Mindanao State University-Buug Campus

Datu Panas,Buug ,Zamboanga Sibugay

College of Arts and Sciences
st
1 Sem. Academic Year 2020-2021

LEARNING MODULES
IN MAT002
(COLLEGE & ADVANVED
ALGEBRA)

BY : Angelito A. Rendiza

INSTRUCTOR
MODULE - 1
 Overview:
 This learning module is designed primarily for
independent or self-study. It allows the learners to go through the
material at their own pace. It may be used for self-instruction or to
complement instruction especially during this time of pandemic
where in face-to- face learning is prohibited. 
Lesson
: ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS:
1

Objectives:
At the end of this module, you/the students are expected to:
1. give examples on the basic concepts of algebraic expressions
2. evaluate positive integral exponents
3. give the value of the given algebraic expression
4. perform the basic operations on polynomials
5. factors the given polynomials.

1.1a Concepts of Algebraic Expressions

An algebraic expression is a constant, a variable, or an indicated operation involving constants
and/ or variables.
Constant is a symbol having fixed value. Examples: 0, 1, -2,10 ,π
Variable is a symbol used to represent any element of a given replacement set. Examples: a,b,c,…
x,y,z.
Factors are numbers and/or variables that are multiplied together to give a product. The factors of
2xy are 2, x, and y. The factors of 12 are, 3 and 4, 1 and 12, 6 and 2, -4 and -3 , -1 and -12 , -6 and -2.
Like ( similar) terms are terms having the same literal factors raised to the same power( exponent).
Examples: 2x and 3x, x3 and 7x3
Coefficient is a product of all but one of the factor of a term.
Numerical Coefficient is the numerical factor of a term. Example: 3 is the numerical coefficient of
3xy.
Literal Coefficient is the literal factor of a term. Example: xy is the literal coefficient of 3xy.
A Polynomial is a finite sum of terms or is an algebraic expression involving only non-negative
integral powers of one or more variables and containing no variable/s in the denominator.
Classifications of Polynomial:
1. Monomial is a polynomial of one term.
Examples: 2x, 3y , x3, - 5y2
2. Binomial is a polynomial of two terms.
Example: x2 – 4
3. Trinomial is a polynomial of three terms.
Example: x2 +2x + 4
4. Multinomial is a polynomial of more than three terms.
Example: x5 – 3x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 – 6
Degree of a Polynomial:
Degree of a term or monomial is the sum of exponents of the variables of a term.
Example: The monomial 3x5y2 has degree 7
Degree of a Polynomial is the degree of its term with the highest degree.
Example: x5 – 3x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 – 6 has degree 5.
1.1b Positive Integral Exponents

Definition: an = a.a.a….,a ( n factors of a) a ∈ R , n ∈ Z +

In the expression an , a is called the base and n is called the exponent.
In the number 25, 2 is the base and 5 is the exponent; in the expression 4 0 , 4 is the base and 0 is
the exponent.
Laws of Exponents:
1. If a ∈ R ,∧m ,n ∈ Z +, then am x an = a m+n
2. If a ∈ R ,∧m ,n ∈ Z +, then (am)n = amn
3. If a, b ∈ R , a ≠ b m ,n ∈ Z +,then (ab)m = am x bm
4. If a ∈ R ,∧m ,n ∈ Z +,then am/ an = am-n , if m¿ n
=1 , if m = n
= 1
____ , if m ¿ n
an-m

5. If a, b ∈ R , b ≠ o m ∈ Z+, then (a/b)m = am

___
bm
Definition:
1. If a, b ∈ R , a ≠ 0 , thena 0 =1; thus 20 = 1, 40 = 1
2. If a ∈ R ,∧m ,n ∈ Z +,then a-n = 1/ an; thus 2-1 = ½.
1.1c Value of an Algebraic Expression
To find the value of an algebraic expression, substitute the given values of the variables and
perform the indicated operations.
Example: Find the value of 2xy – z , if x = ½ , y = -1 and z = -2
xz
by substituting the given values of x,y, and z , we have 2(1/2) –(-2) = -1
½ (-2)

ACTIVITY 1
TEST YOURSELF

A. Choose the best answer.

1. Which of the following is considered a constant?

a. f b. c. 500 d. 42x

2. Which of the following is a term?

a. 23m + 5 b. (2)(6x) c. x – y + 2 d. ½ x – y

3. Which of the following is equal to the product of 27 and 2?

a. 29 b. 49 + 6 c. 60 – 6 d. 11(5)

4. Which of the following makes the sentence 69 – 3 = ___ + 2 true?

a. 33 b. 64 c. 66 d. 68

5. Let y = 2x + 9. What is y when x = 5?

a. 118 b. 34 c. 28 d. 19

B. Evaluate the following expressions.

1. 36
33
2. 102∙ 10
 3. 23 + 32

4. (-3)5

5. 13 . 12
2 2
C. If x = 2, y = 0 and z = -3, evaluate the following algebraic expressions.

