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/ 25
Torsional and Bending
Stresses in Machine Parts
5.1 Introduction
Sometimes machine parts are subjected to pure
torsion or bending or combination of both torsion and
bending ste We shall now dit
detail in the following pages
iss these stresses in
5.2 Torsional Shear Stress
When a machine member is subjected to the action
of two cqual and opposite couples acting in parallel planes
(or torque or twisting moment), then the machine member
said to be subjected to forsion. The stress setup by torsion
is known as zorsional shear stress, Itis zero at the centroidal
axis and maximum at the outer surface.
Consider a shaft fixed at one end and subjected to a
torque (7) at the other end as shown in Fig, 5.1. As aresult
of this torque, every cross-section of the shaft is subjected
to torsional shear stress. We have discussed above that the
torsional shear stress is zero at the centroidal axis and maximum at the outer surface. The
maximum torsional shear stress atthe outer surface of the shaft may be obtained from the following
equation:
o
1
an
Torsional shear stress induced at the outer surface of the shaft or maximum
shear stress,
1r = Radius of the shaft,
T = Torque or twisting moment,
where
J ~ Second moment of area of the section about its polar axis or polar moment of
inertia,
C = Modulus of rigidity for the shaft mat.
Length of the shaft, and
8 = Angle of twist in radians on a length /.
al,
Fig. $1. Torsional shear sess, The equation () is known as forsion equation. Its based on the following assumptions:
1, The material ofthe shaft is uniform throughout.
2, ‘The twist along the length of the shaft is uniform.
3. The normal cross-sections ofthe shaft, which were plane and eircular before twist, remain
plane and circular after twist
All diameters ofthe normal cross-section which were straight before twist, remain straight
‘with their magnitude unchanged, after twist
45, The maximum shear stress induced in the shaft de to the Ovisting moment does not exceed
fits elastic limit valu.
ince the torsional shar stess on any cros-seetion normal to the axis is directly proportional tthe
4
Notes: 1
«istnce from the eenteof the axis, therefore the torsional shear stress ata distance x from the entre of the shaft
isgivenby
2. From equation (9, we know that
r
Fora sold shaft of diameter), dhe polar moment of inert,
thy Exdts Eat Zoat
I~ hac oe pet Gee aay
Fc ytxz eB xed?
1 oc Bxdtxd Exod
In case of a hollow shaft with external diameter (d,) and internal diameter (dj, the polar moment of
inertia
fay (ah =
J =F Udy a)" and r=
ex Lcd) Wx = xe
= gg ag
~ xray ey)
43, The expression (C x /)isealled torsional righty of the shaft
44. The strength of the shat means the maximum torque transmitted by i. Therefore, in order to design a
shaft for strength, the above equations are used. The power transmitted by the shaft (in watts) is given by
aN ny ye 2EN
o ar)
where T= Torgue transmitted in N
radi
© = Angular speed
Example 5.1. A shaft is transmitting 100 kW at 160 rp.m. Find a suitable diameter for the
shofi, if the maximum lorque transmitted exceeds the mean by 25%. Take maximum allowable shear
stress as 70 MPa,
Solution, Given : P= 100 kW = 100% 10? W N= 160 rp. ; Tyg = 1.25 Tiyay, 3 t= 70 MPa
= 70 N/mm?
Let Tyco = Mean torque transmitied by the shaft in Nem, and
‘d= Diameter of the shaft in mm.
We know that the power transmitted (P)
100 « 10° = ZEN Tana — 20 160% Tay
0 on
100 * 10°/16.76 = $966.6 N-m
= 16.767,
r ‘and maximum torque transmitted
Try, = 125 * $966,6 = 7458 Nem = 7458 * 108 Nem
‘We know that maximum torque (7
rseca0 = Exeaat Z roxas)
os d® = 7458 « 10°/13.75 = $42.4 x 10° or d= 81.5 mm Ans.
Example 5.2. 4 stee! shaft 35 mm in diameter and 1.2 m long heid rigidly at one end has a
hand wheel $00 mm in diameter keyed to the other end, The modulus of rigidity of steel is 80 GPa.
