Dr.

Casper’s work for Chemistry April 1 to 9

These will be posted one your team page as separate Word

documents. I suggest you work on them there and submit them there.

Stoichiometry Assignment 3
Mass-Volume Problems
#1 – 10

NAME:

Problem #1: This reaction was carried out:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ---> CaCl2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

What would be the volume of CO2 (at STP) produced from the complete reaction of
10.0 grams of CaCO2?

Solution:

1) Determine moles of CaCO3 reacted:

10.0 g / 100.086 g/mol = 0.099914 mol

2) Note that there is a 1:1 molar ratio between CaCO3 used and CO2 produced.

3) Since the problem is using STP, we can use molar volume:

(22.414 L/mol) (0.099914 mol) = 2.24 L (to three sig figs)

4) If the pressure and temperature were not at STP, we would use the ideal gas law to
calculate the volume produced.

PV = nRT

(1.00 atm) (V) = (0.099914 mol) (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (273 K)

V = 2.24 L (to three sig figs)

Note that I set up the problem using STP values. If non-STP values were to be used,
they are typically given in the body of the question.

Problem #2: 0.84 g of ammonium dichromate is decomposed. Here is the chemical

reaction:

(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) ---> N2(g) + 4H2O(g) + Cr2O3(s)

The gases from this reaction are trapped in a 13.6 L flask at 26.0 °C. (a) What is the
total pressure of the gas in the flask? (b) What are the partial pressures of N2 and
H2O?

Solution:

1) Determine the moles of ammonium dichromate used:

0.84 g / 252.0622 g/mol = 0.00333251 mol

2) From the balanced equation, each mole of ammonium dichromate decomposed

produces 5 moles of gas.

0.00333251 mol x (5 mol gas / 1 mol dichromate) = 0.01666255 mol gas

3) Use the ideal gas law to calculate the pressure:

PV = nRT

(P) (13.6 L) = (0.01666255 mol) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (299.0 K)

P = 0.030 atm (to two sig figs, based on the 0.84)

4) Of the moles of gases produced, 1/5 is N2 and 4/5 is H2O.

Partial pressure is mole fraction times total pressure

partial pressure N2 ---> (0.030 atm) (0.2) = 0.0060 atm

partial pressure H2O ---> (0.030 atm) (0.8) = 0.024 atm
Problem #3: A 4.90-g sample of solid CoCl2 ⋅ 4H2O was heated such that the water
turned to steam and was driven off. Assuming ideal behavior, what volume would that
steam occupy at 1.00 atm and 100.0 °C?

Problem #4: If 39.5 mL of H2 are produced at 21.0 °C when the atmospheric pressure
is 762.8 mmHg, and the height of the liquid column in the eudiometer is 11.2 cm,
what mass of aluminum is used?
Problem #5a: A 0.616 gram sample of a metal, M, reacts completely with sulfuric
acid according to the reaction:

M(s) + H2SO4(aq) ---> MSO4(aq) + H2(g)

A volume of 239 mL of hydrogen is collected over water; the water level in the
collecting vessel is the same as the outside level. Atmospheric pressure is 1.0079 bar
and the temperature is 25.0 °C. The vapor pressure of water at 25.0 °C is 0.03167 bar.
Calculate the molar mass of the metal. R = 0.0831447 L bar / mol K

Problem #5b: 19.4 grams of metal sulfide has reacted with H2SO4 solution and 4.46
L of H2S gas was collected at STP. The oxidation number of the metal is +2.
Determine what element the metal is.
Problem #6: Calculate the volume of nitrogen monoxide gas produced when 8.00 g
of ammonia is reacted with 11.0 g of oxygen at 25.0 °C. The density of nitrogen
monoxide at 25.0 °C is 1.23 g/L.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ---> 4NO(g) + 6H2O(ℓ)

Problem #7: C4H10 combusts. What mass of oxygen is needed to make 3.00 L of
water at 0.990 atm and 295 K.
Problem #8: A student collected 17.32 mL of H2 over water at 30.0 °C. The water
level inside the collection apparatus was 6.60 cm higher than the water level outside.
The barometric pressure was 731.0 torr. How many grams of zinc had to react with
the HCl solution to produce the H2 that was collected?