1. 2x + 3

2. 5z + 2x

3. x + y + z

4. 3y – 2z

5. xy2 – x3y3z2

SUMMARY

In this lesson, you learned about constants, letters and variables, exponents and
algebraic expressions. You also learned how to evaluate algebraic expressions when
values are assigned to letters

Lesson
Polynomials: Fundamental Operations:

2
1. Addition and Subtraction
Combine like or similar terms by adding their numerical coefficients and retaining the literal
coefficients in their sums.
Example. 1. 2x + 3x = 5x
2.5ab-8ab+2ab = (5-8+2) ab = -ab
2. Multiplication
Multiply the numerical coefficient and the literal coefficients
Examples: 1. (3x) ( 4x2) = 3 (4) (x) (x2) = 12x3
2.(-5xy2) ( 4x2y3) = -5 (4) (xy2) (x2y3) = -20x3y5
3. 7ab (2ab+3a2b) = 7ab (2ab) +7ab (3a2b) = 14a2b2 + 21a3b2
4. (2x+y) ( 3x-4y) =(2x+y) (3x)- (2x+y)(4y) = 6x 2-5xy-4y2
Special Products:
a. (x+a) ( x+b) = x2 + (a+b)x + ab
b. (x+y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
c. (x+y) (x-y) = x2 - y2
d. (ax+by) (cx+dy) = acx2 + (ad+bc)xy + bdy2
e. (a+b) ( a2-ab+ b2) = a3 + b3
f. (a-b) (a2 + ab + b2) = a3 – b3
g. (a+b) (c+d) = ac + ad +bc + bd
Examples:
1. (x+3) (x+5) = x2 + (3+5)x + 3(5) applying special product letter a.
= x2 + 8x +15
2. (y +4)2 = y2 + 2(4y) +16 applying s.p.b
= y2+ 8y +16
3. (a+3) (a-3) = a2 – 9 s.p.c
4. (2x+3y) (4x+5y) = (2x)(4x) + [(2)(5) + (3)(4)]xy + 3y(5y) s.p. d
= 8x2+22xy +15y2
3. Division
a. Division of Monomials
Divide the numerical coefficients and using the laws of exponents divide the literal coefficients.
Example: 42x4y3 = -7x2y2
-6 x2y
b. Division of Polynomial by a monomial
Divide each term of the dividend by the monomial divisor and form the sum of the quotients.
Example: 20a4b5 -15a3b3 + 10a5b4 = 20a4b5 - 15a3b3 + 10a5b4 = 4ab2 -3+2a2b
5a3b3 5a3b3 5a3b3 5a3b3
 b. Division of a polynomial by another polynomial
Steps:
1. Arrange the terms of both the dividend and the divisor in descending powers
of one variable.
2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor to obtain the
first term of the quotient.
3. Multiply the divisor by the first term of the quotient.
4. Subtract the product obtained in step 3 from the dividend. Treat the difference
obtained as the new dividend and repeat steps 2,3 ,and 4.
5. Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 until the difference is zero or is degree lower than the
divisor.
Example: (2x4 – x3 +3x2 + 4x -6) ÷ (x+1)
Solution: 2x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 2
x+ 1 √ 2 x 4 – x 3+3 x 2+ 4 x−6
2x4 + 2x3__________
-3x3 + 3x2
-3x3 - 3x2_________
+6x 2 + 4x
+ 6x2 + 6x__________
-2x - 6
-2x -2
-4
Final answer: 2x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 2 , Remainder -4
1.5 Factoring Polynomials
1. Removal of the greatest common factor
ax+ay+az = a (x+y+z)
Example: 2x + 4y = 2 (x+2y)
2. Difference of two squares
x2 – y2 = (x+y) (x-y)
Example: 4x2-25y2 = ( 2x +5y) (2x-5y)
3.Trinomial of the form x2 + (a+b)x + ab
x2 + (a+b)x + ab = (x+a) (x+b)
 Example: x2 + 7x +10 = (x+5) ( x+ 2)
4. Perfect Square Trinomial
x2 +2xy +y2 = (x+y) (x+y) = (x+y)2
x2 -2xy +y2 = (x-y) (x-y) = (x-y)2
Examples: x2 +4x +4 = (x+2) (x+2) = (x+2)2
x2 -4x +4 = (x-2) (x-2) = (x-2)2
5. Trinomial of the form acx2 + (ad+bc)x + bd = (ax+b) (cx +d)
Example: 2x2-5x -3 = (2x+1) (x-3)
6. Sum and Difference of two cubes
a3 + b3 = (a+b) (a2-ab + b2)
a3 - b3 = (a-b) (a2+ab + b2)
Examples: x3 + 8 = (x+2) (x2 -2x+4)
x3 - 8 = (x-2) (x2+2x+4)
7. Factoring by grouping
Group the terms in such a way that it could be factored by any of the previous six methods.
Example : xy +5x -6y -30 = (xy-6y) + (5x-30)
= y (x-6) +5 (x-6)
= (x-6) ( y+5)

ACTIVITY 2
TEST YOURSELF
A. Simplify each of the following by combining like terms.

1) 15x + 9x =

2) 2x – 8x =

3) 7x – 4x – 18x + 11x =

4) x2+ 13x – 28x + 9x2 =

5) 20x2 – 25x + 3x – 65 =

B. Answer the following.

Give the product of each of the following.

1) (12x2y3z2)(-10x3z4) =

2) 7x2(3x2 – 4x – 11) =

3) (x – 2)(6x2 – x + 8) =

4) What is the area of the square whose side measures (3x – 4) cm?

(Hint: Area of the square =s2)

5) If I bought (2x + 7) pad paper which cost (6x – 1) pesos each, how much will I pay for them?

C. Decoding
“ I am the father of Archimedes.” Do you know my name?
Find it out by decoding the hidden message below.

Match Column A with its answer in Column B to know the name of Archimedes’ father. Put the letter of the

correct answer in the space provided below.