1 What load ppd tnget thei the wheel oda a orsoal shear of MPa?
2. Haw many esl th wheel ore is las cd
Selatan, Given «d= 35 mm ore 175mm; I~ 12 m= 1200 rn; D
z= 250m; C= aD GPs ~80 Nim! — 80 10! Ni = 60 Ma 6 Ni
Ld ped the ngent nti of the wheel
1 1 Lond pi nwo) otnget tthe si fh wes
We ow hate anid othe ar whe
P= WRI 250-250 ¥ Nam
an plarmomet fine oft a
= 500 mm or
(85) = 147.34 * 10° mm
We know that
250 60 147.34 x10"
147.34 10° "175x250
2. Number of degrees which the wheel will turn when load W = 2020 N is applied
Let Required number of degrees,
C8
We know that
7
o = LL 250% 2020% 1200
CT 80510" 147 34x 1
Example 5.3.4 shaft is transmisting 97.5 kW at 180 rp.m. Ifthe allowable shear stress in the
‘material is 60 MPa, find the suitable diameter for the shaft. The shaft is not to twist more that 1° in
a length of 3 metres. Take C= 80 GPa.
Solution. Given : P= 97.5 KW = 97.5 x 10° W; ¥= 180 rpm. ;7= 60 MPa = 60 N/mm*
/ 180=0.0174 rad ; /=3 m= 3000 mm ; C= 80 GPa = 80 * 10° Nim? = 80 = 10% N/mm
Torque transmitted by the shaft in N-m, and
0.05" Ans.
e=
Let T
d= Diameter of the shaft in mm.
‘We know that the power transmitted by the shaft (P),
2RNT _2nx180xT
60 60.
T = 97.5 « 105/18,852 = $172 N-m= $172 * 10° N-mm_
Now let us find the diameter of the shaft based on the strength and stiffness.
975 «108 = = 18,852 7 1. Considering strength of the shaft
We know that the torgue transmitted (7),
© x
5172 « F cexd= = xed =e
S172 «10 = Te xt TE x OOK = 11.78 oP
= 5172 x 10°11,78 = 439 10° or d= 76 mm. “i
2. Considering stifyness of the shaft
Polar moment of inertia of the shaft,
Re n
J = 5p ot = 0.0982 04
T
We know that 5
J
SUTRXIO® _ 90x10 00174 ,, $2710" _ g yoy
(0.0082 d* 3000 ri
d¥ = $2.7 * 10°70.464 = 113.6 « 10° or d= 103 mm Ww
103 say 105 mm Ans.
Taking larger of the two values, we shall provide
Example 5.4.4 hollow shaft is required to transmit 600 kW at 110 npn, the maximum torgue
being 20% greater than the mean. The shear siress is not to exceed 63 MPa and twist in a length of
3 metres not to exceed 14 degrees. Find the external diameter of the shaft ifthe internal diameter to
the external diameter is 3/8. Take modulus of rigidity as 84 GPa.
Solution. Given : P= 600 kW = 600 * 10° W; N= 110 rpm. ; Tyg, = 1.2 Tyggg t= 63 MPa
= 63 Nimm?; /= 3 m= 3000 mim ; 8 = 1.4 * w/ 180 = 0.024 rad : kd, d, = 378, C= 84 GPa
= 84 « 10? Nim? = 84 10" Nimm?