Problem #9: Hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction of sodium metal with an
excess of hydrochloric acid solution. The hydrogen gas was collected by water
displacement at 22.0 °C and 127.0 mL was collected with a total pressure of 748.0
torr. The vapor pressure of water at 22.0 °C is 19.8 torr.

(a) What mass of sodium metal was consumed in the reaction?

(b) What is the volume of dry H2 gas at STP?
Problem #10: Automobile air bags inflate during a crash or sudden stop by the rapid
generation of nitrogen gas from sodium azide according to the reaction:

2NaN3 ---> 2Na + 3N2

How many grams of sodium azide are needed to provide sufficient nitrogen gas to fill
a 30.0 cm x 30.0 cm x 25.0 cm bag to a pressure of 1.20 atm at 26.0 °C?

Bonus Problem: Chloric acid reacts with oxalic acid. Here is one possible reaction:

2HClO3 + 4H2C2O4 ---> Cl2O + 8CO2 + 5H2O

Determine how many liters of carbon dioxide are obtained under normal operating
conditions when 42.24 g HClO3 is reacted with 18.00 g H2C2O4.

Comment: this is a limiting reagent problem. I propose to solve the problem

completely, twice. First, acting as if HClO3 is limiting and, second, acting as if the
H2C2O4 is limiting.
 Reactants, Products and Leftovers (HTML5) Game Lesson
This lesson uses the PhET simulations from PhET Interactive Simulations at University of Colorado
Boulder, under the CC-BY 4.0 license.
Reactants, Products and Leftovers (HTML5)

Develop Your Strategies:

● Play level 1 of the Reactants, Products and Leftovers (HTML5) game and write some strategies that
might help you get good scores. Include screen captures from the simulation to help explain. You may want
to go to other screens in the simulation to help you get good scores.

Test your Strategies:

1. Play the first level.
a. Did you have to change your strategies or do you have other ideas to make you get a better score?
Include screen captures from the simulation to help explain.

b. When you complete the level 1 game, capture the screen with your score. Paste it below like this:

2. Explore each level of the game one at a time. For each level:

Level 2 (copy and repeat this section for each level)

a. Explain what makes the level more difficult or different from previous levels. Do you have new
strategy ideas? Include screen captures from the simulation to help explain.

b. Play the level 2 game. When you complete the level, capture the screen with your score and paste
it below:

c. Did you have to change your strategies or do you have other ideas to make you get a better score?
Include screen captures from the simulation as support.

Final Score:
After you play all levels of the game. Copy and paste your final results like this

Extra challenge: For an extra challenge, you can turn on the timer and see if you can improve your
skills.
 Reactants, Products and Leftovers (HTML5) Game Activity 1
Learning Goals:

Students will be able to:

• Relate the real-world example of making sandwiches to chemical reactions

• Describe what “limiting reactant” means using examples of sandwiches and chemicals.
• Identify the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction

Directions:

1. Use Reactants, Products, and Leftovers simulation to create your own sandwiches and then see
how many sandwiches you can make with different amounts of ingredients.

Test your learning:

2. a. Predict (without using the sim) how many

cheese sandwiches, as defined by the picture to
the right, you can make if you have 6 pieces of
bread and 4 slices of cheese.
b. Talk with your partner about your thinking to get the answer.

c. Then, use the sim to check your answer and make any corrections.

3. a. Predict what would change about your

number of sandwiches and thinking if you had
the same 6 pieces of bread and 4 slices of
cheese, but the sandwich is made like the picture on the right?
b. Check your prediction using the sim and make any changes.

4. Why did the number of sandwiches change even though the amounts of ingredients were the
same? Research what “limiting reactant” means and then write a description in your own words
using the situations in #2 and #3 as supporting evidence.

5. A tricycle factory gets a shipment with 400 seats and 600 wheels. Use your ideas about Limiting
Reactants to explain how you would figure out how many tricycles can be made.