Column A (Perform the indicated operation) Column B

1) (3x2 – 6x – 12) + (x2 + x + 3) S 4x2 + 12x + 9

2) (2x – 3)(2x + 3) H 4x2 – 9

3) (3x2 + 2x – 5) – (2x2 – x + 5) I x2 + 3x - 10
4) (3x2 + 4) + (2x – 9) P 4x2 – 5x - 9

5) (x + 5)(x – 2) A 2x2 – 3x + 6

6) 3x2 – 5x + 2x – x2 + 6 E 4x2 – 6x – 9

7) (2x + 3)(2x + 3) D 3x2 + 2x – 5

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

D. Give the quotient of each of the following.

1) (a2b – a2b2 + ab2 ) ÷ ab

2 ) Divide 4x + x3 – 5 by x – 2

3) If I spent (x3 + 5x2 – 2x – 24) pesos for (x2 + x – 6) pencils, how much does each pencil cost?

4) The length of the rectangle is x cm and its area is (x3 – x) cm2. What is the measure of its width?

SUMMARY

In this lesson, you learned about adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing

polynomials.

Lesson

3 Rational Expressions :

a
A rational expression is an algebraic fraction , b ≠ 0, whose numerator and the denominator
b

are polynomials.
 Examples:

x
1.
y

x
2.
x+1

3. x2 -4__

x2 +3x +2

Simplifying Rational Expressions:

ka a
Basic Principle: = , for k ÷ 0
kb b

Example: x2 -4__ = (x+2) (x-2) = x-2

x2 +3x +2 (x+2) (x+1) x+1

Operations Involving Rational Expressions:

1. Addition and Subtraction

a c ad +bc
a. + =
c d cd

a c ad−bc
b. - =
c d cd

Example: x_____ + 4x = x(x-3)+4x = x2-3x +4x = x2+x

x+3 x2 -9 x2 -9 x2 -9 x2 -9

2. Multiplication and Division

a c ac
x =
b d bd

a c a d ad
÷ = x =
b d b c bc
 Examples: 1. x2 – y2 . 2y = (x+y) (x-y) ( 2y) = x-y

4y x +y (4y ) ( x +y ) 2

2. x2 -2x -3 ÷ x2 -4x + 3 = x2 -2x -3 . x2 +6x +8 =

x2 +5x +6 x2 +6x +8 x2 +5x +6 x2 -4x + 3

= (x-3) (x+1)(x+4)(x+2) = (x+1)(x+4) = x2 + 5x +4

(x+3)(x+2)(x-3)(x-1) (x+3) (x-1) x 2 + 2x – 3

ACTIVITY # 3

TEST YOURSELF

Perform the indicated operations:

10 a2 −29 a+10 10 a 2−19 a+16

1. ÷
6 a 2−29 a+20 12 a 2−28 a+15

c4 27 a3−b 3 ÷ ac 3−bc 3
2. ÷
9 a2−b2 ac +bc 36 a2−2 ab−b2

SUMMARY

In this lesson, you learned about simplifying ,adding, subtracting, multiplying

and dividing rational expressions.

MODULE - 2
 Overview:
 This learning module is designed primarily for
independent or self-study. It allows the learners to go
through the material at their own pace. It may be used
for self-instruction or to complement instruction
especially during this time of pandemic where in face-
to- face learning is prohibited. 

Lesson
Expo EXPONENTS & RADICALS
1

The topics to be discussed are exponents, rational exponents, simplification of radicals, basic
operations on radical expressions and complex numbers.
Objectives:
At the end of this module, you/the students are expected to:
1. convert the expressions with rational exponents to radical form
2. convert radical expression to rational exponents
3. simplify radical expressions
4. perform some basic operations on radicals
1.1 Positive Integral Exponents

Definition: an = a.a.a….,a ( n factors of a) a ∈ R , n ∈ Z +

In the expression an , a is called the base and n is called the exponent.
In the number 25, 2 is the base and 5 is the exponent; in the expression 4 0 , 4 is the base and 0 is
the exponent.
Laws of Exponents:
6. If a ∈ R ,∧m ,n ∈ Z +, then am x an = a m+n
7. If a ∈ R ,∧m ,n ∈ Z +, then (am)n = amn
8. If a, b ∈ R , a ≠ b m ,n ∈ Z +,then (ab)m = am x bm
9. If a ∈ R ,∧m ,n ∈ Z +,then am/ an = am-n , if m¿ n
 =1 , if m = n
= 1
____ , if m ¿ n
an-m
10. If a, b ∈ R , b ≠ o m ∈ Z+, then (a/b)m = am
___
bm
Definition:
8. If a, b ∈ R , a ≠ 0 , thena 0 =1; thus 20 = 1, 40 = 1
9. If a ∈ R ,∧m ,n ∈ Z +,then a-n = 1/ an; thus 2-1 = ½.

ACTIVITY # 4
TEST YOURSELF

Perform the indicated operations:

A. Evaluate each of the following:
1. 23
2. (-5)3
3. (-2)3 + (3)2
4. (-4)3 ( -3)2
1 1
5.
35
- 52

SUMMARY
 In this lesson, you learned about simplifying expressions with integral
exponents.

1.2 Rational Exponents

Definition: A real number b is called the nth root of a real number a if and only if bn = a , for any positive
integer n.
Definition: If n is a positive integer greater than 1, a∈ R , and √n a denotes the principal nth root of a, then:

(i) If a ¿ 0 , √n a is positive nth root of a.

