CDI 2.

SPECIALIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION 1

1. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy before birth, resulting in the death
of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not
develop normally or because the mother has an injury or disorder that
prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to term. This type of spontaneous
abortion is commonly known as a miscarriage. Other abortions are induced
—that is, intentionally brought on—because a pregnancy is unwanted or
presents a risk to a woman’s health, or because the fetus is likely to have
severe physical or mental health problems.
2. Abrasion is an injury characterized by the removal of the specific epithelial
layer f the skin brought about by friction against a hard rough surface.
3. Absence of Items includes the documentation of items not at the crime scene
that probably should be, such as certain articles of clothing missing from the
deceased or certain home furnishing absent from the scene.
4. Accidental Death is that which occurs beyond the sway of one’s will.
5. Accurate, accuracy must be observed to time and date, names and addresses
of all persons concerned and the exact and detailed descriptions of physical
pieces of evidence and other related properties on the scene.
6. Accused is a person whose case was forwarded to the office of the prosecutor
and filed in court
7. Adipocere is the soapy appearance of a dead body left for weeks in a hot,
moist location.
8. Administrative Worksheet is used for documenting major events, times and
movements relating to the search efforts.
9. Admission is any statement of fact made by a party that is against his interest
or unfavorable to the conclusion for which he contends or inconsistent with
the facts alleged by him.
10. Adultery is the voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and
someone other than the lawful spouse.
11. AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) is a biometric
identification (ID) methodology that uses digital imaging technology to
obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data.
12. Algor mortis is cooling of the body after death, is primarily influenced by the
temperature of the immediate environment.
13. Allan Pinkerton is America’s foremost private detective. He became the first
detective of the Chicago Police Department in 1849.
14. Alphonse Bertillon is the Father of Criminal Identification. He introduced the
first organized identification system based on Anthropometry in 1882. He is
also known as the father of personal identification.
15. Amateur Intermittent Offenders are types of robbers who view themselves as
lifetime robbers and commits infrequent robbery offenses, often recklessly.
16. Ambassadors mean those who have been appointed as chiefs of mission and
have served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (R.A. 8239).
17. Analysis is the study of the unknown evidence or item found in the crime
scene to determine its essential characteristics.
18. Animus Lucrandi means intent to gain, in robbery.
19. Anonymous Informants refer to persons who furnish police officers'
information but refuse to divulge their identity.
20. Archimedes invented a method for determining the volume of an object with
an irregular shape.
21. Armed Robbery involves the use of weapons such as a firearm, a knife or
other dangerous weapons.
22. Arrest is the process of taking a person into custody usually carried out by a
duly appointed law enforcement officer. Arrest can be classified as criminal
or civil. Criminal arrest is generally the first step in a series of legal actions
taken against a person suspected of committing a crime, in order to bring
that person to court for judgment. Civil arrest, infrequently used today, is
designed to compel an individual to fulfill some legal obligation at the order
of a court. Certain privileged persons, such as representatives of foreign
governments, are not liable to arrest in either civil or criminal proceedings.
23. Arson is the act of willfully and maliciously setting fire to a house, building,
or other property. Under common law, arson was the willful and malicious
burning of the house of another person and was considered a felony
punishable by death. The penalty for arson now consists of differing
periods of penal servitude or simple imprisonment. If the act results directly
or indirectly in the death of a person, it is treated according to the modern
definition of murder. The act of burning one's own house to defraud an
insurer or destroy the property of another on the premises was also a crime,
usually a misdemeanor, in common law.
24. Asphyxia is a suffocation as a result of physical blockage of the airway or
inhalation of toxic gases, causing a lack of oxygen and unconsciousness.
25. Assassination is the murder of politically important or otherwise prominent
individuals.
26. Associative Evidence refers to physical evidence which links directly the
suspect to the crime scene.
27. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a biometric
identification (ID) methodology that uses digital imaging technology to
obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data.
28. Autopsy is the process by which the pathologist or the medico-legal officer
conducts an examination on the cadaver to determine the exact cause of
 death. Autopsy should be performed at once when there is the slightest
reason to suspect the probability of homicide.
29. Autopsy or necropsy is the medical examination of a dead human body,
including the internal organs, to determine the cause of death or to study
pathological changes. An autopsy is performed by a doctor trained in
pathology. After the exterior body is thoroughly examined, an incision is
made to expose the internal organs. Their position is noted, and they are
removed for examination by eye and further study under a microscope.
Autopsies are commonly performed shortly after death; usually,
authorization of a surviving relative is required. Most autopsies serve to
advance medical knowledge, but autopsies also have legal uses. Deaths
resulting from violence or poison, or occurring under suspicious
circumstances, are investigated by a government officer, called either a
coroner or a medical examiner. In such instances, the autopsy is made to
determine the time and circumstances of death, thereby providing evidence
for legal action.
30. Autopsy or Necropsy Report is the medical document or report stating the
cause of death of the victim.
31. Azimuth uses polar coordinates. This method requires two people; one to
hold each end of a tape measure. This type of measuring convention is best
suited for large open areas where there might not be any fixed reference
points. A known starting point must be established in your scene which
might require pounding in a stake. That point is located by using a
handheld GPS (global positioning system). A large protractor or some other
type of board marked with a circle and degree increments is used. The zero
location on the board is oriented toward magnetic north.
32. Bag Clippers are those who cut the strap by which the bag is suspended,
removes its contents and throw away bag.
33. Bail is obtaining the release from custody of a prisoner by depositing a
security to guarantee the prisoner's surrender to proper legal authorities at
a given time. The security itself is termed bail or bail bond monies.
34. Baseline is a method of locating objects, particularly useful in large,
irregularly shaped outdoor areas.
35. Battered Woman Syndrome refers to a scientifically defined pattern of
psychological and behavioral symptoms found in women living in battering
relationships as a result of cumulative abuse (R.A. 9262).
36. Battery refers to an act of inflicting physical harm upon the woman or her
child resulting in physical and psychological or emotional distress (R.A.
9262).
37. Bienes Muebles, in robbery, means personal property belonging to another.
38. Blackmail is a criminal offense of attempting to extort money or property by
threats of exposure of crime or of disreputable conduct. It is distinguished
from extortion in its widest sense, which is the use of any means of illegal
compulsion or oppressive exaction. As a rule, defense to the charge of
blackmailing does not include the claim that the person threatened with
exposure of criminal or shameful conduct is guilty of the offenses charged
or that the attempt at extortion was not successful.
39. Blood often becomes important evidence in homicides, assaults, robberies or
other cases wherein may be spilled. Blood can be categorized into the major
group types of A, B, AB and O depending on the condition of the stain on
receipt. Major group similarity does not identify a suspect but does include
a portion of the population depending on the group type.
40. Body-building is a job undertaken on a motor vehicle in order to replace its
entire body with a new body (R.A. 6539).
41. Book of Xi Yuan Lu is the first written account of using medicine and
entomology to solve criminal cases.
42. Bullet can provide information about the type and make of ammunition, the
type and make of weapon from which the bullet was fired, and whether or
not it was fired from a specific weapon, provided the weapon is available
for test purposes.
43. Bullet Wounds are caused by bullets, which are discharged from a firearm.
44. Burden of Proof is the responsibility for proving a disputed charge or
allegation. In criminal trials, the prosecution has the heavy burden of
proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. In civil trials, the burden on the
plaintiff is less rigorous.
45. Buy-bust Operation is used in catching drug-traffickers whereby an
undercover officer usually posess as buyers of illegal drugs.
46. Carl Wilhelm Scheele devised in 1773 a method for detecting arsenous oxide,
simple arsenic, in corpses
47. Carnapping is the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to
another without the latter's consent, or by means of violence against or
intimidation of persons, or by using force upon things (R.A. 6539).
48. Cartridge Cases can provide vital information as to the type of weapon used,
the type of ammunition, and whether or not the case was fired in a specific
weapon (if the weapon is available for test firing).
49. Casing the Job is the stage where the robber before executing the robbery
conducts reconnaissance to study their target.
50. Charles Dickens is a famous English novelist that popularized the Scotland
Yard. In his novel, “Black House”, published in 1853, he introduced the
term detective, the first recorded appearance of the word specifically
designating an investigative law enforcement officer.
51. Chattel is a broad term, derived from the word cattle, used to describe all
kinds of personal property. In law, personal property is distinguished from
real property, or real estate, which is generally characterized by immobility.
Chattels are usually regarded as movable objects that may be taken from
one place to another, such as money, clothing, jewelry, automobiles, and
household goods. Real estate, on the other hand, comprises land, buildings
and construction materials used in the buildings, and natural resources
found on the land. Certain objects that are a part of real estate may become
chattels when they are removed from the land, such as cutting timber or
mined ore.
52. Child refers to a person below eighteen (18) years of age or one who is over
eighteen (18) but is unable to fully take care of or protect himself/herself
from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation, or discrimination because of a
physical or mental disability or condition (R.A. 9208).
