Algebra  b 2−4 ac=0 ; two identical roots

 b 2−4 ac< 0 ; 2 different complex roots (not real)

Special products and factoring
Square of Binomial

¿ Remainder theorem
- If a polynomial function f(x) is divided by (x-r), then the
remainder is given by f(r)
Difference of Squares
Factor theorem
a 2−b2= ( a−b ) (a+ b)
- If f(r) = 0, then (x – r) is a factor f(x)

Sum and Difference of Cubes LOGARITHMS

a 3−b3 =( a−b ) (a 2+ ab+b2 ) lo g m ab=lo g m a+lo g m b

a 3+ b3=( a+ b ) (a 2−ab+ b2) a
lo g m =lo g m a−lo gm b
b
EXPONENTS lo g m ab=blo gm a
lo g b b=1
a m an=a m+n a 0=1 lo g a 1=0
am m−n ¿
n
=a ¿
a
COMPLEX NUMBERS
¿
i=√ −1
ABSOLUTE VALUE INEQUALITY i 2=−1
i 3=−√ −1
¿ a /¿ b ,−b< a<b i 4 =1
¿ a /¿ b ,a ←b U a>b

SEQUENCES AND Series

Functions
Arithmetic Sequence
Domain – set of all possible values of x
a n=a1 + ( n−1 ) d
Range – set of all possible values of f(x) for which the function
is defined
Sum of an Arithmetic Series
Inverse Function

1. Write f(x) as y n
2. Interchange x & y
Sn = ¿
2
3. Solve or y
n
Sn= (a 1+ an )
Quadratic function 2

f ( x )=a x 2 +bx +c
Geometric Sequence
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x=
2a a n=a1 r n−1

DISCRIMINANT Sum of a Finite Geometric Series

 b 2−4 ac> 0 ; if perfect square - two different rational a 1(1−r n )

roots; if not a perfect square – two different irrational Sn =
roots
1−r
Sum of an Infinite Geometric Series  If a line or segment parallel to one side of a triangle
intersects the other two sides of a triangle at distinct points,
a1 then it cuts off the segments which are proportional to
Sn = if /r /¿ 1 those sides.
1−r  The segments connecting the midpoints of the two 'sides of
a triangle are parallel to the third side and is half as long as
the third side. (Midline Theorem)
 The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle divides
the triangle into two smaller right triangles which are
similar to each other and to the bigger right triangle.
 Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides
and the corresponding angles are congruent. (SAS, ASA,
SSS, SAA Postulates)