Example: √ 4 = 2
(ii) If a ¿ 0 ,∧nis odd , √n a is the negative nth root of positive a.
Example: √3 −8 = -√3 8 = -2
(iii) √n 0 = 0
(iv) Example: √3 0 = 0

ACTIVITY # 5
TEST YOURSELF

Perform the indicated operations:

1
1. 9 2

2. 27 1/3
3. 25 -1/2
 4. 625 ¾
−1 -2/3
5. [ ]
125
SUMMARY

In this lesson, you learned about simplifying expressions with rational

exponents.

1.3 Radical Expressions

The expression √n a is called radical expression where:
√ ❑−−−−−is a radical sign

a ____________ is the radicand

n ____________is called the index which indicates the order of the radical. If no index appear,
the order of the radical is understood to be 2.
Definition: a1/n = √n a , where √n a ∈ R , for a∈ R , n ∈ Z+, n ¿ 1.
Examples: x 1/3 = √3 x , 271/4 = √4 27

Definition: If m,n ∈ Z+, a ∈ R, a ≠ 0, then am/n = (a1/n)m, and can be written am/n = (√n a )m
Example: a2/3 = ¿2
1.4 Simplification of Radicals
Definition: A radical is said to be in simplest form if and only if the following conditions are
satisfied:
1. the radicand has no factor whose exponent is greater than or equal to its index;
Example: √ 50 = √ 25 .2 = 5√ 2
2. there is no fraction in the radicand;
Example: √ 3/2 = √ 3/2 . √ 2/2 = √ 6/ 4 = 1/2√ 6 or √ 6
2
3. the index of the radical is the smallest possible
 Example: √4 64 x 2 y 4 z 2 = √4 ❑ 24y422x2z2 = 2y √4 ❑ (2zx)2 = 2y ❑√ 2 xz
1.5 Laws of radicals
The laws of radicals follow directly from the previous definitions and theorems on exponents. If m
and n are positive integers and a and b are positive.
(i.) [√n a ¿ ¿n = a
Example: √3 8 = 2 , since 8 = 23
(ii.) √n ab = (ab) 1/n = a1/n . b1/n = √n a . √n b
n
n 1/n a1 /n √ a
(iii.) √ a/b = [a/b] = = =
b1 /n √n b
m n
(iv.) √ √ a = [ a1/n]1/m = a1/mn = mn√ a
1.6 Operations with Radicals
1. Addition and Subtraction
Add or subtract the coefficients of similar radicals.
Illustration 1. √ 2 + 3 √ 2 + 8√ 2 = ( 1 +3 +8/3)√ 2 = 20 √ 2

3 3 Illustration 2. 2x√3 xy – x √3 xy +
3x √3 xy = [2x-x+3x]√3 xy = 4x √3 xy
Illustration 3. Simplify by combining similar terms.

4√ 12 + 5 √ 8 - √ 50 -7 √ 48 = 4√ ( 4 ) (3) + 5 √ ( 4 ) (2) - √ ( 25 ) (2) -7 √ ( 16 ) (3)

= 4(2) √ 3 + 5 (2) √ 2 -5 √ 2 -7 (4)√ 3

= 8√ 3 - 28√ 3 + 10 √ 2 - 5 √ 2
= -20 √ 3 + 5√ 2
2.Multiplication
a. When indices are the same or equal, multiply the radicands, then simplify.

Example: [√ 15 a ¿ ¿ [√ 45 a 2] = √ 15.45 .a . a2 = √ 5.3.3 .3 .5 . a . a2 =5(3a)√ 3 a

= 15a√ 3 a
b. When indices are different convert the radicals to radicals with the same indices, then
apply rule 1.
3 1/2 2 4 1/3
Example: ¿] [√ 4 x ] = (3.2x ) (2 .x )
3 4

=
(3.2x3)3/6 (22. x4)2/6
= (3 3.23.x9. 24. x8)1/6
 = √6 33 27 x 17
= √6 26 x 12 3 3 2❑ x5
= 2x 2√6 54 x 5
3.Division
1. When indices are the same, use the property of radicals or apply direct division of
radicands, then simplify the results.

4 x2
Illustration: √3 4 x 2 =
√
3

2 x❑
= √3 2 x

√3 2 x
2.When indices are different, convert the radicals to radicals with the same indices, then
apply rule 1.
Illustration: Divide 6√3 5 by 2√ 3
6(5)1/ 3 3(5)2/ 6 6 5
2
6 25

2(3) 1/ 2 =

6
3 √(5) (3)
¿¿
=
2
3 3 =3
2
3
6
27
or
√ √
3 √ (5) (3)2 √6 (5)2(3)2
2

6 6 = 3 = ❑ = √6 675
√3
Rationalizing the Denominator:
The process of simplifying a fractional radicand is called rationalizing the denominator.
1. For a radical of order n with monomial denominator, convert the fraction to an
equivalent fraction in which the denominator is an nth power of a monomial, then
simplify using law 3 of radicals. This is illustrated in division rule above.
2. For fraction whose denominator is a binomial containing a radical of order 2, multiply
both the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
(a+b) and (a-b) are conjugates.
y y
Illustration: = . √ x + √ y = y ¿ ¿= y √ x + y √ y
√ x – √ y √ x – √ y √ x +√ y x− y
ACTIVITY # 6
TEST YOURSELF

A. Simplify each of the following:

1. √4 48

21
2.
√ x
3. √5 64 x 6 y14 z 2

x4
4.
√
3

y 12
5. √3 x−6 y 9
B. Perform the indicated operations:
1. √ 3 - √ 12 + √ 75

2. √3 3 + √3 24 - √3 81 + √3 192

3. [√ 5 + 2 √ 7 ] [√ 5 - 2 √ 7 ]
4. 6 ÷ [ 3 - √ 5 ]

5. √5 3 - √5 96 + √5 729

SUMMARY
In this lessons, you learned converting expressions with rational
exponents to radicals, radicals to exponential form, simplifying radical
expressions and performing basic operations on radicals.

