Glossary:

Collinear points are points that lie on the same line.

Noncollinear points are points that do not lie on the same line.
Coplanar lines are lines that lie in the same plane.
Parallel lines are coplanar lines that never intersect.
Intersecting lines are two coplanar lines with a point in common.
Perpendicular lines are lines that are at right angles (90 ° ) to each other.
Skew lines are lines that are not parallel and do not cross.

Relations of points, Lines, and Planes

 In this "Collinear Points" graph, we say point B is between point A and point C . If the
three points are not collinear, we cannot say a point is between two other points. For
example, we cannot say point E is between points D and F.

Collinear points Noncollinear points

 Points, lines, segments, or rays which lie in the same plane are said to be coplanar; if
they do not lie in the same plane, they are referred to as non-coplanar.

Coplanar line noncoplanar line

 Parallel line

 Intersecting line

 Perpendicular line
  ´ both lie in plane Y .
Lines may lie in different planes or in the same plane. d́ and AB
é and AB
´ lie in plane X . d́ and é are contained in different planes while AB´ (the
intersection of the two planes) is common to both planes. In order to simplify our
discussion, we will always assume that we are working with figures which lie in the
same plane unless otherwise specified. This branch of geometry takes a "flat," two
dimensional view of figures and is referred to as "plane geometry."

Determination of Plane
 Three noncollinear points (points not on a single line)
 A line and a point not on that line
 Two distinct but intersecting lines
 Two parallel lines

Theorem I: two intersecting planes meet in a straight line

Proof:
Let we have two distinct planes M and M '. Let the Cartesian equations of M and M ' be
given by ax +by +cz + d=0 and a ' x+ b' y + c' z+ d ' =0 respectively. Then, the intersection is
given by the common solutions ( x , y , z) of these two equations. Since M and M ' are not
parallel, we know they do not have the same normal vector so that (a , b , c )≠ t (a' ,b ' , c ' ) for all
t. Further, since the normals are nonzero, we know each equation has at least one nonzero
coefficient. Without loss of generality, let a ≠ 0. Then,
−by−cz−d
x= .
a
Substituting into the Cartesian equation for M ' we have
( b ' a−b a' ) y + ( c ' a−c a' ) z+ ( d ' a−d a' )=0
is the set of solutions for the points on M ∩ M '. But, we know at least one of b ' a−b a' or
' ' '
c ' a−c a' is nonzero, otherwise ( a , b , c )=t (a , b , c ). Hence, we have the equation for a line.
Therefore, M ∩ M ' is a line.

Foot of a line meeting a plane: intersection point between line and plane.
Line and plane perpendicular to each other: if a line is perpendicular to plane, then it is
perpendicular to all lines in the plane that meet at the foot.
Line and plane oblique to each other: this line also intersects the plane, but since it does not
form a right angle, then the line is said to be oblique to the plane.
Theorem II. A plane is determined by (1) a line and a point not on it, (2) two intersecting
lines, and (3) two parallel lines.
Proof:
(1) Suppose we have line g and point P, P is not in g. Then choose distinct two points in
g, call them as point Q and R. Then make a line through P and Q. Also make a line
through P and R. Then we obtain the plane PQR.
(2) Suppose we have two intersecting lines, namely line l and k. The intersection point is
called point P. Take any one point on l (namely point M ) and one point on k (namely
point N). Then make line through M and N. We obtain the plane MNP.
(3) It is clear that the area bounded by two parallel lines can be called a plane.

Theorem III: If a line is perpendicular to each of two lines at their point intersection, it is
perpendicular to the plane of these lines.
Proof:
First we call that the line is line g and two intersecting lines are line l and k. By theorem II,
we can make a plane from two intersecting lines l and k. Because line g perpendicular to
each of two lines at their point intersection (foot), so line g perpendicular to the plane of
these lines.

Theorem IV. Through a point there is one and only one plane perpendicular to a line.
Proof:
Suppose we have plane B and line g through point A. Plane B is perpendicular to line g.
Suppose there is a plane C that through point A and is perpendicular to line g. We will prove
that plane B is same with plane C. We have plane B and C perpendicular to line g. Hence,
plane B is parallel to plane C. Because planes B and C through point A and are parallel to
each other, then planes B and C coincide. So, plane B is same with plane C.

Theorem V. Through a point there is one and only one line perpendicular to a plane.
Proof:
Suppose we have plane B and line g through point A. Plane B is perpendicular to line g.
Suppose there is a line k that through point A and is perpendicular to plane B. We will prove
that line g is same with line k. We have line g and k perpendicular to plane B. Hence, line g
is parallel to line k. Because lines g and k through point A and are parallel to each other, then
lines g and k coincide. So, line g is same with line k.

Theorem VI. Oblique line from a point to a plane meeting the plane at equal distance from
the foot of the perpendicular are equal; and conversely, two equal oblique lines from a point
to a plane meet the plane at equal distances from the foot of the perpendicular.
Proof:
Andaikan ada dua oblique lines yang memotong dua bidang yang memiliki jarak tertentu.
Kita akan membuktikan kedua oblique line itu sama. Karena kedua oblique lines melalui titik
foot yang sama dan jarak titik foot dengan titik tembus pada bidang lain sama, maka kedua
oblique lines tersebut berimpit. Jadi, kedua oblique tersebut sama.
Theorem VII. Two lines perpendicular to the same plane are parallel; and conversely, if one
of two parallel lines is perpendicular to a plane, the other is also.
Proof:
For first statement. Karena masing-masing garis tersebut tegak lurus dengan bidang yang
sama, maka garis-garis yang terletak pada bidang tersebut membentuk sudut 90 ° terhadap
dua garis yang diberikan. Hal ini menyebabkan besar sudut-sudut yang sepihak adalah 90 °.
Akibatnya, kedua garis tersebut sejajar.
For second statement. Karena salah satu garis tersebut tegak lurus dengan bidang, maka
garis-garis yang terletak pada bidang tersebut tegak lurus dengan garis yang diberikan.
Sehingga besar sudut yang dibentuk adalah 90 °. Karena kedua garis tersebut sejajar, maka
garis-garis yang terletak pada bidang yang lain tegak lurus dengan kedua garis yang
diberikan. Hal ini menyebabkan besar sudut yang dibentuk adalah 90 °. Jadi, garis yang lain
tegak lurus dengan bidang yang diberikan.