53. Children refers to those below eighteen (18) years of age or older but are
incapable of taking care of themselves as defined under Republic Act No.
7610. As used in this Act, it includes the biological children of the victim
and other children under her care (R.A. 9262)
54. Chinese water torture is an interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping
water on the forehead of the suspect. The goal is to drive the suspect to near
insanity thereby obtaining a confession.
55. Chromatography, in chemistry, is an analytical technique used for the
chemical separation of mixtures and substances. The technique depends on
the principle of selective adsorption (not to be confused with absorption), a
type of adhesion. Chromatography was discovered in 1906 by the Italian-
born Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett, but was not widely used until the
1930s. Tswett separated plant pigments (chlorophylls) by pouring
petroleum-ether extract of green leaves over a column of powdered calcium
carbonate in a vertical glass tube. As the solution percolated through the
column the individual components of the mixture migrated downward at
different rates of speed, so that the column became marked with horizontal
bands of colors, called a chromatogram. Each band corresponded to a
different pigment.
56. Chronological Style of Notes Taking is used in taking notes from a suspect or
person whose time must be accounted for.
57. Clear means that the notes must clearly state vital points and facts
understandable even to ordinary people.
58. Close up Views are moving from the broad to the specific, the last phase in
photographing the crime scene is the close-up. These photos are taken at a
distance of less than five feet and should focus on small segments of a larger
surface or on specific objects in the scene.
59. Coagulation of the Blood occurs inside the blood vessel from six to eight
hours following death.
60. Collection is when relevant information must also be collected by the
investigator.
61. Column chromatography uses a wide range of adsorbent solids, including
silica, alumina, and silica gel. Liquids may also be adsorbed on these solids
and in turn, serve as adsorbents—a process called partition
chromatography—which enables chemists to construct columns with very
different properties for particular tasks. High-performance liquid
chromatography, a variant of this technique that is now in common use,
employs liquids adsorbed on extremely small and uniform particles to
provide very high sensitivity. A pump is required to drive a mixture
through the column. Thin-layer chromatography is another form of column
chromatography in which the adsorbent material is on a glass or plastic
film.
62. Comparison is the process of examining how the characteristics of the
evidence gathered compare with established properties of known items.
63. Compass Direction refers to a standard arrow designating the north to
facilitate proper sketch orientation.
64. Concluding Investigation is the direct outgrowth of the previous two stages.
The investigating officer works closely with the prosecuting attorney.
65. Confession refers to a direct acknowledgment of guilt for the commission of a
criminal offense.
66. Confidential Informants are those who provide information with the
agreement and understanding that their identity will not be divulged or
revealed.
67. Conjugal Rights are the rights of a husband or wife to the companionship,
society, service, and affection of his or her spouse. For any unlawful
invasion of these rights by a third party, the injured spouse may have a
legal claim against the wrongdoer.
68. Contusion is an injury fund in the substance of the skin discoloration of the
surface due to extravasations of blood caused by the application of a blunt
instrument.
69. Coordinate Method employs the practice of measuring an object from two
fixed points of reference. One such procedure is the baseline technique, in
which a line is drawn between two known points. The baseline could also
be a wall or a mathematically derived point along a designated area where
exact measurements can be determined.
70. Coroner was originally, an officer of the English crown; later, a public official
whose function was to inquire into death from questionable causes. The
position was already established in England by the 12th century. The
 primary duty of the coroner was to keep a record of all criminal matters that
arose in his county, mainly in order to collect the fines and dues owed to the
sovereign. In 1887, by British law, the chief duty of the coroner was to
conduct a legal inquiry, or inquest, to determine the cause of a sudden or
violent death. This is the only function that has substantially survived to the
present day. Since 1888 British coroners have been appointed by the county
or borough council. Modern coroners must be trained in medicine or law. In
the United Kingdom, the verdict of a coroner's jury accusing a person of
homicide is sufficient to bring that person to trial without indictment by a
grand jury.
71. Corpus Delicti is a Latin term for the “body of the crime” (Criminologists,
2014).
72. Court is a branch of government established to administer civil and criminal
law. The term court is also applied to the international tribunals intended to
provide for the resolution at law of controversies among governments,
namely, the Permanent Court of International Justice, established by the
League of Nations after World War I, and by the International Court of
Justice, established by the United Nations after World War II.
73. Covert Investigation is conducted in secret. Investigators try to hide their
identity and the fact that they are conducting an investigation.
74. Crime is a generic term referring to many types of misconduct forbidden by
law or any act that is detrimental to society.
75. Crime Laboratory is where the techniques and principles of natural and
physical sciences are applied and practiced to the analysis of crime scene
evidence.
76. Crime Scene is a physical location where a suspect either commits an illegal
act or leaves physical evidence of such an act. The crime scene is the place in
which much physical evidence is obtained.
77. Crime Scene Sketch is the documentation of physical evidence location, as
well as measurements showing pertinent size and distance relationships in
the crime scene area.
78. Criminal Investigation is an art and science of identifying, collecting,
preserving and evaluating information for the purpose of bringing a
criminal offender to justice without which relevant highly significant
evidence may be overlooked and improperly or inefficiently gathered, and
incorrect conclusions may be drawn.
79. Criminal Investigator is a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct
the investigation of all criminal cases as provided for and embodied under
the revised penal code, criminal laws, and special laws that are criminal in
nature.
80. Criminal Law is a branch of municipal or substantive law that defines crimes,
establishes punishment, and regulates the investigation and prosecution of
people accused of committing crime.
81. Criminal Offender refers to any rational individual who commits an anti-
social act that is detrimental to society.
82. Criminal Procedure is the body of law regulating the inquiry into whether a
person has violated criminal law. Criminal procedure governs the
investigation of crimes; the arrest, charging, and trial of accused criminals;
and the sentencing of those convicted (found guilty of a crime). It also
regulates the convicted person’s possible appeal for a review of the trial
court’s decision.
83. Criminalist is the officer responsible for recording a crime scene and
recognizing and preserving physical evidence.
84. Criminalistics is also called Forensic Science. It is the application of natural
sciences and their technology to examine physical evidence that can be used
to establish that a crime has been committed and who is/are responsible.
85. Cross – Projection Sketch is a method for making a sketch of the crime inside
of a room. It is done by drawing the walls as if they were folded down flat
on the floor. This method is very good where there are bullet holes or
bloodstains on the wall or ceiling.
86. Custodial Investigation is an investigation conducted by law enforcement
officers after a person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of
action.
87. Dates, Time and Location is the exact time or arrival at the crime scene,
location of the scene lighting, weather condition, names of other officers
and other officers present at the scene.
88. Dating relationship refers to a situation wherein the parties live as husband
and wife without the benefit of marriage or are romantically involved over
time and on a continuing basis during the course of the relationship. A
casual acquaintance or ordinary socialization between two individuals in a
business or social context is not a dating relationship (R.A. 9262).
89. Death and Dying is the irreversible cessation of life and the imminent
approach of death. Death involves a complete change in the status of a
living entity—the loss of its essential characteristics.
90. Death Certificate is an official document completed and signed by a doctor,
stating that somebody is dead and giving the cause of death if known
91. Death Chamber is a room where prisoners condemned to death are executed.
92. Death is the ending of all vital functions or processes in an organism or cell.
93. Debt Bondage refers to the pledging by the debtor of his/her personal
services or labor or those of a person under his/her control as security or
payment for a debt, when the length and nature of services is not clearly
defined or when the value of the services as reasonably assessed is not
applied toward the liquidation of the debt (R.A. 9208).
94. Deductive reasoning is one you decide is the answer of the case, and which
you then attempt to prove with a collection of facts. To put it in another
way, you “jump at a conclusion” and then undertake to show that your
guess was right.
95. Defacing or tampering with a serial number is the erasing, scratching, altering
or changing of the original factory-inscribed serial number on the motor
vehicle engine, engine block or chassis of any motor vehicle. Whenever any
motor vehicle is found to have a serial number on its motor engine, engine
block or chassis which is different from that which is listed in the records of
the Bureau of Customs for motor vehicles imported into the Philippines,
that motor vehicle shall be considered to have a defaced or tampered with
serial number (R.A. 6539)
96. Defamation is the act of damaging the reputation of another by means of
false and injurious communications that expose that person to contempt,
ridicule, hatred, or social ostracism. In common law, defamation in writing
is classified as libel and oral defamation is slander.
97. Degree of Decomposition of the Body is the rate of decay of dead bodies in
tropical climate, decomposition starts from 36 to 48 hours after death.
98. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a genetic material of all cellular organisms
and most viruses. DNA carries the information needed to direct protein
synthesis and replication. Protein synthesis is the production of the proteins
needed by the cell or virus for its activities and development. Replication is
the process by which DNA copies itself for each descendant cell or virus,
passing on the information needed for protein synthesis. In most cellular
organisms, DNA is organized on chromosomes located in the nucleus of the
cell.
99. Description is a narration of the subject matter of issues that depicts the size,
color, design, quality, character, location, and shape of the thing to be
described.