Let ,, ~ Mean torque transmitted by the shat,
External diameter of the shaft, and
Intemal diameter ofthe shaft
We know that power transmitted by the shaft (P),
600 « 109 = 2EN-roon _ 28% Taw 14 59 7
em men
” Topogy = 600 * 10/11.52 = $2 «108 N-m = $2 10°N-mm
and maximum torque transmitted by the shaft,
Topag = 1-2 Bggyy = 1-2 52 105= 62.4 « 105N-mm
Now let us find the diameter of the shaft considering strength and stiffness. 1. Considering strength of the shaft a
We know that maximurn torque transmitted by the shaft,
- Exrapa-%
= 2x 63xiayfi—-(3) |= a
cad <0 = Exosxedy [1 (3) [= r21204)
(ah) ~ 624 » 10°712.12~ 5.15 % 10% or df, ~ 172.7 mm o
2. Considering stiffness of the shaft
We know that polar moment of inertia of a hollow circular section,
1 Slay -ear]-Zeas[ (2) |
Ray eZ a, 3y a
~ Seay a0 oS ay" [i- (2) | o.0982 «xy
We also know that
Elce
wT
< 2
G2AXIO _ SIO OM gy HBEXIE _ 679
0.0962 (d,)" 3000 (ay
* (dy! = 648.6 « 10°70.672 = 964 » 10 or d, = 1762 mm ii)
‘Taking larger of the two values, we shall provide
4, = 176.2 say 180 mm Ans. 5.3. Shatts in Series and Parallel
When two shafts of different diameters are connected together to form one shaft, itis then
known as composite shaft. Ifthe driving torque is applied at one end and the resisting torque at the
other end, then the shafts are said tobe connected in series as shown in Fig 5.2 (a). In such cases,
ccach shaft transmits the same torque and the total angle of wist is equal to the sum of the angle of
‘ovisis of the 1Wo 5
Mathematically otal angle of ist
rh th
Gh Gh
ifthe hats are made ofthe same mater then C
TA Th Th
Gh Gh els
Oo, 40,
o a}
fhe, —]
@ Cn
i
fe, ——eL a —1, —+|
(a) Shafts in series (b) Shafts in paral
Pig. 52. Shafts in series and parallel
When the driving torque (7) is applied atthe junction ofthe two shafts, and the resisting torques
7, and T, a the other ends ofthe shafts, then the shafis are said to be connected in parallel, as shown
in Fig. 5.2 (6). In such cases, the angle of twist is same for both the shafts, i.
®,
th GyA
“ Gh BGs
and T=n+t,
Example 5.5. A steel shaft ABCD having a total length of 3.5 m consists of three lengths
having different sections as follows
AB is holiow having outside and inside diameters of 100 mm and 62.5 mm respectively, and BC
‘and CD are solid. BC has a diameter of 100 mm and CD has a diameter of 87.5 mm. ifthe angle of
{twist i the same for each section, determine the length of each section. Find the value of the applied
torque and the total angle of twist, ifthe maximum shear stress in the hollow portion is 47.5 MPa and
shear modulus, C = 82.5 GPa, Solution, Given: £ = 3.5 m; d, = 100 mm: d, = 62.5 mm; d,
1 =47.5 MPa= 47.5 Nim? ; C= 82.5 GPa = 82.5 * 109 N/mm?
‘The shaft ABCD is shown in Fig. 5.3.
A B c
Yok t t
2.5 rm}. [=~ 100 mm -—-—--—87.5 mm —}—
on a “ rs
re
Fig. 53
100 mm ; dy = 87.5 mm;
>
Length of each section
Let hy fy and /, = Length of sections AB, BC and CD respectively,
We know that polar moment of ineitia of the hollow shaft AB,
x ®
~ ZX ay-wayy- q yi] = 832 * 10 mmt
5, > Fy UI Cay" Fy (CA00)*~ (62.598] = 832» 108
Polar moment of inertia of the solid shaft BC,
x
J,
Zay Y= 989 « 10mm!
F ay'= F (oy 982 «10
and polar moment of inertia of the solid shaft CD,
=F (ay'= F 675)'= 5.75 * 106 mm"
‘We also know that angle of twist,
OTC
Assuming the torque T and shear modulus C to
be same forall the sections, we have
Angle of twist for hollow shaft 4B,
6, =T.1/C.4,
Similarly, angle of twist for solid shaft BC,
0, = T/C. Jy
and angle of twist for solid shaft CD,
6, = T.1s/ Cody
Since the angle of twist is same for each section,
therefore
8, ~ 2,
Toh A Jy 8.32 10°
Coy vs osama ON? ~
Also 8,
Teh 8.32 x 10° ,
on sae h? di) (+ a +) = oun
oe * Taa7
1, «2.8717 = 3300 or 1, = 3500 /2.8717 = 1218.8 mm Ans.
