Module: 1 : Week: 1 : Quarter: 1

LESSON1: Distance Between Two Points

Learning Competency: Solves problems involving two points

Let’s Recall! (Review Exercises)

A. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on the space provided before each number.

_____1) It is a line on which one direction is chosen positive and the opposite
direction as negative.
A) Directed line C) Inclined line
B) Absolute Line D) Reference line
_____2) It is the intersection of the two coordinate axes.
A) Origin C) Mantissa
B) Characteristics D) Ordinate
_____3) It is the number corresponding to a point on the line.
A) Ordinate C) Coordinate
B) Domain D) Range
_____4) Our rectangular coordinate system is divided into how many parts.
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
_____5) The point (-3, -4) is located in which of the following quadrants?
A) QI B) QII C) QIII D) QIV

Let’s Understand! (Study the Concept)

In some instances, the distance between two points of the cartesian plane is required. The
distance between any two points, or the length of the line segment connecting them, can be determined
by the coordinates of the point. For this matter, we will classify a line segment (or line) as horizontal,
vertical, or slant, depending on whether the segment is parallel to the x – axis, to the y – axis, or to
neither axis. In deriving appropriate formulas for the lengths of these kinds of segments, we shall use
the idea of directed segments.
Let P1(x1, y) and P2(x2, y) be two y

points on a horizontal line, and let A Q2(x, y2)

•
A(0, y)) P2 (x2, y)
be the point where the line cuts the
• •P (x , y) •1 1
y – axis. Then we have,
•
B(x, 0)
AP1 + P1P2 = AP2 0 x

P1P2 = AP2 – AP1

P1P2 = x2 – x1 Q1(x,1, y1) •
Similarly, for the vertical distance, Q1Q2, we have:
Q1Q2 = Q1B + BQ2
Q1Q2 = BQ2 – BQ1
Q1Q2 = y2 – y1
In as much as the lengths of segments, without regard to direction, are often desired, we
state a rule that gives result in positive quantities.

The length of a horizontal line segment joining two point is the abscissa of the
point on the right minus the abscissa of the point on the left. That is, d = x2 – x1

The length of a vertical line segment joining two points is the ordinate of the upper
point minus the ordinate of the lower point. That is, d = y2 – y1

If we are not sure which point is to the right of the other, we may use the equivalent expression

| P1P2 | = | x1 – x2 | = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2
for the undirected distance between P1 (x1, y) and P2(x2, y). Similarly,

| Q1Q2 | = | y1 – y2 | = √(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
is the distance between Q1(x, y1) and Q2(x, y2).

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
Find the lengths of the line segments AB, CD, EF, and GH based on the given figure.
y

AB = 5 – 1 = 4 C(-2, 4))
• • D(6, 4)
CD = 6 – ( -2) = 6 + 2 = 8 • F(-3, 1)
A(1, 0) B(5, 0)
EF = 1 – (-4) = 1 + 4 = 5 • •
O x
• H(3, -2)
GH = -2 – (-5) = -2 + 5 = 3
• E(-3, -4)

• G(3, -5)
Now, let us consider points P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) which determine a slant line. Draw a line
through P1 parallel to the x – axis and a line through P2 parallel to the y – axis. These two lines
intersect at the point R, whose abscissa is x2 and whose ordinate is y1. Hence
P1R = x2 – x1
RP2 = y2 – y1 P2(x2, y2)
By the Pythagorean theorem,
( P1P2 )2 = ( P1R )2 + ( RP2 )2 P1(x1, y1)
R(x2, y1)
Denoting the length of the segment P1P2 as d,
We have the formula

d = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

To find the distance between two points, add the square

of the distance of the abscissas to the square of the
difference of the ordinates and then take the square root
of the sum. That is:

d = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
1) Find the length of each of the given line segment whose endpoints are given below:
a) A(1, 2) & B( 3, - 5) b) ( 4, 3) & (-4, 5) c) (0, 5) & ( -4, -4)

a) Solution: a) A( 1, 2) & B(3, -5) b) (4, 3) & (-4, 5)

d = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 d = √(−4 − 4)2 + (5 − 3)2
d = √(3 − 1)2 + (−5 − 2)2 d = √(−8)2 + 22
d = √22 + (−7)2 d = √64 + 4
d = √4 + 49 d = √68 = √4(17)
d = √53units d = 2√17 units

c) (0, 5) & (-4, -4)

d = √(−4 − 0)2 + (−4 − 5)2

d = √(−4)2 + (−9)2

d = √16 + 81

d = √97 units
 Let’s Practice! (Practice Exercises)
A. Find the distance between each pair of points given below. If the answer is not exact, write
your answer in the simplest radical form.
1) (3, 1) & (7, 4) 6) ( 4, 5) & (-4, -5)
2) (2, 4) & ( -6, 4) 7) ( 10, -2) & ( 15, -2)
3) (-4, 7) & ( -7, -4) 8) (4, -5) & ( (-10, 7)
4) ((0, 10) & ( 10, 0) 9) ( (12, 14) & ( -12, -14)
5) ( 12, -20) & ( 12, 40) 10) (15, 20) & ( 10, 20)