Relate the model to Chemistry:

6. The balanced chemical reaction for producing water is: 2 H2 + 1 O2 → 2 H2O.

Research the “The Law of Definite Proportions” and explain why the simulation doesn’t have
choices for the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen like it does for cheese, bread, and meat.
 7. Predict which reactant amounts would get the most water with the least amount of leftovers.
Explain how your understanding of Limiting Reactant helped you figure this out.

5 3 5 5 3 5

Reactants, Products and Leftovers (HTML5) Game Activity 2

Learning Goals: Students will be able to:

1. Predict the amounts of products and leftovers after reaction using the concept of limiting
reactant
2. Predict the initial amounts of reactants given the amount of products and leftovers using the
concept of limiting reactant
3. Translate from symbolic (chemical formula) to molecular (pictorial) representations of matter
4. Explain how subscripts and coefficients are used to solve limiting reactant problems.

Directions: Your answers should demonstrate comprehensive self-evaluation.

8. Play all levels of the Game with “nothing” hidden and record your scores. Play a few times if you
feel you need to.

9. Play all levels of the Game with “molecules” hidden and record your scores. Play a few times if
you feel you need to.

10. Play all levels of the Game with “numbers” hidden and record your scores. Play a few times if
you feel you need to.
 11. If you were helping a friend do stoichiometry problems, what would you tell them about how
they might use subscripts and coefficients in their problem solving?

12. How might using molecular images help your friend when doing problem solving?

Stoichiometry
Limiting Reagent Problems 1

Name:

First comment before starting:

Just a bit below, I'm going to tell you (several times) how to determine the limiting
reagent in a chemistry problem. I certainly hope it is something you pay attention to
and remember. Figuring out which substance is the limiting reagent is an area that
many students struggle with.

You will see the word "excess" used in this section and in the problems. It is used
several different ways:

(a) Compound A reacts with an excess of compound B. In this case, mentally set
compound B aside for the moment. Since it is "in excess," this means there is more
than enough of it. The other compound will run out first.
(b) 20 grams of A and 20 grams of B react. Which is in excess? What we will do
below is find out which substance runs out first (called the limiting reagent).
Obviously (I hope), the other compound is seen to be in excess.

(c) After 20 gm. of A and 20 gm. of B react, how much of the excess compound
remains. To answer this problem, a subtraction will be involved. This is a part of
many limiting reagent problems and it causes difficult with students. Expect it to be
on your test.

Second comment before starting: What is the Limiting Reagent?

It is simply the substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first. It seems to be a
simple concept, but it does cause people problems. Let's try a simple non-chemical
example.

Reactant A is a test tube. I have 20 of them.

Reactant B is a stopper. I have 30 of them.

Product C is a stoppered test tube.

The reaction is:

A + B ---> C

test tube plus stopper gives stoppered test tube.

So now we let them "react." The first stopper goes in, the second goes in and so on.
Step by step we use up stoppers and test tubes (the amounts go down) and make
stoppered test tubes (the amount goes up).

Suddenly, we run out of one of the "reactants." Which one? We run out of test tubes
first. Seems obvious, doesn't it? We had 20 test tubes, but we had 30 stoppers. So
when the test tubes are used up, we have 10 stoppers sitting there unused. And we also
have 20 test tubes with stoppers firmly inserted.

So, which "reactant" is limiting and which is in excess? The test tubes are limiting
(they ran out first) and the stoppers are in excess (we have some left over when the
limiting reagent ran out).

There are two techniques for determine the limiting reagent in chemical problems.
The first technique is discussed as part of the solution to the first example. Make sure
you take a close look at it. The second technique will make its first appearance in
Example #6.

Example #1: Here's a nice limiting reagent problem we will use for discussion.
Consider the reaction:

2Al + 3I2 ------> 2AlI3

Determine the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield of the product if one starts
with:

(a) 1.20 mol Al and 2.40 mol iodine.