100. Description of Victim is the information should include all identification of
the victim, including name, age, social security number, height, weight,
color of hair and eyes, and so on. In addition, clothing should be noted as to
the style and color of the garment. Special attention should be given to
extemporaneous identifiers such as complexion, tattoos, and scars.
101. Detailed Search is the search for physical evidence that is done using the
accepted methods of search depending upon the actual location to be
searched.
102. Dismantling is the tearing apart, piece by piece or part by part, of a motor
vehicle (R.A. 6539).
103. DNA Fingerprinting is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic
information, called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), of a person's cells
(Criminologists, 2014).
104. DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic
fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the
identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles
(Criminologists, 2014).
105. Double Crosses Information gives information to investigators in the
attempt to gather for him facts related to the case.
106. Double Strip Search Method is the double strip search that is a modification
of the strip search method. Here the rectangle is traversed first parallel to
the base then parallel to the side.
107. Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle is popularized in 1887 scientific criminal
investigation by creating the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes and his
friend Dr. Watson.
108. Dr. Hans Gross published in 1981 a book entitled Criminal Investigation
that contained the first comprehensive description of physical evidence in
solving crime.
109. Drawing is the delineation of form upon a surface, usually a plane, by
means of lines and tints or shading. The forms delineated in a drawing may
be visible objects, imagined forms presented as if actually seen, or purely
arbitrary or abstract forms.
110. Dying Declaration is a statement as to the cause of his death or her death,
made by a person who has been physically injured at the hands of another,
and who has given up all hope of recovery and who subsequently dies of
such injury. In law, such statements are permitted to be given in evidence.
This allowance is an exception to the rule excluding hearsay evidence from
the consideration of the jury. The exception is based on the assumption that
statements made by a dying person in the apprehension of death are as
trustworthy as those made in open court under oath; however, dying
declarations made by those other than the victim of a homicide are
inadmissible, in either civil or criminal cases.
111. Economic abuse refers to acts that make or attempt to make a woman
financially dependent (R.A. 9262).
112. Edgar Hoover, under his dictatorship in 1924, FBI was organized. This
bureau then contributed to the overall development of criminal
investigation.
113. Electoral Reform is the effort to eliminate undemocratic or corrupt practices
in the conduct of public elections. Electoral reform is usually brought about
by laws that contain provisions for accomplishing one or more of the
following ends: giving citizens previously barred from voting the right to
vote, regulating how campaign contributions are raised and used, and
outlawing corrupt practices that seek to influence the outcome of elections.
114. Embezzlement is the wrongful taking and using of property by a person
who has been entrusted with it. Embezzlement differs from larceny in that
the property wrongfully appropriated has been in the lawful care of the
embezzler, as for example in the case of the legal guardian who takes for his
or her own use money that has been entrusted to him or her.
115. English Constable is the early recorded professional criminal investigator.
116. Entrapment is a form of undercover operation classified under a proactive
type of investigation. It involves duping someone who has intentions to
commit a crime or to execute their plan but upon consummating their
crime, the offender is apprehended right there and then.
117. Espionage is the secret collection of information, or intelligence, that the
source of such information wishes to protect from disclosure. Intelligence
refers to evaluated and processed information needed to make decisions.
The term can be used with reference to business, military, economic, or
political decisions, but it most commonly relates to governmental foreign
and defense policy. Intelligence generally has a national security
connotation and therefore exists in an aura of secrecy.
118. Evaluation is the information that must be evaluated by the investigator to
determine its worth in prosecuting the suspect. Analyze the value of
physical evidence presented.
119. Evidence the means by which disputed facts are proved to be true or untrue
in any trial before a court of law or an agency that functions like a court.
Because American law is committed to a rational rather than a formalistic
system of evidence, no value is assigned to the form or the quantity of
evidence offered. Effectiveness is generally determined by how persuasive
the evidence seems, especially to a jury. In a few cases, formal rules are
enforced. Treason must be proved by the testimony of two witnesses, and in
several states, two witnesses are required for a perjury conviction. Some
transactions, such as wills, transfers of land, and the sale of very valuable
goods, must be evidenced by written documents.
120. Exhumation is simply defined as the bringing out from the grave the
remains of a dead person for purposes of medico-legal re-examination.
121. Extortion is any form of taking or obtaining property from another person
by means of illegal compulsion or oppressive exaction. In common law, it is
defined as a crime committed by an officer of the law, who, under cover of
office, unlawfully takes any money or other valuable. In many states of the
U.S., the term is still so defined by legal statutes. In other states, the statutes
define the term in its broader sense to include the obtaining of property
from another through a wrongful use of force or fear, or by pretense of
right. The term is also used synonymously with blackmail, such as, for
example, the extortion of money from a person by threats of exposure of
 wrongdoing. The crime of extortion is punishable by fine and imprisonment
and subjects the offender to removal from office.
122. Fact is something that can be shown to be true, to exist, or to happen. It is
an action, an event, a circumstance or an actual thing done.
123. Fibers are an excellent trace of evidence when clothing cross-examination
takes place. They are also important evidence in robbery cases and hit-and-
run cases. Fibers may be found on clothing snagged on projections, and
even embedded in vehicle paint.
124. Fictitious Investigations are those that do not exist in reality, they are only
creations of writer who focuses on inventing detective stories that may help
entertain and/or educate readers.
125. Final Survey is a final review of the crime scene to determine whether or
not the processing has been completed. Usually undertaken by the team
leader of the SOCO unit.
126. Finished Sketch is the draft of the crime scene is made for courtroom
presentation where proper scale and proportion should be detailed.
127. Fire is a reaction involving fuel and oxygen that produces heat and light.
Early humans used fire to warm themselves, cook food, and frighten away
predators. Sitting around a fire may have helped unite and strengthen
family groups and speed the evolution of early society. Fire enabled our
human ancestors to travel out of warm, equatorial regions and, eventually,
spread throughout the world. But fire also posed great risks and challenges
to early people, including the threat of burns, the challenge of controlling
fire, the greater challenge of starting a fire, and the threat of wildfires.
128. Firearm is a weapon consisting essentially of a metal tube from which a
projectile is fired. A gun.
129. Floor Search is where the subject is in prone position, face down touching
the ground, with arms extended overhead. The investigator crouches at the
side of the subject at the region of the waist of the subject.
130. Follow-Up or Latent Investigation is assigned to train police detectives and
it usually involves processing physical evidence, interviewing witnesses,
interrogation of suspects, conducting record searches. Surveillance
operations and following other investigatory practices.
131. Forced Labor and Slavery refer to the extraction of work or services from
any person by means of enticement, violence, intimidation or threat, use of
force or coercion, including deprivation of freedom, abuse of authority or
moral ascendancy, debt-bondage or deception (R.A. 9208).
132. Forcible Rape is sexual intercourse carried out against a person’s will by the
use of physical violence (Criminologists, 2014).
133. Forensic Science or Medical Jurisprudence is also called forensics, the
application of science to law. Forensic science uses highly developed
technologies to uncover scientific evidence in a variety of fields.
134. Formal Investigation refers to an official inquiry conducted by a
government agency in an effort to uncover facts and determine the truth.
135. Francis Turkey is America’s early public detectives who were appointed by
influential mayors due to the criminal occurrences in the 19th century.
136. Fraud is a term for any instance in which one party deceives or takes unfair
advantage of another. Any means used by one person to deceive another
may be defined as fraud. For example, if a person represents himself or
herself as the agent of a business with which he or she is unconnected and
causes another to make a contract to the other party's disadvantage or
injury, the first party is guilty of fraud. Furthermore, if, in making a
contract, a person obtains an unjust advantage because of the youth,
defective mental capacity, or intoxicated condition of the other party to the
contract; he or she is guilty of fraud. In a court of law, it is necessary to
prove that a representation was made as a statement of fact; that it was
untrue and known to be untrue; that it was made with intent to deceive and
to induce the other party to act upon it; and that the other party relied on it
and was induced to act or not to act, to his or her injury or damage.
137. Fruit of Poisonous Tree Doctrine resulted from the case of Silverthorne
Lumber Co. vs. United States, this was decided in 1920. This doctrine
provides that evidence obtained as a result of an illegal operation must be
excluded from trial.
138. Gender-sensitivity shall mean cognizance of the inequalities and inequities
prevalent in society between women and men and a commitment to
address issues with concern for the respective interests of the sexes (R.A.
8042).
139. General Views is where the general photograph is a sweeping view of the
crime scene area (overall scene of the neighborhood, including angles from
all streets leading to the crime scene). It demonstrates what the scene looks
like in its own environment.
140. Glass may be important evidence in robberies and hit-and-run cases. It may
be found as trace evidence in clothing and shoes. Glass is usually examined
to determine if both the evidence sample and the known standard has the
same physical properties and the trace elements as impurities.
141. Golden Rule of Crime Scene is “Never touch, alter, move, or transfer an
object at the crime scene unless it was properly marked, sketched,
measured, and photographed”.