Let’s Analyze! ( Critical Thinking)

A) Using, the distance formula, show that the given points are vertices of a right triangle
1) A(1, 3) , B(10, 5), & C(2, 1) (4 points)
2) A(-1, 1), B(6, -2), & C( 4, 3) (4 points)
3) A(0, 1), B(1, ½), & C(2, 5/2) (4 points)
B) Using distance formula, show that points A(√3, 1), B(2√3, −2), and C(2√3, 4) are vertices
of an equilateral triangle (4 points)

C) Show that the points A(1, -1), B(5, 2), C(2, 6), and D((-2, 3) determine equal sides of the
quadrilateral ABCD. ( 4 points)
 Let’s Evaluate!

Module: 1 : Week: 1 : Quarter: 1

LESSON1: Distance Between Two Points
Student’s Name: _____________________________________Date:_________________________
Grade & Section: __________________ Teacher:________________________Score: __________
A) Find the distance between each pair of points given below. If the answer is not exact , express
your answer in radical form. Simplify your answer. (1 point each)

1) ( 2, 5) & ( 5, -8) 4) (8, -7) & ( 20, - 7)

2) (3, -7) & ( 3, -13) 5) (12, -10) & ( 8, 4)

3) (-3, -2) & ( 7, -5) 6) (13, 0) & ( 12, -12)

B) Show that points A(-2, 7), B(5, 4), C(-1, -10) and D(-8, -7) are vertices of the rectangle ABCD.
Use distance formula in proving. (5 points)

C) Using distance between two points, show that points A( 2, -3), B(3, 0), and C(-2, 2) are vertices
of an isosceles triangle. (4 points)

D) Find the point on the x-axis that is equidistant from the point (-2, 5) and (4, 1). (2 points)

E) Find the point on the y – axis that is equidistant from the points (-4, -2) and (3, 1) (2 pts.)

F) If (x, 4) is equidistant from (5, -2) and (3, 4), what is x? (1 point )

__________________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE
 Module: 1 : Week: 1 : Quarter: 1
LESSONII: Inclination and Slope of a Line

Learning Competencies:
1) Defines and illustrates inclination of a line.
2) Solves problems involving angles between two lines

Let’s Recall! (Review Exercises)

A. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on the space provided before each number.
_____1) If the slope of line 1 is m1 and the slope of line 2 is m2, which of the following statements
shows that the two lines are parallel?
a) m1 • m2 = 1 c) m1 • m2 = -1
b) m1 = m2 d) m1 • m2 = 0
_____2) If the slope of line 1 is m1 and the slope of line 2 is m2, which of the following statements
shows that the two lines are perpendicular?
a) m1 • m2 = 1 c) m1 • m2 = -1
b) m1 = m2 d) m1 • m2 = 0
_____3) The slope of the line is m and it is tilted to the right. Which of the following statements is
TRUE about its slope?
a) m > 0 b) m = 0 c) m < 0 d) m = ∞
_____4) Which of the following is the slope of a horizontal line?
a) m > 0 b) m = 0 c) m < 0 d) m = ∞
_____5) Which of the following is true about the slope of a vertical line?
a) m > 0 b) m = 0 c) m < 0 d) m = ∞

Let’s Understand! (Study the Lesson)

The inclination of a line is a concept used extensively in calculus and in other areas of
mathematics. Relative to this concept, we have the following definition.

The inclination of a line that intersects the x – axis is the smallest angle,
greater than or equal to 00, that the line makes with the positive direction of the
x – axis. The inclination of the horizontal line is 0.

According to this definition, the inclination  of a line is

00 <  < 1800 or in radian measure , 0<<
In the given figure below, the inclination of the line L is indicated by the curved arrow. MX is
the initial side and ML is the terminal side. y
L
y L



x M x
O M O
 The slope of a line is the tangent of the inclination

Let us recall the slopes of the following lines.

1) The slope of a line that leans to the right is positive or greater than 0.
2) The slope of a line that leans to the left is negative or less than 0.
3) The slope of a horizontal line is 0
4) Vertical lines do not have slope because 900 has no tangent.