From equation (),
1/0847
1218.8 / 0.847 = 1439 mm Ans.
and from equation (i), 1,1 1.447 = 12188 / 1.447 = 842.2 mm Ans.
Value of the applied rorque
We know that the maximum shear stress in the hollow portion,
+ = 47.5 MPa= 47.5 Nimm?
Fora hollow shaft, the applied torque,
|e
= 7.9 10 Nemm = 7900 N-m Ans.
Total angle of twist
When the shafts are conneeted in series, the total angle of twist is equal to the sum of angle of
‘wists of the individual shafts. Mathematically, the total angle of twist,
8 =6,+0,+8,
T ud;
ESTA LE A
73 Ja A
| 1218.8 1439, __ 842.2
82.5x 10° |8.32x 10° 9.82 x10° ara
7.9 x108
~ Banter ior (1405 + 146.5 + 146.5] = 0.042 rac
«108x
= 0,042 * 180 / t= 2.406° Ans. 5.4 Bending Stress in Straight Bearns
In engineering practice, the machine pats of structural members may be subjected to static or
6.316 x10" _ 64.32 x 10"
© 0.09824 &
> = 64.32 x 109/100 = 643.2 x 10° or d= 86.3 say 90 mm Ans. ‘Example §.7. An are I metre long supported in bearings atts ends carries a fly wheel weighing
30 KN at the cenure. If the stress (bending) is not to exceed 60 MPa, find the diameter of the axle,
Solution. Given : £= 1 m= 1000 mm ; 1’= 30 kN= 30 x 10°N; 6, = 60 MPa = 60 Nim’
‘The axle with a flywheel is shown in Fig, 5.6.
Let 4d ~ Diameter of the axle in mm.
+ Section modulus, Flywhest
x
Z awd
Maximum bending moment atthe eentre of the axle,
ay = Wee 301011000 Go rn LJ
4 4 Im
We know that bending stress («,), Fig. 5.6
= 0.0982 4 ve
(MM _75%10° _ 76.410"
Z od A
d= 6.4 x 10%60 = 1.27 x 10° or d= 1083 say 110 mm Ans.
Example 5.9. A east iron pulley transmits 10kW at 400 np.m. The diameter of the pulley is 1.2
metre and it has four straight arms of elliptical cross-section, in which the major axis is twice the
‘minor axis. Determine the dimensions of the arm ifthe allowable bending stress is 15 MPa,
Solution. Given : P= 10 kW = 10% 10 W: N= 400 ep.m ; D=
R=600 mm : 0, = 15 MPa= 15 N/mm?
2 m= 1200 mm or
Let T= Torque transmitted by the pulley.
We know that the power transmitted by the pulley (P),
2nN.T _2nx400xT
60 60
T= 10% 10/42 = 238 Na
10« 108
ar
= 238 10° N-mm
Since the torque transmitted is the product of the tangential load and the radius of the pulley,
therefore tangential load acting on the pulley
T2820 967 9
R 600
sine te oleh furan, therefetngentia ln on cach arm,
P= 396714982
and maximum bending moment on the am,
MH R982 = 600~ $9520 mn
Let 2h = Minor axis in mm, and
2a = Major axis in mm =2* 26 = 46 (Given) +. Section modulus for an elliptical cross-section,
Ze xa
4
‘We know that bending stress (6,),
M _ 59520 _ 18.943
~ F 266-26 mm!
- 2 18948
Zo omb &
or b= 18943/15= 1263 or b= 10.8mm
Minoraxis, 2h = 2 x 10.8 =21.6mm Ans.
and major axis, 2a = 2» 2b=4* 10.8=43.2 mm Ans.