Geometry Polygons
 A polygon is convex if all measures of its interior are less
POSTULATES AND THEOREMS than 180 degrees.
 A polygon is regular if:
Angles
I. It is convex
 Acute - Less than 90  Vertical angles - II. All of its sides are congruent
degrees nonadjacent angles formed III. All of its angles are congruent
 Right - Equal to 90 by intersecting lines.
 The number of diagonals of a hexagon is equal to:
degrees Vertical angles are
 Obtuse - Between 90 and congruent.
180 degrees  Linear pair of angles - n(n−3)
 Complementary - two adjacent angles whose 2
angles whose sum is 90 non-common sides are
degrees opposite rays. Angles that
 Supplementary - two form a linear pair are
Quadrilaterals
angles whose sum is 180 supplementary.
 Kites are quadrilaterals which are not parallelograms or
degrees trapezoids that have perpendicular diagonals.
 Trapezoids are quadrilaterals with only one pair of parallel
sides.
Triangles  Parallelograms are quadrilaterals with two pairs of parallel
 Acute - All angles are  Altitude - A perpendicular sides.
acute segment from the vertex to  Rhombi are parallelograms with four congruent
 Right - Has one right the opposite side of a sides
triangle triangle.  Rectangles are parallelograms with four right
 Obtuse - Has one obtuse  Median - A segment from interior angles
angle the vertex to the midpoint o Squares are rectangles with four
 Scalene - No two sides are of the opposite side of a congruent sides. They are also rhombi
congruent triangle. with four right interior angles
 Isosceles - Two sides are  Angle bisector - A
congruent segment that bisects an
 Equilateral - All three angle and ends on the
sides are congruent opposite side of a triangle.
Circles
Important theorems:
Important theorems for triangles:  In the same circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs
 The sum of the measures of the three angles of any triangle are congruent if and only if their central angles are
is 180°. congruent.
 An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than each of its  In the same circle or in congruent circles:
remote interior angles. The measure of an exterior angle is  Chords equally distant from the center (or
equal to the sum of the measures of its remote interior centers) are congruent
angles.
 Congruent chords are equally distant from the
 In terms of length, the sum of any two sides of a triangle is center (or centers)
greater than its third side.
 The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half the
 If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles measure of its intercepted arc
opposite them are also congruent.
 If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc, then the
 The angles opposite of the two non-congruent sides of a angles are congruent.
triangle are not equal, and the one opposite the longer side
 If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite is
is larger.
supplementary.
 For an equilateral triangle, the altitude, median, and angle
 The measure of an angle formed by a chord and a tangent
bisector of an angle are the same.
is equal to half the measure of the intercepted arc.
 Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are
 The measure of an angle formed by two chords that
congruent and corresponding sides are proportional. (AA,
intersect inside a circle is equal to half the sum of the
AAA, SSS, SAS Similarity Theorems)
measures of the intercepted arcs.
  The measure of an angle formed by two secants, two ¿¿
tangents, or a secant and a tangent drawn from one point  vertical transverse
outside a circle is equal to half the difference of the axis
measures of the intercepted arc.  asymptote:
 When two chords intersect inside a circle, the product of
a
the segments of one chord equals the product of the ( y−k )=± ( x−h)
segments of the other chord. b
 If two secants are drawn from an external point to a circle,
then the product of the measures of one secant's external
part and that entire secant is equal to the product of the
measures of the other secant's external part and that entire
secant. Geometrical figures
 When a secant segment and a tangent segment are drawn to
a circle from an external point, the product of the secant
segment and its external segment is equal to the square of
the tangent segment.

ANGLES
Complementary Angle – sum is equal to 90 degrees

Supplementary Angle – sum is equal to 180 degrees

Conic sections
CIRCLES
¿
 Center: (h, k)
 Radius: r

PARABOLA
¿
 Vertex: (h, k)
 Focus: (h, k+p)
 Directrix: y = k – p

¿
 Vertex: (h, k)
 Focus: (h + p, k)
 Directrix: x = h-y

ELLIPSE
¿¿
 Center: (h, k)
 a>b>0

¿¿
 Center: (h, k)
 b>a>0

HYPERBOLA
Trigonometry
¿¿
 horizontal transverse
axis
 asymptote:
b
( y−k )=± ( x−h)
a
Unit circle

FUNCTIONS

IDENTITIES

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Statistics
Measures of central tendencies
Mean - sum of all data divided by the number data Experiment – an activity with results that can be predicted

Σ x1 Results/ events – outcome

x́=
n Sample Space – set of all possible events

Median – the positional center of an arranged data

MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Mode – occurs most often
1. Range
Range – difference between the highest and lowest values
2. Variance
Fundamental principle of counting
σ 2=Σ¿ ¿
Multiplication Rule
3. Standard Deviation
- in a sequence of events with M 1, M2 ... possibilities the
number of outcome is
σ =√ Σ ¿ ¿ ¿
M1 x M 2 x M 3 …
4. Coefficient of Variation
Addition Rule

- if sequence of events is mutually exclusive

M1 + M 2 + M 3 … STANDARDIZATION

PERMUTATION x́−μ
x́=
σ2
 order matters
 arrangement
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
n!
nPr=
( n−r ) ! x́−μ
x́=
σ
√n
 for repeating elements
n! Basic Calculus
n1 ! n3 ! n3 ! …
LIMITS

 for circular arrangement

( n−1 ) !

 handshake problem

(n−1) !
2

combination
n!
nCr=
r ! ( n−r ) !

Probability
 lim f ( x )=L
x→ a

only exists if and only if

lim −f ( x )=¿ lim + f ( x )=L ¿
x→ a x→ a