(b) 1.20 g Al and 2.40 g iodine
(c) How many grams of Al are left over in part b?

Solution for part (a):

We already have moles as the unit, so we use those numbers directly.

1) Here is how to find out the limiting reagent:

take the moles of each substance and divide it by its coefficient in the balanced
equation. The substance that has the smallest answer is the limiting reagent.

2) Let's say that again:

to find the limiting reagent, take the moles of each substance and divide it by its
coefficient in the balanced equation. The substance that has the smallest answer
is the limiting reagent.

You're going to need that technique, so remember it.

By the way, did you notice that I bolded the technique to find the limiting reagent? I
did this so as to emphasize its importance to you when learning how to do limiting
reagent problems.

3) Resuming with the problem solution:

For aluminum: 1.20 / 2 = 0.60

For iodine: 2.40 / 3 = 0.80
4) The lowest number indicates the limiting reagent. Aluminum will run out first in
part (a) of the question. Why?

1.20/2 means there are 0.60 "groupings" of 2 and 2.40/3 means there are 0.80
"groupings" of 3. If they ran out at the same time, we'd need one "grouping" of each.
Since there is less of the "grouping of 2," it will run out first.

If you're not sure what I just said, that's OK. The technique works, so remember it and
use it.

5) The second part of the question "theoretical yield" depends on finding out the
limiting reagent. Once we do that, it becomes a stoichiometric calculation.

Al and AlI3 stand in a one-to-one molar relationship, so 1.20 mol of Al produces 1.20
mol of AlI3. Notice that the amount of I2 does not play a role, since it is in excess.

Solution for part (b):

1) Since we have grams, we must first convert to moles. The we solve just as we did
in part a just above. For the mole calculation:

aluminum is 1.20 g / 26.98 g mol¯1 = 0.04477 mol

iodine is 2.4 g / 253.8 g mol¯1 = 0.009456 mol

2) To determine the limiting reagent:

aluminum is 0.04477 / 2 = 0.02238

iodine is 0.009456 / 3 = 0.003152

The lower number is iodine, so we have identified the limiting reagent.

3) Finally, we have to do a calculation and it will involve the iodine, NOT the
aluminum.

I2 and AlI3 stand in a three-to-two molar relationship, so 0.009456 mol of I2 produces

0.006304 mol of AlI3. Again, notice that the amount of Al does not play a role, since
it is in excess.

From here figure out the grams of AlI3 and you have your answer.

Solution for part (c):

Since we have moles, we calculate directly and then convert to grams.

Al and I2 stand in a two-to-three molar relationship, so 0.009456 mol of I2 uses
0.006304 mol of Al.

Convert this aluminum amount to grams and subtract it from 1.20 g and that's the
answer.

Just above was some discussion on a way to determine the limiting reagent in a
chemistry problem. This particular thing (determine the limiting reagent) is a real
stumbling block for students. Be aware!

Example #2: 15.00 g aluminum sulfide and 10.00 g water react until the limiting
reagent is used up. Here is the balanced equation for the reaction:

Al2S3 + 6H2O ---> 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S

(a) Which is the limiting reagent?

(b) What is the maximum mass of H2S which can be formed from these reagents?
(c) How much excess reagent remains after the reaction is complete?

Some comments first:

The key to this problem is the limiting reagent, part (a). Once you know that, part (b)
becomes "How much H2S can be made from the limiting reagent?" Part (c) becomes
two connected questions: first, "How much Al2S3 is used up when reacting with the
limiting reagent?" then second, "What is 15.00 minus the amount in the first part?"

Make sure you note that second part. The calculation gives you the answer to "How
much reacted?" but the question is "How much remained?" Lots of students forget to
do the second part (the 15 minus part) and so get graded down.

Note: I'm carrying a guard digit or two through the calculations. The final answers
will appear with the proper number of significant figures.