5.5 Bending Stress in Curved Beams
We have seen in the previous article that for the straight beams, the neutral axis of the section
‘coincides with its centroidal axis and the stress distribution inthe beam is linear. But in case of curved
‘beams, the neutral axis of the eross-section is shifted towards the centre of curvature of the beam
‘causing « non-linear (hyperbolic) distribution of stress, as shown in Fig, 5.8. t may be noted that the
neutral axis lies between the centroidal axis and the centre of curvature and always occurs within the
curved beams. The application of curved beam principle is used in crane hooks, chain links and
frames of punches, presses, planers et:
A a
LRN ee AEG
Stress 1 ¥
Aistibution Cross-section
n | axx
f,
R, | Re
~L---
Fig, 5.8. Bending stress ina curved beam.
Consider a curved beam subjected to a bending moment M, as shown in Fig. 5.8. In finding the
sending stress in curved beams, the same assumptions are used as for straight beams, The general
expression for the bending stress (6,) in a curved beam at any fibre ata distance y from the neutral
axis, is given by
MM {iy
A.e\R,—
where M = Bending moment acting at the given section about the centroidal
A = Area of cross-section,
e = Distance from the centroidal axis to the neutral axis = R - R,,, R = Radius of curvature of the centroidal axis,
R, = Radius of curvature of the neutral axis, and
= Distance from the neutral axis to the fibre under consideration, [tis
positive for the distances towards the centre of curvature and
negative for the distances away from the centre of curvature.
Notes : 1. The benaing stress in the curved heam is zevo ata point other than atthe centroidal axis,
2._ Ifthe seetion is symmetrical such asa circle, reetangle, beam with equal flanges then the maximum
bending sress will always occur at the inside Fibre.
3. Ihe seetion is unsymmetrical, then the maximum bending stress
‘or the outside fibte. The maximum lending sress atthe inside fibre is given by
ay occur at cither the inside Fibre
2 Mee
Dek,
where v= Distance from the neutral axis to the imide fte = RR, and
2k ~ Redius of curvature ofthe inside fibre
‘The maximum bending sess tthe ouside fire is given by
Mos
Su ~ Ae,
3, = Distance fom he natal axis fo the outside fibre = R, ~ Ry amd
A, = Ratius of curvature of the outside fibre.
may be noted that the bending stress atthe inside fibre is fenséfe while the bending stress atthe outside
where
fibre is compressive,
4. Ifthe section has an axial loadin addition to bending, then the axial or dirsct stress (,) must be added
algebraically to the bending stress, in order to obtain the resultant stress on the section. In other words,
Resultant stress, o- 9,46,
Example 5.10. The frame of a punch press is shown in Fig. 5.9. Find the stresses atthe inner
cand outer surface at section X-X of the frame, if W = 5000 N.
Solution, Given : W = S000 N; 6,= 18 mm; 6, = 6 mm; h= 40 mm; &, = 25 mm
25+ 40-65 mm
‘We know that area of section at AX,
R,
1
A= 5 18+ 6) 40 = 480 mm?
snces are shown in Fig. $10
‘The various di
‘We know that radius of curvature of the neutral
axis,
18x 65 ~ 6x 25) 65
(ESE Be (Sc 9 seas
-—__0___
(25.5% 0.9555) — 12
Fig. 59
8.83 mm aand radius of curvature of the centroidal axis,
& fb + 2h) 45, 40084 2x6)
TSG sh) 38+0)
5+ 16.67 = 41.67 mm
Distance between the centroidal axis and neutral axis,
o> RR, AL6T- 38.83
and the distance between the load and centroid axis,
x = 100+ R= 100+ 41,67 = 141,67 mm
+ Bending moment about the eentroidal axis,
M = Wox= 5000 » 141.67 = 708 350 N-mm
“The section at X-N'is subjected toa dircet tensile load of H”~ S000 N and a bonding moment of
‘M=708 350 N-mm, We know that direct tensile stress at section XX,
4 mm,
= E5000 10.52 Nim? = 10.42 MPa
4 480
All dimensions in mm,
Fig. 510
Distance from the neutral axis to the inner surface,
yy = R,— R= 38.83 — 25 = 13.83 mm
Distance from the neutral axis to the outer surface,
Y, = R,-R, = 65 — 38.83 = 26.17 mm
We know that maximum bending stress at the inner surface,
My _ 708 350% 13.83
Ae. R480 284% 25
= 287.4 MPa (tensile)
187.4 N/mm? and maximum bending stress at the outer surface,
og, = Mt = 708 350% 26.17
0 A.e.R, 480. 2.84 x 65
= 209.2 MPa (compressive)