142. Good-faith Doctrine states that illegally obtained evidence may be admitted
during trial if the police were truly unaware that they were violating the
suspect’s right against unreasonable search and seizure.
143. Government includes the national government, the local governments, the
government-owned and government-controlled corporations, and all other
instrumentalities or agencies of the Republic of the Philippines and their
branches (R.A. 3019).
144. Government Investigation is an investigation where a public officer is
acting on behalf of the government agency that is responsible for
conducting a post-factum inquiry on matters relating to public welfare and
safety.
145. Grid Method is very useful for large crime scenes that must be searched for
small items of evidence in an extremely thorough fashion. The entire search
area is crisscrossed by one or more investigators so that all areas are
actually crossed several times.
146. Grim Reaper is a personification of death, shown as a cloaked man or
skeleton holding a scythe.
147. Hair may be found in almost any place at a crime scene. It is often found on
the clothing if the victim and the suspect have come into physical contact
with each other. It can be very important evidence, especially in rape cases.
In most cases, there are rarely enough samples present for the positive
identification of an individual. However, it can be determined if the hair is
animal or human, whether the hair is dyed or bleached, if hair is from head
or body, and the racial origin can be determined.
148. Hematoma is extravasations of blood in the newly formed cavity known as
blood tumor caused by a blunt instrument.
149. Henry Fielding is an Englishman who wrote a novel, “Tom Jones”, was
appointed as magistrate (Sheriff) for the areas of Westminster and
Middlesex in London. He operated out of a court in London located on Bow
Street.
150. Henry Goddard from Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet comparison
in 1835.
151. Hijacking is the forcible seizure of any vehicle while in transit in order to
commit robbery, extort money, kidnap passengers, or carry out other
crimes. The term was originally used in England and the United States to
indicate the illegal taking of property from a traveler on a public road or
highway. Such an offense on land was also known as highway robbery. In
the United States, the term hijacking applied most often to the theft of goods
in transit by truck. A notable historical example of this practice was the
frequent theft of illicit liquor by rival gangs during the era of Prohibition in
the 1920s. By midcentury, hijacking included the taking of ships and trains,
 as well as of airplanes, usually for financial extortion or for the extraction of
political concessions from governments in exchange for the safe release of
passengers and crew.
152. Homicide is the killing of a human being by the act, procurement, or
negligence of another. Homicide is a generic term, comprehending not only
the crimes of murder and manslaughter but also the taking of a human life
under circumstances justifying the act or in a sense excusing its commission.
Thus, the killing of an enemy on the battlefield as an act of war is
considered justifiable homicide, and killing, without malice, to save one's
own life or the lives of one's dependents is termed excusable homicide.
153. Hostage Crisis is a situation in which people are held hostage and
negotiations take place for their release.
154. Howard Vincent is the Head of Scotland Yard organized investigators
known as the Criminal Investigation Department. He is a London lawyer
without field police experience, who had observed operations of the Paris
police.
155. HUMINT is the abbreviation of human intelligence.
156. Incised Wound is produced by forcible contact of the body by a sharp-edged
instrument, like bolo, knives, ax, broken glass or sharp edge of an oyster.
157. In-Depth Investigation follows up initial lead steaming from the
preliminary investigation.
158. Indictment is a formal, written accusation of a crime against a person,
presented by a grand jury to a court, and upon which the accused person is
subsequently tried. The requisites of a valid indictment are that it contains a
statement of the time and place of the commission of the offense and the
material facts charged against the accused, and that it be found “a true bill”
and be signed by the foreperson of the grand jury.
159. Individualization refers to the uniqueness of some item of evidence made
possible by the fact no two items occurring.
160. Inductive Reasoning collects all the facts available first and allows them to
determine the judgment. After you carefully examine all the details of a case
you will be compelled to come to some conclusion regarding them.
161. Inevitable-Discovery Doctrine is the main idea is that if illegally obtained
evidence would in all likelihood eventually have been discovered anyway,
it may be used. This doctrine was established in the United States in 1984
through the case of Nix vs. Williams.
162. Informants are also known as assets, stool pigeons, they refer to persons
who provide information to police investigators.
163. Information refers to any form of communicated knowledge which comes
from persons, places or things.
164. Inner Ring is the inner cycle of the victim’s life – relatives, friends or the
family, as well as the victim’s schoolmates, business associates, neighbors or
another person that has a connection with the victim.
165. Inquest is a judicial inquiry. In criminal law, the term usually refers to an
investigation into the cause of sudden or violent death of a person, or of the
death of a prisoner while in jail. The inquest is conducted by a coroner, or
other qualified official, and a jury. If foul play is suspected as the cause of
death, the coroner and the jury may investigate to determine the identity of
the murderer. Witnesses may be summoned and compelled to give
testimony. If the testimony warrants a verdict, known as a coroner's verdict,
a charge of homicide may be returned by the jury against one or more
individuals. Persons so charged are held for indictment by a grand jury.
166. Instrumentation  is the application of instruments and methods of physical
science in the detection and investigation of crime.
167. Intent refers to the purpose to use a particular means to effect a result. This
must be proven. Intent is always presumed from the commission of the
unlawful act. It assumes the exercise of freedom and the use of intelligence.
168. Interrogation is a skillful and thorough questioning of a reluctant person
who may be a suspect in a particular crime.
169. Interview refers to the questioning of a cooperative subject, usually witness
to a crime.
170. Investigation came from the Latin word “investigare” which means to track
or look into for trace. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from
vestigium, another Latin word which means footprint. Investigate means to
carry out a detailed examination or inquiry, usually an an official manner,
to discover something or somebody.
171. Investigation Report is a recent type of investigative pursued by the
members of the press on their own initiative.
172. Involuntary Informants are those who reluctantly gives information even
though they do not desire or know that they are doing so.
173. John Fielding is the Younger brother of Henry who took over the control of
Bow Street Court in 1753. His investigators were then called “Bow Street
Runners” and became quite effective because of developing paid
informants, printing wanted notices, employing criminal raids, and bearing
firearms and handcuffs.
174. Jonathan Wild is a buckle maker, a brothel operator, and a master criminal
who became London’s most effective criminal investigator. He was the most
famous thief catcher.
175. Jurisdiction is the authority exercised by a nation, a judicial body, or a
legislative body over persons, places, and property. In law, the term usually
 refers to the right of a court to hear and adjudicate legal matters. The
jurisdiction of the court may be determined according to various criteria.
Subject matter is one of the most common. Courts are set up to handle
specific types of cases; for example, criminal courts hear criminal cases;
probate courts try cases concerning the estates of deceased persons, and
divorce courts hear suits for divorce. The U.S. Supreme Court has exclusive
jurisdiction over some subject matter, such as controversies between states
or between the federal government and a state. Jurisdiction may depend on
the venue, that specific area within a state, county, or district in which a
case should be tried.
176. Kastle–Meyer Test is a presumptive blood test, first described in 1903, in
which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible
presence of hemoglobin (Criminologists, 2014).
177. Kidnapping is an offense involving taking and conveying away a person
against his or her will, either by force, fraud, or intimidation. Originally the
word applied only to the abduction of children, but early in English law, it
was employed to designate the same offense with regard to adults.
Formerly, in common law, the offense of kidnapping was confined to the
taking of persons from their own to another country, but such a restriction
does not exist in the common law today.
178. Kneeling Search is used where no wall of upright object is available for the
wall search. The subject is required to kneel with hands raised of secured
behind him with handcuffs.
179. Known Criminals refers to persons with criminal records and whose
identity and profile are available from the police file or database.
180. Lacerated Wounds is the tearing of the skin due to forcible contact of a blunt
instrument. The edges are irregular and do not correspond to the wounding
instrument.
181. Larceny is the felonious taking of money or personal property of another.
Larceny is distinguished from robbery, in that the latter involves the use of
force or threats of injury against the person from whom the money or
property is taken. Examples of larceny are the picking of another's pocket,
the embezzlement of funds by a bank employee, the conversion to one's
own use of personal property belonging to another, or obtaining property
by fraud or false pretenses.
182. Law is a rule of conduct or action recognized by custom or a formal
enactment prescribed or enforced by a controlling authority and is binding
upon all members.
183. Leads are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an
investigation.
184. Legend is the explanation of symbols used to identify objects in a sketch.
185. Libel is a communication (whether by word or picture) about a living
person or an organization, made to at least one person other than its subject,
which damages the subject's reputation. Technically, written defamation is
libel and a spoken one is slander. In the past, some libelous communications
were punished even if true. Today, however, only false statements can be
termed libel.
186. Line up Method is a technique, when used, will establish cooperation since
the complaint and witnesses will pinpoint the subject as the one who
committed the crime.
187. Livor Mortis is the reddish-blue discoloration that occurs on the underside
of the body, results from the settling of the blood.
188. Loose Tail is a method employed when the subject is moving and is not
constantly kept within view. A type of shadowing wherein the habit,
general impression and associates of the target must be ascertained.