MODULE -3
 Overview:This learning module is designed primarily for
independent or self-study. It allows the learners to go through the
material at their own pace. It may be used for self-instruction or to
complement instruction especially during this time of pandemic
where in face-to- face learning is prohibited. 

Lesson
EQUATION EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES:

1
1.1 Equations in One Variable.
The topics to be discussed are first degree equations in One Variable, second degree equations in
one variable and other equations in one variable.
Objectives:
At the end of this module, you/the students are expected to:
1. solve first degree equations in one variable;
2. solve second degree equations in one variable;
by factoring, by square root, by completing the square and by using the quadratic formula.
3. solve other equations in one variable such as equations containing fractions and equations
containing radicals.
Discussions:
An Equation is a statement of the form M = P, where M and P are algebraic expressions.
Some examples:
1. 4x -7 = 5x + 1
2. 5y2 -6y -8 = 0
1.1a. First Degree Equations in One Variable.
An equation of the form ax + b = 0, b ∈ R , a ≠ 0 , or any equation equivalent to this is called a first-
degree ( linear) equation in one variable. Linear equation ax + b = 0, b ∈ R , a ≠ 0, has exactly one solution
−b
namely: .
a
Example: Solve the equation using the properties.
 1. 6x -3 = 7 + 5x → 6x - 5x– 3 + 3 = 7 + 3 + 5x – 5x
x = 10
Hence the solution set of the given linear equation is 10, in symbol s.s = { 10 } .
To check substitute the value of x in the original given equation.

6x - 3 = 7 + 5x , x = 10
6( 10 ) – 3 = 7 + 5 ( 10)
60 – 3 = 7 + 50
57 = 57 which is true.
1.1b. Second degree equations in one variable
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c ∈ R , a ≠ 0, is said to the standard form of a quadratic
equation or a second degree equation in one variable.
Examples:
1. 5x2 + 3x – 1 = 0
2. 7x2 – 4x = 2x + 1
3. 2x2 + 5x + 6 = - x2 + 3x
Methods in solving second degree equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
1. By factoring
Steps:
a. Factor the given.
b. Equate each factor to zero.
c. Then solve for the value of the variable.
Example: 12x2 + 23x + 5 = 0
Step a. (3x + 5 ) ( 4x + 1 )
b.(3x + 5 ) = 0 , (4x + 1 ) = 0
c. 3x + 5 – 5 = 0 -5 , 4x + 1 – 1 = 0 -1
3x = -5 , 4x = -1
−5 −1
x =
3
, x = 4
−5 −1
Hence, s. s = { , }
3 4
2. By square root
If the quadratic equation is of the form x2 = d, then x = + √ d and - √ d
Example: x2 = 25 , x = + √ 25 = 5 and x = - √ 25 = -5
 Hence, s.s = { 5,-5}.
3. By Completing the Square
To find the solution of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, by completing the square:
a.) Divide both sides of the equation by a.
+ bx c
x2 a + a = 0
−c
b.) Add to both sides of equation in a
a
bx c −c −c
x2 + a + a + ¿ a = 0 + a
bx c −c c
x2 + a + a a = 0 – a
b 2
c.) Add the square of one half the coefficient of x, [ ] to both sides:
2a
bx + [ b ]2 b 2 c
x2 + = [ ] –
a 2a 2a a
d.) Factor the left- hand and simplify the right –hand side of the equation:
b 2 b2−4 ac
[x+
2a ] =
4 a2
e.) Take the square root of both sides of the equation:
b ± √ b 2−4 ac
x+ =
2a 2a
f.) Solve for x.
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x=
2a
Example 1. 12x2 + 23x + 5 = 0
2 23 x 5
Step a. x + + =0
12 12
2 23 x 5
b. x + = -
12 12
23 x 23 5 23
2
c. x +
12
+
24 [ ] 2
= - +[ ]
12 24
2

23 x 172
[
d. x+
12 ] 2
=
242
23 ±17
e. x + =
12 24
−23 17 1 −23 17 −5
f. x= + = - , x= - =
12 24 4 12 24 3
 1 −5
hence, s.s = { - , }
4 3
Note: students are required to do the checking as practice activity.
4. By using the quadratic Formula
To find the solution of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 are given by:
−b ± √ b2−4 ac .
x=
2a
Example 1. Solve 8x2 + 5x =0, first identify the values of a , b , and c.
From the given : a = 8 , b = 5 , and c = 0, substituting these values in quadratic formula,

2
−b ± √ b2−4 ac −5 ± √ (−5) −4 (8)0 −5 ± √ 25−0 −5 ±5
x= .= .= . =
2a 2(8) 16 16
0 −10 −5 −5
x= = 0 , x= = , therefore, s.s = { 0 , }
16 16 8 8
1.1c. Other Equations in One Variable.
1. Equations containing fractions:
To solve equations containing fractions:
1. Determine the values of the variables which make any of the denominators equal to
zero. These values should be excluded from the Universal Set.
2. Multiply both sides of the equation by the least common denominator of the fractions
to obtain an equation of the form ax + b = 0 , a, b ∈ R , a ≠ 0∨ax 2+bx +c=0.
4 5
Example: Solve = 3- , lcd = y ( y + 3), multiplying the equation by the lcd ,we have;
y y+ 3
4 5
y(y+3) [ y
=3−
y+3 ]
y(y+3)