.. Resultant stress on the inner surface
= 6,+6,,= 10.42 + 287.4
and resultant stress on the outer surface,
= 6,~6,, = 10.42 ~ 209.2 =~ 198,78 MPa
198.78 MPa (compressive) Ans.
97.82 MPa (tensile) Ans.
Example 5.11, The crane hook carries a load of 20 kN as shown in Fig. 5.11. The section at
AGNis rectangular whose horizontal side is 100mm. Find the stresses in the inner and outer fibres at
the given section.
Solution. Given : W’=20kN =20« 10° N ;R
We know that area of seetion at X-X,
A= bh= 20 x 100 = 2000 man?
0mm j= 100mm ;
50mm :2, =20 mm
“3 (2) = or
and radius of curvature of the centroidal axis,
hk 100
= Ro +5 = 50+ >= 100 mm
RRs z
-. Distance between the centroidal axis and neutral axis,
© = R-R,= 100- 91.07 = 8.93 mm,
and distance between the load and the centroidal ax
x 100: mm
+ Bending moment about the centroidal axis,
M = Wxx=20% 10 100=2 10°Nemm
‘The section at X-Xis subjected to a direct tensile load of W’=20 x 10° Nanda bending moment
= 2 10 N-mm, We know that direct tensile stress at section X-X,
20x10°
= 10 Némm? = 10 MPa ‘All dimensions in mm,
All dimensions in mm.
Fig, 5.11 Fig S12
We know that the distance from the neutral axis to the inside fibre,
y, = R,-R/=91.07-$0=41.07 mm
ind distance from the neutral axis to outside fibre,
y, = R,-R, = 150—91,07 = 58.93 mm
++ Maximum bending stress at the inside fibre,
M 2 108% 41.07
Se Ale. R, 2000x893 x 50
= 92 Nimm? = 92 MPa (tensile)
stress a the outside fibre,
M 2x 10° x 58.93
» Ae. R, 2000x893 x150
= 44 MPa (compressive)
+, Resultant stress atthe inside fibre
=9,+6,,= 10 +92= 102 MPa (tensile) Ans.
and resultant stress at the outside fibre
Sr, = 44. Nimm?*
6,—6), = 10-44 =~ 34 MPa = 34 MPa (compressive) Ans. 5.6 Principal Stresses and Principal Planes
In the previous chapter, we have discussed about the direct tensile and compressive stress as
well as simple shear. Also we have always referred the stress ina plane which i at right angles to the
line of action of the force.
But it has been observed
that at any point in a
strained material, there are
three planes, mutually
perpendicular to each
other which carry direct
stresses only and no shear
stress. It may be noted that
out of these three direct
stresses, one will be
maximum and the other
will be minimum. These
perpendicular planes
which have no shear stress
are known as principal
planes and the direct
stresses along these planes
are known as principal
stresses, The planes on
Which the maximum shear S¥eS8act are known as planes of maximum shear. 5.7 Determination of Principal Stresses for a Member Subjected to Bi-axial
Stress
When a member is subjected to bi-axial stress (i.e. direct stress in two mutually perpendicular
planes accompanied by a simple shear stress), then the normal and shear stresses are obtained as,
discussed below:
Consider rectangular body ABCD of uniform cross-sectional area and unit thickness subjected
to normal stresses 6, and, as shown in Fig. 5.15 (a). In addition to these normal stresses, a shear
siress Talso acts,
Ithas been shown in books on ‘Strength of Materials’ thatthe normal strss across any oblique
section such as FF inclined at an angle @ with the direction of 6, as shown in Fig. 5.15 (a), is given by
SAS 4 AS 5 264 tin 28 “
and tangential stress (i. shear siress) across the section EF,
1 gay sn2h-toa28 a
Since the planes of ma
shear stress, therefore the ine
‘equation (7), ic
mum and minimum normal stress (i.
tion of principal planes is obtained by equ:
al planes) have no
=, = Oin the above
46,0.) sin2000820-0
at
3-5,
tan 26= Ait)
%
(a) Direct stress in two mutually (6). Direct stress in one plane accompanied
prependicularplanes accompanied by by. simple shea stress
a simple shear stress
Fig 515, Principal stresses for a member subjected to biaxial stress.