189. Macro Etching is the chemical process of determining the authenticity of the
engine and chassis number of a motor vehicle which is a requirement before
a clearance is used for registration of newly transferred vehicles from
dealers, owners or buyers (Villaluz, 2011).
190. Mafia is a name for a loose association of criminal groups, sometimes
bound by a blood oath and sworn to secrecy. The Mafia first developed in
Sicily in feudal times to protect the estates of absentee landlords. By the 19th
century, the Mafia had become a network of criminal bands that dominated
the Sicilian countryside.
191. Malicious Prosecution is the tortfeasor knowingly brings a groundless
criminal proceeding against another. For example, a person who knowingly
makes a false accusation of theft against another commits the tort of
malicious prosecution. A person who makes anonymous, threatening phone
calls to someone and frightens him or her commits the tort of intentional
infliction of emotional distress.
192. Mass Spectrometer is an apparatus that converts molecules into ions and
then separates the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. Mass
spectrometers are used to identify atoms and isotopes and determine the
chemical composition of a sample.
193. Medical Examination provides evidence related to the cause and time of
death and to the presence of drugs or alcohol.
194. Medium Range Views, as we move in closer to the subject of the crime scene
additional photographs should be taken. These photos should be taken at a
distance no greater than 20 feet away from the subject or item being
photographed. The intent of the medium photo is to depict specific items or
objects in the crime scene. These shots show key pieces of evidence in
 context, so the photo includes not only the evidence but also its location in a
room and its distance from other pieces of evidence.
195. Mercenary Informant refers to those paid informants who give information
for valuable consideration.
196. Micro Etching is the chemical process of restoring erased or tampered
engine and chassis numbers. The process is by continuous application of
strong acid on the suspected tampered or erased numbers (Villaluz, 2011).
197. Migrant worker refers to a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has
been engaged in a renumerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a
legal resident to be used interchangeably with overseas Filipino worker
(R.A. 8042).
198. Miranda Doctrine is the principle of the rights of a suspect against forced
self-incrimination during police interrogation (Criminologists, 2014).
199. Misdemeanor is a light felony or light offense that is punishable by a small
fine or a short period of imprisonment in jail.
200. Modus Operandi refers to the characteristic or distinct way a criminal
commits a specific type of crime. Devised by Maj. Gen. Lewely Atcherly it
operates under the theory “that is human nature that personal habits and
mannerism do not change easily but remains with the individual for years”.
201. Motive refers to the reason that induces a person to commit a crime. The
moving power which compels one to action for a specific and definite
result. It is regarded as an essential element of a crime.
202. Motor Vehicle is any vehicle propelled by means other than muscular
power, using the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars,
street sweepers sprinklers, lawnmowers, bulldozers, forklifts, amphibian
trucks, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for
agricultural purposes (Villaluz, 2011).
203. Mugshot is a photographic portrait taken after one is arrested.
204. Mummification is the complete dehydration of all body tissues that occurs
when a cadaver is left in an extremely dry, hot area.
205. Murder is intentionally causing the death (homicide) of any person. Murder
is distinguished from manslaughter, which means unintentional killing. In
most of the U.S., criminal codes distinguish between two degrees of
murder, although as many as five degrees are distinguished in some states.
In general, murder in the first degree involves a deliberate, premeditated
design to cause the death of the person; murder in the second degree
involves the intent to cause death, but without premeditation and
deliberation. Most states classify a homicide that occurs during the
commission of a felony as first-degree murder, even though the element of
premeditated intent is absent.
206. Murder-Suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other
persons immediately before or at the same time as him or herself.
207. Narrative Description involves documentation of the general appearance of
the scene as first observed.
208. Narrative Style of Notes Taking is in the language of the witness taken
down as he tells it. It has the advantage of giving him free rein and not
restricting him to the point where he leaves out vital or important
information.
209. Narrative Type is a kind of interrogation that is utilized for subjects who are
willing to talk and cooperate with the investigators.
210. Neighborhood Investigation is one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for
ransom cases which is often overlooked. The objective is to identify and
interview in person all individuals in the area where the victim was
kidnapped or the last known sighting area during the window of
opportunity.
211. Non-Criminal Investigation involves inquiry on non-criminal incidents or
events. It can be conducted by the police or private investigators.
212. Notes are the method of recording the vital points, information, facts and
physical pieces of evidence found during the investigation.
213. Notes on Photographs taken on the Scene, for every photograph taken of
the scene, the F-stop, shutter speed, distance and direction of the photo
should be logged in an officer’s notes. It also includes the time and location
of each photograph.
214. Offense refers to any act or omission punishable by existing special laws.
215. Omerta is a rigid code of conduct that included avoiding all contact and
cooperation with the authorities. The Mafia had neither a centralized
organization nor a hierarchy; it consisted of many small groups, each
autonomous within its own district. By employing terroristic methods
against the peasant electorate, the Mafia attained political office in several
communities, thus acquiring influence with the police and obtaining legal
access to weapons.
216. One Man Shadow is the most common form of ailing since it utilizes the
uses of the least number of personnel.
217. Opportunity is the physical possibility that allows a criminal to commit an
act.
218. Organized crime is a combination of two or more persons who are engaged
in a criminal or virtual criminal activity on a continuing basis for the
purpose of profit or power using gangland-style to attain their purpose.
219. Organized criminal group is a structured group of three or more persons
existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of
committing one or more serious crime or offenses.
220. Outer Ring is the conditions and circumstances not immediately concerned
with the life of the victims.
221. Overall Description of the Crime Scene is where the investigators must note
anything unusual at the crime scene. This includes items damaged or in
disarray, items that seem misplaced or that don’t seem to belong in the
scene, open doors or windows, and so on.
222. Overhauling is the cleaning or repairing of the whole engine of a motor
vehicle by separating the motor engine and its parts from the body of the
motor vehicle (R.A. 6539)
223. Overseas Filipino worker refers to a person who is to be engaged, is
engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which
he or she is not a citizen or on board a vessel navigating the foreign seas
other than a government ship used for military or non-commercial purposes
or on an installation located offshore or on the high seas; to be used
interchangeably with migrant worker (R.A. 10022).
224. Overt Investigation is conducted openly. Investigators do not try hiding
their identity or hiding the fact that they are conducting an investigation.
225. Paints Traces are often found in clothing and as transfer on the tool and
automobiles. As the analysis of paints consists of an examination of its
color, surface texture and sequence of layers. The samples are subjected to
infrared analysis and spectrographic analysis. All of these tests are
worthless unless samples of paint to be used as a comparative standard are
collected at the crime scene to compare with those found in the possession
of the suspect.
226. Pants Pocket Worker are thieves who extract a wallet from a man’s pocket
without the knowledge of the victim.
227. Paper Chromatography, in paper chromatography, a liquid sample flows
down a vertical strip of adsorbent paper, on which the components are
deposited in specific locations. Another technique, known as gas-liquid
chromatography (gas-solid chromatography is a more rarely used variant),
permits separation of mixtures of gas compounds or substances that can be
vaporized by heat. The vaporized mixture is forced by an inert gas along a
narrow, coiled tube packed with a material through which the components
flow at different rates and are detected at the end of the tube. In ion
chromatography, a gas may be broken down into ions (electrically charged
molecular fragments) by passing it through a hydrogen flame, bombarding
it with X rays or radioactive material, or using adsorbent substances that
exchange ions with the material being analyzed. Gel permeation
chromatography is another method, based on the filtering action of an
adsorbent with pores of uniform size; molecules of high molecular weight
are separated and detected by this method.
228. Paraffin is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum and
used as a domestic heating fuel and as fuel for aircraft.
229. Paraffin Wax is a white waxy solid mixture of hydrocarbons. Source:
petroleum. Use: in making candles, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, as a sealing
agent.
230. Passport means a document issued by the Philippine government to its
citizens and requesting other governments to allow its citizens to pass safely
and freely, and in case of need to give him/her all lawful aid and protection
(R.A. 8239).
231. Patrick Colquhoun is a notorious thief catcher and former convict. He
proposed the unique idea of a sizeable uniform force to police the city. At
the end of a lengthy criminal career in 1809, he offered his services as an
informer to the Paris police authorities. He surfaced as a secret informer in
1817 and, under police authorization, formed the first Paris police detective
bureau.
232. Pattern refers to a series of similarities that may link particular cases or
indicate that the same person is committing a series of crimes.
233. Person includes natural and juridical persons, unless the context indicates
otherwise (R.A. 3019).
234. Phenomenon is a circumstance, event or occurrence as it actually exists or
existed (Criminologists, 2014).
235. Photographic Log is a series of a photograph of the crime scene taken in a
systematic manner based on SOP. It is the record of the process of scene
photography which records the over-all, medium, and close-up views of the
scene.
236. Photography is the third method of recording scene of the crime as it was
left behind by the criminal; physical pieces of evidence as they were
discovered and the work done by technicians, criminalists, pathologists and
other experts.
237. Physical evidence is evidence addressed to the senses of the court that are
capable of being exhibited, examined or viewed by the court. This includes
but not limited to fingerprints, body fluid, explosives, hazardous chemicals,
soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts used in the commission of the
crime.