4 ( y + 3 ) = 3 (y) (y +3) – 5y
4y + 12 = 3y2 + 9y – 5y
3y2 + 9y – 5y = 4y + 12
3y2 = 12 → y2 = 4 hence , s.s. = { 2, -2}
2. Equations Containing Radicals.
To solve equation of this type:
1. Raise both sides of the equations by the power equal to the index of the radical.
2. Simplify and solve for the value of the variable.
Example: Solve √ 2 x +5 = 3
 Solution:
[ √ 2 x +5 ] 2 = 32 , since the index is 2, so we raised both sides of the equation by 2.
2 x+5=9, solving for x, we have;
2 x+5−5=9−5
2 x=4 , hence , s . s={ 2 } .

Activity # 7
Test Yourself

A. Find the solution set of each of the given equations.

1. x +5=8
2. y−7=2
3. 6 t+ 2 ( 3−8 t )=−14
4. x 2+ 6 x=0

5. x 2−5 x+ 6=0
5 4
6. - 3 = -
x+3 x
8 4
7. 2 + = 2
x −1 x+1

8.√ 3 x+7=x +1
9. 2 √ x + 4 - 1 = x
10. √ 2 x +5 = 3

Lesson

2
 Equations in Two Variables:

The topics to be discussed are Points on the plane, the distance

formula, linear equations in Two Variables and its graphs , quadratic
equations in Two Variables and its graph and the different methods in
solving system of equations in two Variables.
Objectives:
At the end of this module, you/ the students are expected to:
1. Locate the given points in the plane;
2. Write the distance formula;
3. Solve the distance between two points in the plane;
4. Sketch the graph of given linear equation;
5. Sketch the graph of the given quadratic equation;
6. Solve system of equations in two Variables.
Discussions: Points in The plane
2.1The Cartesian Coordinate System

The rectangular coordinate system ( Cartesian Plane) consists of a vertical

line called the vertical axis, and the horizontal line called the horizontal axis
that intersect at a point called the origin.

A point in the plane is represented by an ordered pair ( x ,y ) or real numbers. The x- coordinate, or
horizontal coordinate of an ordered pair representing the distance of a point from y-axis is called abscissa
and the y- coordinate, or vertical coordinate of an ordered pair representing the distance of the point from
the x-axis is called the ordinate.

In the ordered pair ( -3, 1), -3 is the abscissa , while 1 is the ordinate, on the other hand in the ordered pair
( 2, 3), 2 is the abscissa and 3 is the ordinate.
2.2. The Distance Formula:
The distance formula between two points P1 ( x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) is given by:
d = I P1 P2I = √ ¿ ¿ ¿
Example: Find the distance between P1∧P2.
P1 ( 2,4), P2 (−2 ,−5)

Solution: d = I P1 P2I = √ ¿ ¿ ¿
=√ ¿ ¿ ¿

= √ (−4)2 +(−9)2

= √ 16+81
= √ 97
2.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables:
In general, the following steps are used to make the graph of a line.
1. Look for x and y – intercepts. The x – intercept is the point where the graph crosses the x –
axis. To get the x- intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x. The y – intercept is the point where the
graph crosses the y –axis. To get the y- intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y
2. Sometimes (0,0) is both an x and a y- intercept, when this happens, find another point on the
line by assigning another value to x and solving for corresponding value of y.. If the x or y –
intercept is not ( 0,0) proceed to step 3.
3. Tabulate the points obtained in 1 and 2.
4. Plot the points in the coordinate plane and connect them. Put arrows on both ends of the line.
5. Label the graph.

Example: Sketch the graph of the line whose equation is 2x – y + 6 = 0

Steps:
1. Look for the intercepts
Let y = 0, then 2x – 0 = 6, 2x + 6 = 0 → 2x = - 6
→ x = -3
hence (−3 ,0 ) is the x intercept .
Let x=0 ,then2 ( 0 ) –y + 6 = 0 → -y + 6 = 0
→ -y =-6
→ y=6
Hence ( 0, 6 ) is the y –intercept.
2. We proceed to step 3 sine the x and the y- intercepts are not (0,0).
3.
X -3 0
y 0 6
4. 5.6
 2.4 Quadratic Equations in two variables ( Parabola)

The graph of an equation of the form y=a x2 +bx +c , a , b ,∧c ∈ R , a ≠ 0 iscalled the parabola .
Properties of Parabola:
1. If a ¿ 0 , the graph of the parabola opens upward.
If a ¿ 0 , the graph of the parabola opens downward.
2. If a x 2+ bx+ c = 0 has two unequal real solutions r 1 and r 2 , the graph crosses the x-
axis at x = r 1 and at x =r 2 .
3. If a x 2+ bx+ c = 0 has two equal real solutions r 1 = r 2 = r , the graph touches the x-
axis at x = r.
4. If a x 2+ bx+ c = 0 has no real roots the graph of the parabola does not cross the x- axis.
b
5. The graph of the parabola is symmetric about the line: x = - .
2a
6. The vertex of the parabola( highest or lowest point) is at:
−b −b2 +4 ac
[2a
,
4a ]
To plot the graph of the Parabola:

−b −b2 +4 ac
1. Locate the vertex: [ 2a
,
4a ]
 2. Find the values of x and y – intercepts.
3. Plot the points on the Cartesian Plane.
4. Connect the points by a smooth curve and extending the endpoints.
Example: Graph y=x 2 +8 x +12
Locate the vertex:
2
−b −b2 +4 ac −8 −8 + 4(1)12
[ 2a
,
4a
=
2(1) ][
,
4 (1)
=
−8 −64+ 48
2
,
4 ][
=[ −4 ,−4 ] ]
Find the intercepts :
For x – intercept, set y = 0 , for y –intercept, set x = 0
0 = x 2+ 8 x+12 , y=02+ 8 ( 0 ) +12
0 = ( x +4 )( x +3 ) , y=12 , hence the graph crosses y at 12
hence, x=−4∧−3 , meaning the graph crosses the x−axis at x=−4∧−3.
The graph:
 Activity # 8
Test Yourself

A. Find the solution set of each of the given equations.

1. x +5=8
2. y−7=2
 3. 6 t+ 2 ( 3−8 t )=−14

4. x 2+ 6 x=0

5. x 2−5 x+ 6=0
5 4
6. - 3 = -
x+3 x
8 4
7. 2+ = 2
x −1 x+1

8.√ 3 x+7=x +1
9. 2 √ x + 4 - 1 = x
10. √ 2 x +5 = 3
B. On the same rectangular coordinate system graph the following points.
1. ( 3,1)
2. ( -4, -4 )
1
[
3. 0 ,−
2 ]
1
[
4. −5 ,−
4 ]
5. ( 4 , 0 )
C. Find the distance between the given points:
1. ( 1,3 ) , ( -2, 7 )
2. ( 8 , 5 ) , ( 3 , -7 )
3. ( -1 , -3 ) , ( -4 , 0 )
4. ( 0 , -2 ) , ( 2, 0 )
D. Sketch the graph of each of the following equations in two variables:
Lesson

3
Inequalities

An inequality is a mathematical statement which says that one

expression is greater than or less than another. Below are the
notations that we use for inequalities.

In symbols Read as
a< b a is less than b
a≤b ais less than or equal to b
a> b a is greater than b
a≥b a is greater than or equal to b

Properties of inequality

We will show 6 properties of inequality. When appropriate, we will illustrate with real life examples
of properties of inequality.

Let x, y, and z represent real numbers

Addition property:

If x < y, then x + z < y + z

Example: Suppose Sylvia's weight < Jennifer's weight, then Sylvia's weight + 4 < Jennifer's weight
+4

Or suppose 1 < 4, then 1 + 6 < 4 + 6

If x > y, then x + z > y + z

Example: Suppose Sylvia's weight > Jennifer's weight, then Sylvia's weight + 9 > Jennifer's weight
+9

Or suppose 4 > 2, then 4 + 5 > 2 + 5

Subtraction property:

If x < y, then x − z < y − z

Example: Suppose Sylvia's weight < Jennifer's weight, then Sylvia's weight − 4 < Jennifer's weight
−4

Or suppose 4 < 8, then 4 − 3 < 8 − 3

If x > y, then x − z > y − z

Example: Suppose Sylvia's weight > Jennifer's weight, then Sylvia's weight − 9 > Jennifer's weight
−9

Or suppose 8 > 3, then 8 − 2 > 3 − 2

Multiplication property:

z>0

If x < y, and z > 0 then x × z < y × z

Example: Suppose 2 < 5, then 2 × 10 < 5 × 10 ( Notice that z = 10 and 10 > 0)

If x > y, and z > 0 then x × z > y × z

Example: Suppose 20 > 10, then 20 × 2 > 10 × 2

z<0

If x < y, and z < 0 then x × z > y × z

Example: Suppose 2 < 5, then 2 × -4 > 5 × -4 ( -8 > -20. z = -4 and -4 < 0 )

If x > y, and z < 0 then x × z < y × z

Example: Suppose 5 > 1, then 5 × -2 < 1 × -2 ( -10 < -2 )

Division property:
It works exactly the same way as multiplication

z>0

If x < y, and z > 0 then x ÷ z < y ÷ z

Example: Suppose 2 < 4, then 2 ÷ 2 < 4 ÷ 2

If x > y, and z > 0 then x ÷ z > y ÷ z

Example: Suppose 20 > 10, then 20 ÷ 5 > 10 ÷ 5

z<0

If x < y, and z < 0 then x ÷ z > y ÷ z

Example: Suppose 4 < 8, then 4 ÷ -2 > 8 ÷ -2 ( -2 > -4 )

If x > y, and z < 0 then x ÷ z < y ÷ z

Example: Suppose 5 > 1, then 5 ÷ -1 < 1 ÷ -1 ( -5 < -1 )

Transitive property:

If x > y and y > z, then x > z

Example: Suppose 10 > 5 and 5 > 2, then 10 > 2

x < y and y < z, then x < z

5 < 10 and 10 < 20, then 5 < 20

Comparison property:

If x = y + z and z > 0 then x > y

Example: 6 = 4 + 2, then 6 > 4

The properties of inequality are more complicated to understand than the property of equality.

Allow yourself plenty of time as you go over this lesson. Any questions about the properties of
inequality, let me know.
Here is a table that Summarize the properties of inequality.

