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    Biology Form 4 KSSM Chapter 11

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    Nik Husna
    This document discusses immunity in humans. It describes the three lines of defense against pathogens: physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, inflammation and phagocytosis as the second line, and antibodies as the third line. The actions of antibodies include agglutination, neutralization, precipitation, opsonization, and lysis. There are two types of artificial immunity - active through vaccines and passive through antiserum injection. Issues related to human immunity include HIV transmission.

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    Biology Form 4 KSSM Chapter 11

    Uploaded by

    Nik Husna
    1K views7 pages
    This document discusses immunity in humans. It describes the three lines of defense against pathogens: physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, inflammation and phagocytosis as the second line, and antibodies as the third line. The actions of antibodies include agglutination, neutralization, precipitation, opsonization, and lysis. There are two types of artificial immunity - active through vaccines and passive through antiserum injection. Issues related to human immunity include HIV transmission.

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    Semoga bermanfaat

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    Biology Form 4 Kssm Chapter 11

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    This document discusses immunity in humans. It describes the three lines of defense against pathogens: physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, inflammation and phagocytosis as the second line, and antibodies as the third line. The actions of antibodies include agglutination, neutralization, precipitation, opsonization, and lysis. There are two types of artificial immunity - active through vaccines and passive through antiserum injection. Issues related to human immunity include HIV transmission.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    1K views7 pages

    Biology Form 4 KSSM Chapter 11

    Uploaded by

    Nik Husna
    This document discusses immunity in humans. It describes the three lines of defense against pathogens: physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, inflammation and phagocytosis as the second line, and antibodies as the third line. The actions of antibodies include agglutination, neutralization, precipitation, opsonization, and lysis. There are two types of artificial immunity - active through vaccines and passive through antiserum injection. Issues related to human immunity include HIV transmission.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    CHAPTER 11

    IMMUNITY IN HUMANS

    11.1 BODY DEFENCE

    Lysozyme

    Mucous
    membrane
    skin
    Hydrochloric
    acid
    Mechanism of
    blood clotting
    The first line of
    defence

    The second line of defence

    inflammation
    phagocytosis

    Fever

    The third line of defence


    11.2 actions of antibodies

    Agglutination
    -antibodies coagulate the pathogens
    -make them an easy target to be trapped
    -destroyed by phagocytes
    Neutralisation

    -antibodies bind with toxins produced by bacteria


    -neutralise the toxin

    Precipitation

    -antibodies react with dissolved antigens to form an insoluble


    complex (precipitate) that is easily destroyed by phagocytes
    opsonisation
    -antibodies combine with antigens
    -act as marker for phagocytes to recognise antigen and destroy
    them

    Lysis
    -antibodies combine with antigens and cause bacteria to be
    broken down and decomposed
    11.3 types of immunity

    Similarities
    -protects body from infectious diseases
    -involves interaction between antibodies and antigens
    differences
    aspect Artificial active Artificial passive immunity
    immunity
    Acquired Through vaccine Through antiserum injection
    injection
    effect Not immediate Immediate protection
    protection
    11.4 health issues related to human immunity

    Hiv transmission

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