238. Physical Violence refers to acts that include bodily or physical harm (R.A.
9262).
239. Piracy, in international law, the crime of robbery, or other act of violence for
private ends, on the high seas or in the air above the seas, committed by the
captain or crew of a ship or aircraft outside the normal jurisdiction of any
nation, and without authority from any government. The persons who
engage in acts of piracy are called pirates. International treaties and national
legislation have sometimes applied the term piracy to attacks on the high
 seas authorized by a government, in violation of international law; to
actions by insurgents acting for political purposes; or too violent acts
onboard a vessel under control of its officers. Such acts, however, are not
regarded as piracy under the law of nations. Piracy is distinguished from
privateering in that the latter is authorized by a belligerent in time of war;
privateering was legally abolished by the Declaration of Paris of 1856, but
the United States and certain other nations did not assent to the declaration.
240. Poison is a substance that causes illness, injury, or death if taken into the
body or produced within the body
241. Police Blotter is an 18" x 12" logbook with hardbound cover that contains
the daily register of all crime incident reports, an official summary of arrests
and other significant events reported in a police station. A separate police
blotter shall be maintained for offenses requiring confidentiality like
violence against women and children and those cases involving a child in
conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to RA 9262 (anti-
violence against women and children act of 2004) and RA 9344 ( juvenile
justice and welfare act of 2006).
242. Police is the agency of a community or government that is responsible for
maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. The basic
police mission—preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws—
was the same in ancient societies as it is in sophisticated urban
environments.
243. Police Line-Up refers to the method of criminal identification by selecting
from a group of seven to ten persons with similar appearances.
244. Police restraint is a means employed by the investigators to temporarily
deprive the liberty of a person by taking him into custody.
245. Political terrorists is the use of force or the fear of force to achieve a
political end.
246. Pornography refers to any representation, through publication, exhibition,
cinematography, indecent shows, information technology, or by whatever
means, of a person engaged in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or
any representation of the sexual parts of a person for primarily sexual
purposes (R.A. 9208).
247. Post Mortem Examination is the cursory examination of the dead body by
the medico-legal officer at the crime scene.
248. Power-Reassurance Rapist is a rapist who psychologically doubt his
masculinity and seeks to dispel this doubt by exercising power and control
over women.
249. Precipitin Test is a chemical process to determine whether blood is of
human or animal origin.
250. Pre-fire planning is an advance planning of possible firefighting operations
by the fire department in a particular building or group of buildings
(Villaluz, 2011).
251. Preliminary Investigation is the first exposure of criminal offense to the
investigative effort. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that this step is
vital to the success of the investigation. It serves as the foundation of the
case, therefore, it must be a proper foundation otherwise the entire
investigation is in jeopardy.
252. Preliminary Searches of Person is ordinarily made at the time and scene of
an arrest. Its primary purpose is to discover concealed weapons and seizure
of incriminating evidence which might otherwise be destroyed.
253. Preservation is when the information must be preserved to ensure its
physical and legal integrity.
254. Primary Investigation is the initial inquiry into a reported crime and is
generally conducted by a uniformed patrol officer.
255. Private Detectives are hired people who conduct investigations either
directly or indirectly, such as those employed by government and private
attorneys, to collect information or pieces of evidence.
256. Pro-Active Investigation is an investigation conducted by the police based
on their own initiative. These are designed to catch a criminal in the act of
committing a crime, rather than waiting until a crime is reported by a
concern citizen.
257. Probe is an extensive, searching inquiry conducted by a government
agency. It is often associated with comities, usually in the form of legislative
inquiries.
258. Professional Robber is characterized as having a long-term commitment to
crime as a source of livelihood, planning and organizing crimes before
committing them and pursuing money to support a particular lifestyle.
259. Property is any object or right that can be owned. Ownership involves, first
and foremost, possession; in simple societies to possess something is to own
it. Beyond possession, ownership in modern societies implies the rights to
use, prevents others from using, and dispose of property, and it implies the
protection of such rights by the government. Property is usually obtained
by purchase, inheritance, or gift. Ownership may be public or private.
Public ownership is by the government. Private ownership is by an
individual, a group of individuals, a corporation, or some other form of
organization.
260. Prostitution refers to any act, transaction, scheme or design involving the
use of a person by another, for sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct in
exchange for money, profit or any other consideration (R.A. 9208).
261. Psychological violence refers to acts or omissions causing or likely to cause
mental or emotional suffering of the victim such as but not limited to
intimidation, harassment, stalking, damage to property, public ridicule or
humiliation, repeated verbal abuse and marital infidelity. It includes
causing or allowing the victim to witness the physical, sexual or
psychological abuse of a member of the family to which the victim belongs,
or to witness pornography in any form or to witness abusive injury to pets
or to unlawful or unwanted deprivation of the right to custody and/or
visitation of common children (R.A. 9262).
262. Public officer includes elective and appointive officials and employees,
permanent or temporary, whether in the classified or unclassified or exempt
service receiving compensation, even nominal, from the government as
defined in the preceding subparagraph (R.A. 3019).
263. Punch Job is where the dial is first knocked off the safe with hammer. The
punch is then held against the spindle of the safe and hit sharply with a
mallet or hammer.
264. Punctured Wound is produced by sharp-pointed instruments like an ice
pick, nail, pins, and others. This wound is more likely to produce infection
like tetanus as a consequence.
265. Putrefaction is the decomposition that follows is caused by the action of
enzymes and bacteria.
266. Pyromania is the uncontrollable urge to set fire to things
267. Quadrant Method is also known as the zone method this method of search
is conducted wherein the crime scene is divided into four quadrants with
one searcher assigned to each area.
268. Question and Answer Style of Notes Taking is a style that is usually
restricted to the obtaining of specific information from witnesses, such as in
the investigation of traffic accidents.
269. R.A. 7438. An act defining certain rights of the person under custodial
investigation.
270. Raid - This is a surprise invasion of the building area. It is an attack on a
small scale of a limited territory.
271. Rape is sexual intercourse against a person’s will. Most experts believe the
primary cause of rape is an aggressive desire to dominate the victim rather
than an attempt to achieve sexual fulfillment. They consider rape an act of
violence rather than principally a sexual encounter.
272. Reactive Investigation is a type of investigation that is initiated on the basis
of a complaint filed by a victim or any concerned citizen.
273. Receiving any gift includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly a gift
from a person other than a member of the public officer's immediate family,
in behalf of himself or of any member of his family or relative within the
 fourth civil degree, either by consanguinity or affinity, even on the occasion
of a family celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if the value of the
gift is under the circumstances manifestly excessive (R.A. 3019).
274. Recognition is the investigating officer must recognize information relating
to a crime as such.
275. Rectangular Method is to coordinate a point as plotted by making
measurements at a right angle from each of two walls.
276. Remodeling is the introduction of some changes in the shape or form of the
body of the motor vehicle (R.A. 6539).
277. Remuneration is a moving cause for a person to reveal information to
authorities in exchange for reward or money.
278. Repainting is changing the color of a motor vehicle by means of painting.
There is repainting whenever the new color of a motor vehicle is different
from its color as registered in the Land Transportation Commission (R.A.
6539).
279. Research refers to the careful, patient investigations done by a scientist of
scholar in their effort to identify the original source of data or causes of the
problem.
280. Reverse Line-Up Method is undertaken by requesting the subject to join a
police lineup in which several persons will point to him as having
committed fictitious offenses. As a result of which, the subject may tend to
confess to the real offense of which he has taken part of.
281. Rigor Mortis is the stiffening of body muscles after death. Rigor mortis
occurs because of chemical changes that take place in the muscle tissue
beginning shortly after death. Rigidity increases for several hours and may
last for several days before the body becomes limp. Emergency medical
personnel recognize the onset of rigor mortis as an unmistakable sign that a
patient cannot be revived. Factors such as physical activity immediately
prior to death affect the onset and duration of rigor mortis. By making
repeated measurements of the intensity and progression of rigor mortis and
using these measurements in conjunction with other factors, experts are
able to estimate the approximate time of death.
282. Rip-Job is the greatest number of safebreaker employ the rip technique. The
required tools include an electric drill and a crowbar.
283. Rival Elimination Informants are persons who give information to the
police to do away with competition.
284. Robbery is the taking of personal property belonging to another, by means
of violence against or intimidation of any person, or by using, force upon
anything. The felonious act consisting of the unlawful taking, by means of
violence or intimidation, of property in the possession or in the immediate
presence or control of another. Robbery differs from the crime of larceny in
that the latter does not involve the use of force or fear of personal injury.
 Thus pickpocketing when not resisted is considered larceny; if however,
resistance is offered and force is used by the pickpocket to retain the
property, the act is considered robbery. To constitute robbery, the
intimidation may consist of threats of violence either to the person from
whom the property is taken or to a relative of that person. If the taking is
accomplished without the use of force or intimidation and force or threats
are used solely as a means of escape, the crime is not considered robbery. In
common law, robbery was punishable by death. By statute both in England
and in much of the United States, degrees of robbery have been established
with varying penalties, the most severe of which is life imprisonment for
first-degree robbery committed by an offender armed with a dangerous
weapon. For robbery on the high seas.