3.1 Linear Inequalities in One Variable:

Solving linear inequalities

The graph of a linear inequality in one variable is a number line. Use an open circle for < and >
and a closed circle for ≤ and ≥.
The graph for x > -3

The graph for x ≥ 2

Inequalities that have the same solution are called equivalent. There are properties of
inequalities as well as there were properties of equality. All the properties below are also true
for inequalities involving ≥ and ≤.
The addition property of inequality says that adding the same number to each side of the
inequality produces an equivalent inequality
Ifx>y,thenx+z>y+zIfx>y,thenx+z>y+z
Ifx<y,thenx+z<y+zIfx<y,thenx+z<y+z
The subtraction property of inequality tells us that subtracting the same number from both
sides of an inequality gives an equivalent inequality.
Ifx>y,thenx−z>y−zIfx>y,thenx−z>y−z
Ifx<y,thenx−z<y−zIfx<y,thenx−z<y−z
The multiplication property of inequality tells us that multiplication on both sides of an inequality
with a positive number produces an equivalent inequality.
Ifx>yandz>0,thenxz>yzIfx>yandz>0,thenxz>yz
Ifx<yandz>0,thenxz<yzIfx<yandz>0,thenxz<yz
Multiplication in each side of an inequality with a negative number on the other hand does not
produce an equivalent inequality unless we also reverse the direction of the inequality symbol
Ifx>yandz<0,thenxz<yzIfx>yandz<0,thenxz<yz
Ifx<yandz<0,thenxz>yzIfx<yandz<0,thenxz>yz
The same goes for the division property of inequality.
Division of both sides of an inequality with a positive number produces an equivalent
inequality.
Ifx>yandz>0,thenxz>yzIfx>yandz>0,thenxz>yz
Ifx<yandz>0,thenxz<yzIfx<yandz>0,thenxz<yz
And division on both sides of an inequality with a negative number produces an equivalent
inequality if the inequality symbol is reversed.
Ifx>yandz<0,thenxz<yzIfx>yandz<0,thenxz<yz
Ifx<yandz<0,thenxz>yzIfx<yandz<0,thenxz>yz
To solve a multi-step inequality you do as you did when solving multi-step equations. Take one
thing at the time preferably beginning by isolating the variable from the constants. When
solving multi-step inequalities it is important to not forget to reverse the inequality sign when
multiplying or dividing with negative numbers.

Example
Solve the inequality
−2(x+3)<10−2(x+3)<10
−2x−6<10−2x−6<10
−2x−6+6<10+6−2x−6+6<10+6
−2x<16−2x<16
−2x−2>16−2−2x−2>16−2
x>−8x>−8
 Systems of Equations in Two Variables:

The solution set of a system of equations consists of all solutions that are common to the equation in
the system.
1. Linear- Linear System
A system of two linear equations in two variables x and y can be written as
a 1 x+ b1 y+ c 1= 0 , where: a 1 , b1 ,∧c1 ∈ R
a 2 x+ b2 y+ c 2= 0 , where: a 2 , b2 ,∧c2 ∈ R
Methods of Solution:
1. Graphical
a. Plot the graph of the two equations on the same plane
b. Find the point/s of intersection which give the solution/s to the system.
Illustration: Find the solution set of the given system graphically:
y=x+2
y+x=0
The graph of the system:
 Notice that the two lines intersect at a given point ( -1, 1), this point of intersection is the
solution of the given system, hence ,s.s = {-1, 1}
2. Algebraic Method
a. By Substitution
Steps:
1. Solve for y in terms of x in any of the equation.
2. Substitute the expression obtained in 1 in the other equation.
3. Solve for x in the resulting equation.
4. Substitute the value of x obtained in step 3 in any of the two equations.
5. Solve for y in the resulting equation.
Illustration:
y=x +2 → 1
y + x=0 → 2
1. y=x +2
2. & 3 . y + x=0 , by substitution
( x +2 ) + x=0
2 x=−2
x=−1
4∧5. y=x +2
y= (−1 )+ 2
 y=1
Hence, the solution of the system is ( -1, 1 ).
b. By Elimination:
1. Rewrite the given equations in standard form.
2. Eliminate one variable by addition or by subtraction.
3. Substitute the value of one variable to the other equation to find the value of the other
variable.
Illustration:
y=x +2 → 1
y + x=0 → 2
1. −x + y−2=0
x + y=0, by addition, variable x is eliminated.
2 y=2
y=1
3.Substitute the value of y in any equation to get the value of x.
y=x +2 → 1
1=x +2
1−2=x , x=−1. therefore the solution set is(−1,1)
2. Linear- Quadratic System
For graphical : graph the two equations, the coordinates of the point/s of
intersection/s is/ are the solution of the given system. For Algebraic, you may used
Elimination and substitution.

Activity # 9
Test Yourself

A. Sketch the graph of each of the following equations in two variables:

1. y=x +2
2. 2 x+5 y +10=0
3. 3 x−2 y−6=0
4. y=x 2 + 7 x +13
 5. y=−3 x 2−2 x +1
3.2 d. Find the solution set of each of the given system of equations in two variables.
1. 2 x+ y =6
2 x− y=−2
2. x−2 y+ 6=0
4 x+3 y =20
3.5 x−2 y=10
6 x−5 y +30=0
4. y=2−4 x

y=x 2−4 x +3
5. x−4 y =9
3 x+ 8 y=7
References:
1. Basic Mathematics Workbook, revised edition by Ababa and Portugaleza
2. Schaum's Outline of College Algebra, 4th Edition by Spiegel and Moyer
3. College Algebra
4. Introduction to College Algebra