‘We know that there are two prineipal planes at right angles to each other. Let ®, and @, be the
inclinations ofthese planes with the normal cross-section
From Fig, 5.16, we find that
sin 28 and
Also
Fig. 5:16
and
‘The maximum and minimum principal sitesses may now be obtained by substituting the values
‘of sin 20 and cos 20 in equation (i).
.®. Maximum prineipal (or normal) stress,
+O 1 2 ay
6, SE Leora
O46 1 po »
=F ave oy +4r 0)
and minimum principal (or normal) stress,
‘The planes of maximum shear stress are at right angles to each other and are inclined at 45° to
the principal planes. The maximum shear stess is given by one-half the algebraic difference between
the principal stresses,
Surta ak fo oye ae wo
2 2
"Notes: 1. When a member is subjected to ditetstessin one plane aceampanied by a simple shcar stress as shown
in Fig. $15 (4, thea the principal stresses are obtained by substituting 6, = Oin equation Gi), () and (v.
o> Shorr
oa> SA er a]
a sea HVOF
of, will be opposite to that of, i i, is tensile then @, will be compressive and vice-versa 5.8 Application of Principal Stresses in Designing Machine Members
‘There are many cases in practice, in which machine members are subjected to combined stresses
due to simultancous action of either tensile or compressive stresses combined with shear stresses. In
‘many shafls such as propeller shafts, C-frames etc, there are direct tensile or compressive stresses
due to the extemal force and shear stress due to torsion, which acts normal to direct tensile or com-
pressive stresses, The shafts like erank shafts, are subjected simultaneously to torsion and bending, In
such cases, the maximum prineipal stresses, due tothe combination of tensile or compressive stresses
with shear stresses may be obtained
‘The results obtained in the previous article may be written as follows:
1, Maximum tensile stress,
where 6G, = Tensile stress due to direct load and bending,
6, ~ Compressive stress, and
+ = Shear stress due to torsion.
Notes: 1. When t=0 as in the case of thin cylindrical shell subjected in internal fluid pressure, then
2. When the shaft is subjected to an axial eal (P) in alton to bending an sting moments si the
propeller shits of ship and shats fr driving worm gers, thea the sires due to axial load must be add to the
bending stress (0). This wl yive the resultant tensile stress or compressive stress (¢, 00, depending upon the
‘ype oF asia load (pull or pus).
Example 5.13.4 hollow shaft of 40 mm: outer diameter and 25 min inner diameter is subjected
10.a misting moment of 120 N-m, simultaneously, its subjected 10 an axial thrust of 10 KN and a
ending moment of 80 Nem. Calculate the maximum compressive an shear siresses
Solution. Given: d= 40 mum ; d,=25 mm; 7= 120 Nom = 120 * 10° N-mm ; P= 10 kN
= 10% 10°N ; M=80 Nem = 80 » 10" Nem
We know that eress-sectional area of the shaft,
cay] =2 [409 25° ] = 766 mm?
©. Direct compressive stress due to axial thrust,
s P 1x10) 3 be >
rr a mm
Section modulus of the shaft,
32
-. Bending stress due to bending moment,
M_80x10°
Z S325
| (d,)*~ (a,
Z= [ 7Z =
= 15,02 N/mm? = 15,02 MPa (compressive) and resultant compressive stress,
6, = 6, +6, = 15.02 + 13.05 = 28.07 N/mm? = 28.07 MPa
‘We know that twisting moment (7),
By [ idea [amt =2s"|
T= 120 © 10/10 650 = 11.27 N/mm? = 11.27 MPa
Maximum compressive stress
‘We know that maximum compressive siress,
[Wereae
plveson?+saizn |
4.035 + 18 = 32.035 MPa Ans.