285. Rogue’s Gallery is a compilation of photographic files of known criminals
kept for identification purposes of witnesses in case of future crimes.
286. Rope Hose Tool is a piece of rope spliced to form a loop through a metal
hook. It is used for securing hose to ladders or other objects (Villaluz, 2011).
287. Roping is also known as the undercover assignment is a method of
investigation in which the investigator assumes a different and official
identity to locate criminals and obtain information.
288. Rough Shadowing is conducted with less special caution since the object or
target knows that he is being followed by the police for his protection.
289. Rough Sketch is the rough draft or outline is made by the investigator at the
crime scene where no scale and proportion are required and approximation
is resorted to. This would serve as the basis of the finished diagram.
290. Sabotage is the deliberate destruction of property, dismantling of
technology, or otherwise surreptitious interference with an enemy's
operations.
291. Safe place or shelter refers to any home or institution maintained or
managed by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
or by any other agency or voluntary organization accredited by the DSWD
for the purposes of this Act or any other suitable place the resident of which
is willing temporarily to receive the victim (R.A. 9262).
292. SATINT is the abbreviation of satellite intelligence.
293. Scanning Electron Microscope is a tightly focused electron beam moves
over the entire sample to create a magnified image of the surface of the
object in much the same way an electron beam scans an image onto the
screen of a television. Electrons in the tightly focused beam might scatter
directly off the sample or cause secondary electrons to be emitted from the
surface of the sample. These scattered or secondary electrons are collected
and counted by an electronic device. Each scanned point on the sample
corresponds to a pixel on a television monitor; the more electrons the
counting device detects, the brighter the pixel on the monitor is. As the
electron beam scans over the entire sample, a complete image of the sample
 is displayed on the monitor. An SEM scans the surface of the sample bit by
bit, in contrast to a TEM, which looks at a relatively large area of the sample
all at once. Samples scanned by an SEM do not need to be thinly sliced, as
do TEM specimens, but they must be dehydrated to prevent the secondary
electrons emitted from the specimen from being scattered by water
molecules in the sample.
294. Search of a Person is conducted to discover weapons, or evidence to
determine identity.
295. Seizure is the taking into custody property which is found by searching.
296. Self–Aggrandizing Informants are usually members of the underworld who
give bits of information with the desire to please him and gain attention.
297. Semen is the male reproductive fluid that normally contains spermatozoa,
the male reproduction germ cells. The presence and appearance of
spermatozoa are highly important to the value of semen as a tracing clue.
Following their discharge from the male, the cells typically remain in an
active state for up to 15 hours.
298. Serial Killer is someone who murders 3 or more people with "cooling off"
periods in between.
299. Sex Tourism refers to a program organized by travel and tourism-related
establishments and individuals which consists of tourism packages or
activities, utilizing and offering escort and sexual services as enticement for
tourists. This includes sexual services and practices offered during rest and
recreation periods for members of the military (R.A. 9208).
300. Sexual Assault is an incident that involves sexual contact that is forced on
somebody.
301. Sexual Exploitation refers to participation by a person in prostitution or the
production of pornographic materials as a result of being subjected to a
threat, deception, coercion, abduction, force, abuse of authority, debt
bondage, fraud or through abuse of a victim’s vulnerability (R.A. 9208).
302. Sexual Harassment is an unwanted sex-related behavior toward somebody,
e.g. touching somebody or making suggestive remarks, especially by
somebody with authority toward a subordinate
303. Sexual Intercourse is an act carried out for reproduction or pleasure
involving penetration, especially one in which a man inserts his erect penis
into a woman's vagina.
304. Sexual relations refer to a single sexual act that may or may not result in the
bearing of a common child (R.A. 9262).
305. Sexual violence refers to an act which is sexual in nature, committed against
a woman or her child (R.A. 9262)
306. Shabu is the Philippines ' methamphetamine hydrochloride used illicitly for
recreational and other purposes.
307. Shadowing also referred to as tailing, it is the act of following a person.
308. Shakedown is an act of extorting money from somebody uses threats
(slang). In Corrections related subjects, it refers to the thorough search for
somebody or place.
309. Shot and Powder Patterns may indicate the distance from which the shot
was fired. Occasionally they may make it possible to determine the barrel
length or number of lands and grooves for the weapon.
310. Shot Gun Shells can indicate the type of ammunition used and whether or
not it was found in a specific weapon. Occasionally the type of shotgun may
be determined from the type and location of marks.
311. Shotgun Pellets and Wads may indicate the size and type of ammunition
used.
312. SIGINT is the abbreviation of Signal intelligence.
313. Sir William Herschel was one of the first to advocate the use of
fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects.
314. Sketch of Details is commonly used by the police in the investigation of
crimes and presentation in court. It is confined in a specific room.
315. Sketch of Locality shows the general area of a crime and the points of
interest. It is used whenever an extended area is to be covered, like in arson
cases to show damage to other buildings or in hold-up to show flight.
316. Sketch refers to the simplest but most effective way of showing actual
measurement and of identifying significant physical pieces of evidence in
their location at the crime scene. It is the geographical representation of the
scene of the crime.
317. Slander is the oral defamation or use of the spoken word to injure another's
reputation, as distinguished from libel or written defamation. To be the
basis of a legal action, a publication of the words complained of, that is,
their utterances in the hearing of third persons must demonstrably have
taken place. Among statements considered slanderous per se are those that
impute the commission of a felony, as by calling an individual a forger or
murderer; that impute an individual to be suffering from an offensive
disease, such as leprosy or syphilis; or that are injurious to an individual in
his or her trade or profession, as by calling a doctor a quack. When the
reputation of the injured party is not presumed to have been injured by the
statement itself, the plaintiff must allege special damage or loss that was
suffered as a result of the statement.
318. Slavery is the social institution defined by law and custom as the most
absolute involuntary form of human servitude. The definitive
characteristics of slaves are as follows: their labor or services are obtained
 through force; their physical beings are regarded as the property of another
person, their owner; and they are entirely subject to their owner's will. Since
earliest times slaves have been legally defined as things; therefore, they
could, among other possibilities, be bought, sold, traded, given as a gift, or
pledged for a debt by their owner, usually without any recourse to personal
or legal objection or restraint.
319. Smuggling is the act of bringing into or out of a country goods for which
duty has not been paid; goods the importation or exportation of which is
prohibited; or people who wish to cross a border illegally. Smuggling is as
old as restrictions on international trade and is practiced all over the world.
It was the basis of the Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860), and other
international conflicts. Today, the most frequent examples of smuggling
involve individual travelers who fail to declare to customs official’s
merchandise on which import duty is levied. However, the most serious
instances of smuggling involve illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and in
armaments. The latter trade is worldwide and involves everything from
rifles to materials for the manufacture of nuclear and chemical weapons.
The illegal drug trade has often been focused on the United States, most
seriously with so-called rum-running during Prohibition (1920-1933) and
with the smuggling of marijuana, heroin, and cocaine beginning in the
1960s. Cocaine traffic increased dramatically in the 1980s.
320. Sodomy is an offensive term for anal intercourse. Also an offensive term for
sexual intercourse with an animal.
321. Software piracy is the illegal duplication of copyrighted software or the
installation of copyrighted software on more computers than authorized
under terms of the software license agreement.
322. Soil sometimes has a great evidential value. It is very sensitive to sampling
techniques. The usual source is clothing, shoes, and tools.
323. Sources of Information refer to whom, where or which are derived or
developed. This file contains the name and location of people, organizations
and records that may assist in a criminal investigation.
324. Special Crime Investigation is the investigation of cases that are unique and
often require special training to fully understand their broad significance
(Criminologists, 2014).
325. Specific Event Reconstruction is a type of reconstruction to deduce the
sequence, direction, condition, relation, and identity.
326. Specific Incident Reconstruction is used to detail what transpired in a
homicide, traffic accident and bombing cases.
327. Spectrometry is a modern detection method of alcohol and drugs.
328. Spiral Method usually begins from the outer perimeter of the scene, moving
inward in a constricting circular fashion.
329. Stab Wounds is produced by the forcible application of a sharp instrument,
which is sharp-edged and sharp-pointed.
330. Stalking refers to an intentional act committed by a person who, knowingly
and without lawful justification follows the woman or her child or places
the woman or her child under surveillance directly or indirectly or a
combination thereof (R.A. 9262)
331. Standing Search is where the subject is in standing with feet apart and
hands rose. The searcher stands to the rear and uses the technique in-wall
search.
332. Station Method is to coordinate points constructed on transecting baseline.
Useful in accident investigation.
333. Statute is a written law enacted by a legislature, which may take the form of
either an act or a resolution, as opposed to unwritten, or common, law,
which is usually determined by custom or court decisions. In the U.S.,
federal and state statutes must conform with the provisions of the federal
and various state constitutions; their validity is determined by the courts.
