from this lesson to justify the
specific research type for each chosen topic. Write your “top two” most
interesting topics below.
1)

2)
Posttest
Modified Identification

Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it
belongs to by choosing your answers from the box below. Write only the letter
as your answer on the space provided below each number.

A. Science Research
B. Fisheries research
C. Information & Communication Technology Research
D. Arts Based Research
E. Business Research
F. Humanities Research
G. Agriculture Research
H. Sports Research
I. Mathematics Research
J. Social Science Research

_______1. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring

_______2. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of
Selected Vegetables
_______3.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents
_______4.Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine
Animals
_______5.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_______6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
_______7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
_______8. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus
_______9. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_______10.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in
Academics
REFERENCES

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research

[PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education

Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig
City.

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and

Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior
High School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc. Quezon City.

Accessed in June 2020

https://sites.google.com/deped.gov.ph/research1

https://docs.google.com/document/d/17z5_eXy2wp-LDVgBaBrrvIHqLtD-JIarM
De0jOi0VX0/edit?usp=sharing

http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdsgn.html

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1KYoixU3L9SerYAYcurbHOZ0IM0Vsdz
6z