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Scan System in Computer Graphics

The document discusses different types of graphics used in computer displays including raster graphics, vector graphics, bitmaps, and pixmaps. It also describes concepts like pixels, resolution, color depth, frame buffers, and the differences between raster scan and random scan displays.

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Wakil Khan
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views

Scan System in Computer Graphics

The document discusses different types of graphics used in computer displays including raster graphics, vector graphics, bitmaps, and pixmaps. It also describes concepts like pixels, resolution, color depth, frame buffers, and the differences between raster scan and random scan displays.

Uploaded by

Wakil Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Scan System in

Computer Graphics
Pixel
• Pixel : In Computer graphics a pixel, dots, or picture element is a
physical point in a picture.
• A pixel is simply the smallest addressable element of a picture
represented on a screen.
• A majority of pictures that we see on our computer screen are raster
images.
• The selfie that you click with your mobile phone is another example of
a raster image. An image is made up using a collection of pixels
referred to as a bitmap.
Bitmap
• An image is made up using a collection of pixels referred to as a bitmap.
• In computer graphics, a bitmap is a mapping from some domain (for example, a
range of integers) to bits, that is, values which are zero or one. It is also called a bit
array or bitmap index.
• The more general term pixmap refers to a map of pixels, where each one may
store more than two colors, thus using more than one bit per pixel.
• In some contexts, the term bitmap implies one bit per pixel, while pixmap is
used for images with multiple bits per pixel.
Raster Graphics
• Raster images use bit maps to store information.
• This means a large file needs a large bitmap. The larger the image, the more disk
space the image file will take up. As an example, a 640 x 480 image requires
information to be stored for 307,200 pixels, while a 3072 x 2048 image (from a
6.3 Megapixel digital camera) needs to store information for a whopping
6,291,456 pixels.
• We use algorithms which compress images to help reduce these file sizes. Image
formats like jpeg and gif are common compressed image formats.
• Scaling down these images is easy but enlarging a bitmap makes it pixelated or
simply blurred. Hence for images which need to scaled to different sizes, we use
vector graphics.
• File extensions: .BMP, .TIF, .GIF, .JPG
Vector Graphics
• Making use of sequential commands or mathematical statements or programs
which place lines or shapes in a 2-D or 3-D environment is referred to as Vector
Graphics. Vector graphics are best for printing since it is composed of a series of
mathematical curves. As a result vector graphics print crisply even when they are
enlarged. In physics: A vector is something which has a magnitude and direction.
In vector graphics, the file is created and saved as a sequence of vector
statements. Rather than having a bit in the file for each bit of line drawing we use
commands which describe series of points to be connected.
AS a result a much smaller file is obtained.
• File extensions : .SVG, .EPS, .PDF, .AI, .DXF
Frame Buffer

*Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer


or frame buffer.

* Refresh buffer or frame buffer: This memory area holds the set of
intensity values for all the screen points.
* Sometimes, refresh rates are described in unit of
cycles per second, or Hertz (HZ)
* Refreshing on raster scan displays is carried out at
the rate 60 to 80 frame per second
Horizontal retrace: The return to the
left of the screen, after refreshing
each scan line.
Vertical retrace: At the end of each frame(displayed in 1/80th to 1/60th
of a second) the electron beam returns to the top left corner of the
screen to begin the next frame
Raster image
* Raster graphics cannot be scaled to a higher resolution without loss
of apparent quality.
Raster image

* The quality of a raster image is determined by the total


number pixels (resolution), and the amount of information in
each pixel (color depth )
Random Scan
Displays
Random Scan Displays

* Random scan display is the use of geometrical primitives such as


points, lines, curves, and polygons, which are all based upon
mathematical equation.

* Raster Scan is the representation of images as a collection of pixels


(dots)
Random Scan Displays

* In a random scan display, a CRT has the electron beam directed only
to the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn.

* Random scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time (Vector


display, Stroke –writing or calligraphic displays).

*Refresh rate depends on the number of lines to be displayed


Raster Scan

• The electron beam is swept across the screen one row at a


time from top to bottom. This scanning process is called
refreshing. Each complete scanning of a screen is normally
called a frame. The refreshing rate, called the frame rate.
• Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the
frame buffer. This frame buffer stores the intensity values
for all the screen points. Each screen point is called a pixel
(picture element).

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