10 650 +
Maximum shear stress
‘We know that maximum shear stress,
[ View ony = a.277 | =18 MPs Ans.
Example 5.14, A shaft, as shovm in Fig. 5.17, is subjected to a bending load of 3 KN, pure torque
of 1000 N-m and an axial pulling force of 15 KN. 3kN
Calculate the stresses at A and B. y
Solution, Given : W = 3 KN = 3000 N;
= 1S KN
T= 1000 N-m = 1 * 10° Nm.
= 15% 10° N; d= 50 mm; x= 250mm
fe Know that cross-sectional ar sha B
‘We know that cross-sectional area of the shaft, >somm
Ro
da ged Fig.
x
(50)? = 1964 mm?
4
-: Tensile stress due to axial pulling at points 4 and B,
P_ 15x10" >
~ 64 Nim?
7.64 MPa
A 1964
Bending moment at points A and 8,
M = Wex= 3000 x 250=750% 103 Nemm
Section modulus for the shaft,
==
32
= 12.27 « 103 mm?
B= © (sop
Zz x d= 5 (50) .. Bending stress at points 4 and B,
_M _ 750 10°
Z 1227x108
61.1 N/mm’ = 61.1 MPa
This bending stress is tensile at point 4 and
compressive at point B.
~. Resultant tensile stress at point 4,
0, = 6, +6, =61.1+7.64
= 68.74 MPa
and resultant compressive stress at point B,
60,6, = 61.1 7.64 = 53.46 MPa
We know that the shear stress at points 4 and B duc to the torque transmitted,
16T _ 16x 1%10°
7 = = 40.74 Nin? = 40.74 MPa Tr
xd (0) u
Stresses at point A
We know that maximum principal (or normal) stress at point 4,
naga]
68.74
LU fies.74)? + 4 40.74
34 LT Yionra + 4 (40.747 |
= M.37+53.3 = 87.67 MPa (tensile) Ans,
Minimum principal (or normal) stress at point 4,
Sacoas)
oy 1
nein = Sai [fora] = 34,37 53.3 =~ 18.93 MPa
= 18.93 MPa (compressive) Ans.
and maximum shear stress at point 4,
tam = $Y 4]
= 53.3 MPa Ans.
4 Ly (68.74)? + 4 (40. 7ay |
Stresses at point B
We know that maximum principal (or normal) stress at point B,
Fane) = Belo +4e |
93.46 | |
25 is (53 467+ 4 (40.745 |
= 26.73 + 48.73 = 75.46 MPa (compressive) Ans. Minimum principal (or normal) stress at point B,
o 1
Sonny ~ 2-5 [You + 4 |
= 26.73 — 48.73 =— 22 MPa
= 22 MPa (tensile) Ans.
‘and maximum shear stress at point B,
Tanay = 4 [leg +4 F |= 4[ ¥G346) + 4 (a0.74y |
48.73 MPa Ans,
Example 5.15. An overhang crank with pin and shaft is shown in Fig, 5.18. A tangential load
of 15 EN acts on the evank pin. Determine the maximum prineipal stress and the maximum shear
stress ai the cenire of the crankshaft bearing.
Crank pin
KN,
140 mm r —— Crank shaft
| >
— i
8
Solution. Given : W= 15 kN=15 * 10° N; d=80mm; y= 140 mm; x= 120mm
Bending moment atthe centre ofthe erankshaft bearing,
M = Wxx= 15% 10) x 120 L.8 x 106 N-mm
and torque transmitted at the axis of the shaft,
T= Wx y= 15x 10 x 140 = 2.1 x 10° Nemm,
‘We know that bending stress due to the bending moment,
u BM (:2-3x 7)
nd 32
_ 32x 18x 108
x BO)
and shear stress duc to the torque transmitted.
IGT _ 16x21 10%
rd (80)
= 35.8 N/mm? = 35.8 MPa
20.9 MPa Maximum principal stress
We know that maximum principal stress,
Sum = +4 fora]
- S81 G5a sao] oumamnne.=99
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