State statutes that contravene the federal or state constitution are void. In
the U.S., congressional enactments require the signature of the president;
those by state legislatures require that of the governor. As a general rule, a
statute becomes operative on the date it receives such a signature. A statute
may, however, become operative without the assent of the executive, as in
the case of repassage over a veto. The effective date may be specified in
such a statute, or if not so specified, the date the act takes effect is that of the
repassage.
334. Strip Method starts along one side of the crime scene and walk-in a straight
line across the area to be searched, and then return to the original side you
started from and again walk across the search area but slightly above the
previous line of search.
335. Suicide is the killing of oneself and it is not punishable by law, the culprit
being the victim himself.
336. Supporting Documents mean any paper or document which is required to
be submitted with the passport application supporting claims to Filipino
citizenship to complete the application for a passport without which such
application would be deemed incomplete or otherwise become subject to
denial by the issuing authority (R.A. 8239).
337. Surveillance is the disguised observation of places, persons and vehicles for
the purpose of obtaining information which concerns the identities or the
activities of the subject.
338. Suspect is a person arrested for a crime.
339. Target Shooting is an indoor and outdoor sport in which contestants fire
small arms at stationary targets. The sport is similar to trapshooting (see
Trapshooting and Skeet), which uses catapulted targets.
340. Terrorism is the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear for bringing
about political change. All terrorist acts involve violence or—equally
important—the threat of violence. These violent acts are committed by
nongovernmental groups or individuals—that is, by those who are neither
part of nor officially serving in the military forces, law enforcement
agencies, intelligence services, or other governmental agencies of an
established nation-state.
341. Theories are beliefs regarding the case based on the evidence, patterns,
leads, tips, and other information developed or uncovered in a case.
342. Thermal Bombs are found exceedingly difficult to control. The main body of
the bomb consisted of powdered aluminum and titanium oxide.
343. Thomas Byrnes is Chief of the detectives New York City, was one of the
famous investigators of the 19th century. He is known for his modus
operandi or method of operation and is considered an essential tool of
investigation to this day.
344. Three-Man Shadows is also referred to as the ABC method this involves
more personnel hence signals which are predetermined and plan for
following the subject are pre-arranged.
345. Tips refer to leads provided by citizens that aid in the progress of an
investigation. It involves the identity of the suspect.
346. Tort is the wrongful act that causes injury to a person or property and for
which the law allows a claim by the injured party to recover damages
(money). A lawsuit based on a tort is a private claim under civil law, the
law in the United States that governs the relationships between individuals
—for example, marriage, contracts, or injuries. The civil law concerning
torts attempts to remedy injuries suffered by individuals or corporations by
forcing the party who caused the harm to compensate the victim. In
contrast, criminal law governs the relationship between the government
(state) and the individual and punishes a person who acts in a way
considered harmful to society as a whole.
347. Traces of Information refer to any written or documented statements of
persons who possess relevant knowledge concerning a crime. It includes
any form of documented data such as directory, file, audio/videotapes, and
written testimonies that may aid in solving criminal cases.
348. Tracing Evidence refers to physical pieces of evidence that assist police
investigators to locate the suspect.
349. Trafficking in persons refers to the recruitment, transportation, transfer or
harboring, or receipt of persons with or without the victim’s consent or
knowledge, within or across national borders by means of threat or use of
force, or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of
power or of position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or,
the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a
 person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation
which includes at a minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution of others
or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery,
servitude or the removal or sale of organs (R.A. 9208).
350. Travel Document means a certification or identifying document containing
the description and other personal circumstances of its bearer, issued for
direct travel to and from the Philippines valid for short periods or a
particular trip. It is issued only to persons whose claim to Philippine
citizenship is doubtful or who fall under the category enumerated in SEC.
13 of RA 8239 (R.A. 8239).
351. Treason is a criminal offense involving the attempt, by overt acts, to
overthrow the government to which the offender owes allegiance, or to
betray the state to a foreign power.
352. Trial, in a general sense, is investigation and decision of a matter in issue
between parties before a competent tribunal, including all steps taken in the
case from its submission to the trial court or jury to the rendition of
judgment. A trial may be defined broadly and comprehensively as a judicial
examination of the issues between the parties.
353. Triangulation Method is a bird’s eye view of the scene, utilizes fixed objects
from which to measure. This is particularly useful for sketching outdoor
crime scenes where there are no easily identifiable points of reference. In
this procedure, two or more widely separated point of reference is required.
The item of interest is then located by measuring along a straight line from
the reference points.
354. Triangulation is a method that can be used when the scene is irregularly
shaped. Two control points are used for this method.
355. Two-Man Shadow is this form of shadowing that enables a change of
operatives which would make it hard for the subject to easily recognize
them.
356. Type and Location of each Piece of Evidence is where an investigator
should be careful to document adequately the location of each piece of
evidence found at the crime scene. This includes its description, location,
the time it was discovered and by whom, the type of container in which it
was placed, how the container was sealed and marked, and the disposition
of the item after it was collected.
357. Unknown Criminals refers to those criminals whose description and
identity are provided by witnesses.
358. Usurpation is the taking privilege or authority that belongs to another,
especially the seizure of royal sovereignty.
359. Vandalism is the malicious and deliberate defacement or destruction of
somebody else's property
360. Vanity is a motive of informants intended to gain favorable attention from
police authorities and delights in doing so for self-aggrandizement.
361. Verbal Description refers to the method of identification of criminals by a
description of persons who have perceived or witnessed the commission of
the crime.
362. Victimology/victim profiling is a detailed account of the victim’s lifestyle
and personality, assists in determining the nature of the disappearance, the
risk level of the victim and the type of person who could
have committed the crime. Complete information regarding the victim’s
physical description, normal behavior patterns, family dynamics, and
known friends and acquaintances should be obtained as soon as possible.
363. Violence against women and their children refers to any act or a series of
acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former
wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or
dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against her
child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode,
which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm
or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery,
assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty (R.A. 9262).
364. Voluntary Informants are persons who give information to shed light to a
particular case.
365. Walkthrough is a type of investigation on a case wherein the suspect is
easily determined and located and detectives must only observe legal
guidelines to reach a solution.
366. Waterboarding refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with
his or her head lowered, then the face is covered and water is poured over it
causing the suspect to gag and experience the sensation of drowning.
367. Wheel Method is where the searchers gather at the center of the scene and
move out in these spool-like directions. The obvious drawbacks in this
method are the possibility of ruining evidence when gathering at the center
and every increasing distance between the searchers as the investigators
move onward.
368. Wheelman undertakes the problems regarding transportation to and from
the scene of the bank. He usually steals a car and provides another license
plate on it.
369. Where-Are-They is an appropriate type of investigation to use in case the
suspect has been tentatively identified but has not been located.
370. Who Did It is a case in which no suspect is initially identified.
371. Wood may be important evidence in a robbery case where force entry is
done through wooden material and automobiles hit-and-run property
 damage cases. The usual sources of wood evidence are clothing and tools
and automobiles. Wood itself, because of its common use, does not have a
high evidential value as a proof unless some relatively rare type of wood is
involved. The proof value greatly increases when there is inclusion in the
wood, such as paint or tar.
372. Wounds on the Victim are notes regarding the type and location of wounds
that should be documented carefully. It is important to emphasize
descriptions of the wound, and if it's a bruise, its color should be noted.
373. Zone or Sector Method is a method that divides the scene into the equal
zone. One searcher is normally assigned to each sector with responsibility
for all that occurs in the scene.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Cordillera Career Development College (2014). Compiled Review Materials
(Unpublished). Buyagan, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Donato, Jouie L. (2013). Special Crime Investigation (Unpublished). Philippine
College of Science and Technology, Calasiao, Pangasinan.
Guevarra, Ricardo M. (2012). Criminology Licensure Examination Reviewer (2nd ed).
Quezon City: Wiseman’s Books Trading.
Ifugao State University (2013). Compiled Review Materials (Unpublished). Nayon,
Lamut, Ifugao.
Kings College of the Philippines (2014). Compiled Review Materials (Unpublished).
Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Manwong, Rommel K. (2013). My Quizzer in Criminology: A Reviewer (5th ed).
Quezon City: Wiseman’s Books Trading.
Mountain Province State Polytechnic College (2013). Compiled Review Materials
(Unpublished). Bontoc, Mountain Province.
Padduyao, Fernando B. (2014). Reviewer for the Criminology Board Examination.
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Peckley, Miller F. (2014). Licensure Examination for Criminologists Reviewer.
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Saint Mary’s University (2015). Compiled Review Materials. Bayombong, Nueva
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Soriano, Oscar G. (2016). Compendium on Review Materials for Criminology Board
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Tad-awan, Filbert F. (2011). Special Crime Investigation (Unpublished).
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Vicente, Jezreel B. (2016). Special Crime Investigation (Unpublished). University of
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