If the inclination of a nonvertical line is known, the slope can be determined by the use of
scientific calculator. Conversely, if the slope of the line is known, its inclination can be found.
In most problems, however, it is more convenient to deal with the slope of a line rather than its
inclination.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

1) Draw a line through P(2, 2) with inclination of 350

Solution: Plot first P(2, 2) then draw a line through P making an angle of 35 0 with the
positive x – direction.

P(2, 2) 350
•

350

2
2) Draw a line through the point P(-2, 2) with slope −
3

Solution: Plot first the point P(-2, 2). From P, move 2 units downward then 3 units to the
right.

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 −2
Since 𝑚 = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 3
P(.2, 2)
•
•2)
(-1, 0)
 The definition of inclination and slope of a line lead immediately to a theorem concerning
parallel lines and perpendicular lines . If two lines have the same slope, their inclinations are equal.
Hence we know from geometry that they are parallel. Conversely, if two nonvertical lines are parallel,
they have equal inclinations and thus equal slopes.

❖ Two nonvertical lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.
❖ Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if the product of their slopes is negative 1 or
The slope of one line is equal to the negative reciprocal of the slope of the other line.

Based on our definition of slope (slope is the tangent of the inclination), If the coordinates of
two points on a line are known, we can be able to find the slope of the line from the given
coordinates. Let us now derive the formula for this purpose.
Let P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2, y2) be the two given points, and indicate the slope as m. Referring to
the figure below, we have
𝑅𝑃 𝑦 −𝑦 y
m = tan  = 𝑃 𝑅2 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
1 2 1

• P2(x2, y2)

y2 – y1
•P1(x1,y1) • R(x2, y1)
x2 – x1

O x

Let us consider the figure below.

y
We know for a fact that the line slants to the
Left. The quantities y1 – y2 and x2 – x1 are
both positive, and the angles  and  are • P1(x1, y1)
supplementary. Consequently
𝑦1 −𝑦2
y1 – y2
= tan 𝛼 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 P2(x2, y2)
𝑥2 −𝑥1 x 2 – x1 
• •
R(x1, y2)  
Therefore
x
𝑦1 −𝑦2 𝑦2 −𝑦1
m = tan  = − =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥2 −𝑥1

Hence the slope is determined in the same way for lines slanting either to the left or right.

The slope m of a line passing through two given points P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) is equal to
the difference of the ordinates divided by the difference of the abscissas taken in the
same order; that is,

𝑦 −𝑦
𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
2 1
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
Given the points A(-1, -1), B(5, 0), C(4, 3) and D(-2, 2), show that ABCD is a parallelogram.
Solution: One of the properties of a parallelogram is: Opposite sides of a parallelogram
are parallel. We have to show that mAB = mCD & mBC = mDA

3−0
𝑚𝐴𝐵=0−(−1)=1 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = 4−5 = −3
5−(−1) 6

2−3 1 2−(−1)
𝑚𝐶𝐷 = −2−4 = 6 𝑚𝐷𝐴 = −2−(−1) = −3

Since 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷 & 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚𝐷𝐴 then quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram

Now that we know how to get the inclination and the slope of the line, let us study how to
find the angle between two lines. We know for a fact that when two lines intersect, there are two
angles formed and these angles are supplementary. Let us consider the figure below.

y
1 +  = 2
By Remote Exterior Angle
Theorem

 = 2 - 1


Using the formula for the tangent of the

difference of two angles, we find 1 2
O x

𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝜽𝟐 − 𝜽𝟏 )

𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 −𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽𝟏
= 𝟏+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝜽 If we let m2 = tan 2 & m1 = tan 1 then we have
𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽𝟏

𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
Where m2 is the slope of the terminal side and m1 is the slope of the initial side, and  is
measured in counterclockwise direction.
 Since  is the supplement of , and therefore
𝑚 −𝑚1
Tan  = - tan  = − 1+𝑚
2
1 𝑚2
𝑚 −𝑚2
Tan  = 1+𝑚
1
1 𝑚2

Remember that this formula will not be applicable if either of the lines is vertical, since a
vertical line does not possess slope. For this case, the problem would be that of finding the angle or
a trigonometric function of the angle, that a line of known slope makes with the vertical. Also, for any
two slant lines that are perpendicular, this formula won’t work.

Two lines are perpendicular if the slope of one line is equal to the
negative reciprocal of the slope of the other line. That is,
1
L1 ⊥ L2 if and only if m1 • m2 = -1 or m1 = - − 𝑚
2

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

1) Find the tangents of the angles of the triangle whose vertices are A(3, -2), B(-5, 8) and
C(4, 5). Use scientific calculator to find the angle measure to the nearest hundredths of a
degree.

Solution: •B
8 − (−2) 10 5
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = =−
−5 − 3 −8 4 •C

5−8 −3 1
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = =−
4 − (−5) 9 3
5−(−2) 5+2
𝑚𝐴𝐶 = 4−3
= 1
=7 •A
Note: The side where the arrow lies will always serve as the terminal side (m 2).

