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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture

This document introduces computer architecture and organization. It discusses the structure and function of computer systems including the top level components of a computer, the CPU, and the control unit. It also outlines the basic elements of a computer system as the processor, memory, and I/O. Finally, it describes the computer level hierarchy from the user level down to the digital logic level.

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105 views26 pages

William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture

This document introduces computer architecture and organization. It discusses the structure and function of computer systems including the top level components of a computer, the CPU, and the control unit. It also outlines the basic elements of a computer system as the processor, memory, and I/O. Finally, it describes the computer level hierarchy from the user level down to the digital logic level.

Uploaded by

Jannat Happy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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William Stallings

Computer Organization
and Architecture

Chapter 1
Introduction
Architecture & Organization 1
• Computer architecture
—Logical aspects of system implementation as seen by
the programmer.
—E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types,
addressing modes.
— How do I design a computer?
• Computer organization
—Encompasses all physical aspects of computer
systems.
—E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types.
— How does a computer work?
Architecture & Organization 2
• There is no clear distinction between matters
related to computer organization and matters
relevant to computer architecture.
• Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software:
—Anything that can be done with software can also
be done with hardware, and anything that can be
done with hardware can also be done with
software.*

* Assuming speed is not a concern.


Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components relate
to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control
Functional view
Operations (1) Data movement
Operations (2) Storage
Operation (3) Processing from/to storage
Operation (4)
Processing from storage to I/O
Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
Elements of a Computer System
• A computer system consists of three basic
elements
—Processing units (processors)
– Executes instructions in a program
– A processor has an architecture that determines the form
and sequence of instructions
– A processor has an organization that explains how
circuits are organized
Elements of a Computer System (2)
—Memory
– The storage area in which programs are kept
when they are running and that contains the data
needed by the running programs
– The architecture of a memory defines the
methods by which data may be taken from and
placed in the memory
– Structure of the elements that the memory hold
– The organization of a memory defines it’s
physical structure , the physical layout of data
elements into memory units
Elements of a Computer System (3)
• Input/Output (I/O)
– The I/O architecture defines the form and
conventions that must be used in a program in order
to move elements between I/O devices and memory
– The I/O organization defines structure of an I/O
subsystems, how functions are distributed between
the elements, the various speeds of different
elements
Elements of a Computer System (4)

Memory

Processor

I/O Printer Terminal Storage device


Devices:
The Computer Level Hierarchy
• One way to view the architecture of a system is
in terms of a set of layers or levels
• A computer system has different layers each of
which defines a set of architectural abstractions
• Rules of layer definition and the relationships
between layers varies with regards to
computing disciplines
The Computer Level Hierarchy (2)
• Each virtual machine
layer is an abstraction of
the level below it.
• The machines at each
level execute their own
particular instructions,
calling upon machines at
lower levels to perform
tasks as required.
• Computer circuits
ultimately carry out the
work.
The Computer Level Hierarchy (3)
• Level 6: The User Level
—Program execution and user interface level.
—The level with which we are most familiar.
• Level 5: High-Level Language Level
—The level with which we interact when we write
programs in languages such as C, Pascal, Lisp,
and Java.
The Computer Level Hierarchy (4)
• Level 4: Assembly Language Level
—Acts upon assembly language produced from
Level 5, as well as instructions programmed
directly at this level.
• Level 3: System Software Level
—Controls executing processes on the system.
—Protects system resources.
—Assembly language instructions often pass
through Level 3 without modification.
The Computer Level Hierarchy (5)
• Level 2: Machine Level
—Also known as the Instruction Set Architecture
(ISA) Level.
—Consists of instructions that are particular to the
architecture of the machine.
—Programs written in machine language need no
compilers, interpreters, or assemblers.
The Computer Level Hierarchy (6)
• Level 1: Control Level
—A control unit decodes and executes instructions
and moves data through the system.
—Control units can be microprogrammed or
hardwired.
—A microprogram is a program written in a low-
level language that is implemented by the
hardware.
—Hardwired control units consist of hardware that
directly executes machine instructions.
The Computer Level Hierarchy (7)
• Level 0: Digital Logic Level
—This level is where we find digital circuits (the
chips).
—Digital circuits consist of gates and wires.
—These components implement the mathematical
logic of all other levels.
The Computer Level Hierarchy (8)
• Hierarchic Principles
—How pure the layering concept is to be?
—Among software engineers there is a principle of N,
N-1 hierarchic layering.
– If any layer N (operating system) then sees only the layer N-
1 beneath it
Summary
• Concept of architecture and organization
• Structure and Function
—Top level structure of a computer system
—Structure of a CPU
—Structure of a control unit
• Elements of a computer systems
• The Computer Level Hierarchy

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