Solution for limiting reagent, part (a):

1) Determine the moles of Al2S3 and H2O

aluminum sulfide: 15.00 g ÷ 150.158 g/mol = 0.099895 mol

water: 10.00 g ÷ 18.015 g/mol = 0.555093 mol
2) Divide each mole amount by equation coefficient

aluminum sulfide: 0.099895 mol ÷ 1 mol = 0.099895

water: 0.555093 mol ÷ 6 mol = 0.0925155

3) The water is the lesser amount; it is the limiting reagent.

Solution for mass of H2S formed, part (b)

Now that we know the limiting reagent is water, this problem becomes "How much
H2S is produced from 10.00 g of H2O and excess aluminum sulfide?"

1) Determine moles of 10.00 g of H2O

water: 10.00 g ÷ 18.015 g/mol = 0.555093 mol

2) Use molar ratios to determine moles of H2S produced from above amount of water.

(a) the H2O/H2S molar ratio is 6/3, a 2/1 ratio.

(b) water is associated with the two. This means the H2S amount is one-half the water
value = 0.2775465 mol.

3) Convert moles of H2S to grams.

0.2775465 mol x 34.0809 g/mol = 9.459 g

Solution for excess reagent remaining, part (c)

We will use the amount of water to calculate how much Al2S3 reacts, then subtract
that amount from 15.00 g.

1) Determine moles of 10.00 g of H2O

water: 10.00 g ÷ 18.015 g/mol = 0.555093 mol

2) Use molar ratios to determine moles of Al2S3 that reacts with the above amount of
water.

(a) the Al2S3/H2O ratio is 1/6

(b) water is associated with the 6. This means the Al2S3 amount is one-sixth the water
value = 0.09251447 mol

3) Convert moles of Al2S3 to grams.

0.09251447 mol x 150.158 g/mol = 13.891943 g

4) However, we are not done. We were asked for the amount remaining and the
answer just above is the amount which was used up, so the final step is:

15.00 g − 13.891943 g = 1.108 g

Problem #3: If there is 35.0 grams of C6H10 and 45.0 grams of O2, how many grams
of the excess reagent will remain after the reaction ceases?

2C6H10 + 17O2 ---> 12CO2 + 10H2O

Problem #4: (a) What mass of Al2O3 can be produced from the reaction of 10.0 g of
Al and 19.0 g of O3? (b) How much of the excess reagent remains unreacted?
Problem #5: Based on the balanced equation:

C4H8 + 6O2 ---> 4CO2 + 4H2O

Calculate the number of excess reagent units remaining when 28 C4H8 molecules and
228 O2 molecules react?

Problem #6: Determine the maximum mass of TiCl4 that can be obtained from 35.0 g
of TiO2, 45.0 g Cl2 and 11.0 g of C. Assume each reactant is the limiting reagent.
Determine the moles of product produced by each assumption.

3TiO2 + 4C + 6Cl2 ---> 3TiCl4 + 2CO2 + 2CO

Problem #7: Determine the starting mass of each reactant if 46.3 of K3PO4 is
produced and 92.8 of H3PO4 remains unreacted.

3KOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq) ---> K3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ)

Problem #8: Determine the limiting reagent of this reaction:

Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O ---> 4H3BO3 + Na2SO4

There are 5.00 g of each reactant.

Problem #9: How much O2 could be produced from 2.45 g of KO2 and 4.44 g of
CO2?

4KO2 + 2CO2 ---> 2K2CO3 + 3O2

Problem #10: (a) What mass of hydrogen peroxide should result when 1.45 g of
barium peroxide is treated with 25.5 mL of hydrochloric acid solution containing
0.0277 g of HCl per mL? (b) How much of the excess reactant is left?

BaO2(s) + 2HCl(aq) ---> H2O2(aq) + BaCl2(aq)

Bonus Problem: Consider the following reaction at 1.10 atm and 19.0 °C:
NaCl(s) + NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) ---> NH4Cl(aq) + NaHCO3(s)

0.218 mol of sodium chloride, 0.177 moles of ammonia, 0.192 moles of carbon
dioxide, and an unlimited amount of water react to form aqueous ammonium chloride
and solid sodium bicarbonate. How many moles of ammonium chloride are formed in
the reaction?