5
− −7 −5−28 −33 33 33
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 4
−5 = = −31 = 31 A = tan -1 (31) = 46.790
1+(7)( ) 4−35
4
1 −5
− − −4+15 11 11
tan 𝐵 = 3 4
−1 −5 = = 17 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (17) = 32.910
1+( )( ) 12+5
3 4
−1
7− 21+1 22 11 11
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 = 3
−1 = =− =− 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− ) = −79.700
1+7( ) 3−7 4 2 2
3

𝐶 = 180 − 79.70 = 100.3 C = 100.300

To check: mA + mB + mC = 180

46.79 + 32.91 + 100.30 = 180
180 = 180
2) The cross section of an A-frame cottage is an isosceles triangle. If the slope of one of the
sides is 1.8 and it is 19 ft high at the peak, what is the width of the cottage?
Solution: Set the center of the base at the origin (0, 19)
Then
𝑦 −𝑦 19−0
𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 = = 1.8
2 1 0−𝑥

19= -1.8x
95 m= 1.8
X=− 9

The width of the cottage is 2x. Therefore

95 190 1
Width = 2( 9 = = 21 9 𝑓𝑡.
9 (x, 0) (0, 0)

3). A television camera is located along the 40-yd line at at football game. If the camera is 20
yards back from the sideline, through what angle should it be able to pan in order to cover
the entire field of play, including end zones, which are 10 yards deep? Express your
answer to the nearest units of a degree.
 Solution: The football field is 120 yards wide.
2 2
−5−7
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2 2
1+(−5)(7)

−14−10
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = (-50, 20)• •
35−4 (70, 20)
2 2
−24 m=− m=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 5  7
31
24
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− 31)

𝜃 = −37.750  = 180 -37.75  = 142.25

 = 1420

Let’s Practice! (Practice Exercises)

A. Draw a line through the given point with the indicated inclination  in each of the given
exercises below.

1) (2, 3) ;  = 300 2) (-2, 1) ;  = 450 3) ((4, -3) ;  = 1500

4) (0, 0) ;  = 750 5) (-3, -1) ;  = 600

B. Find the slope of the line passing through the given two points. Find also the inclination to
the nearest degree. (2 points each)
1) (2, 3) & (3, 7) 2) (-9, 0) & (3, 8) 3) (-2, 8) & (4, -3)
4) (3, -7) & ( 6, 9) 5) ( -4, -8) & ( (6, -9)

Let’s Analyze! (Critical Thinking)

A) Find the measures of the interior angles of the triangle whose vertices are given below.
Express your answer to the nearest hundredths of a degree. (3 points each)
1) A(1, 1), B(5, 2), C(3, 5) 2) A(-1, 1), B(2, -1), C(3, 5)
3) A(2, 2), B(-4, -1), C(6, -5) 4) A(3, 8), B(-4, -3), C(6, -1)
B). The line through the points (3, 4) and (-5, 0) intersects the line through (0, 0) and (-5, 0).
Find the angles of intersection. (2 points)

C). A cross section of a cottage, 18 ft wide, is an isosceles triangle. If the slope of a side is
1.75, find the height of the cottage.
 Let’s Evaluate!
Module: 1 : Week: 1 : Quarter: 1
LESSON1: Distance Between Two Points
Student’s Name: _____________________________________Date:_________________________
Grade & Section: __________________ Teacher:________________________Score: __________
A. Find the slope of the line passing through the two given points.

1) (6, 5) & ( -4, 3) 2) (12, 9) & ( 6, -3) 3) (-12, -15) & ( 4, 6)

2 7 5 8 4 12 2 3
4) (− 3 , 4) & (2 , − 3) 5) (− 9 , − ) & (1 3 , −2 4)
5

B. Find the measures of the interior angles of triangle ABC where the coordinates of its vertices are
given. (3 points each)
1) A( 0, 1), B(10, 11), C(5. 6)

2) A( 2, 6), B(-2, 8), C( 0, 10)

3) A( -2, 4), B( -4, -6), C( 4, -8)

4) A((0, 0), B(-6, 4), C( (-1, -1)

5) A(1, 1), B( 6, -8), C(12, 14)

C. Solve each of the given problem below. Illustrate the problem if possible.
1) Two lines passing through (3, 2) makes an angle of 450. If the slope of one of the lines is 1,
find the slope of the other line. (Two solutions)

2) A television camera is 30 ft from the sideline of a basketball court 94 ft long. The camera
is located 7 ft from the midcourt. Through what angle must it sweep in order to cover all
actions in the court? (3 points)

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PARENT’S SIGNATURE