Chapter 10 Circles

Addressed or Prepped VA SOL:

G.4 The student will construct and justify the constructions of
h) an equilateral triangle, a square, and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle.

G.11 The student will solve problems, including practical problems, by applying properties of
circles. This will include determining
a) angle measures formed by intersecting chords, secants, and/or tangents;
b) lengths of segments formed by intersecting chords, secants, and/or tangents;
c) arc length; and
d) area of a sector.

G.12 The student will solve problems involving equations of circles.

SOL Progression

Middle School:
 Solve two-step equations
 Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in the coordinate
plane.
 Solve real-world problems

Algebra I:
 Solve linear equations in one variable
 Multiply binomials
 Solve quadratic equations using square roots and by completing the square
 Graph points and functions in the coordinate plane

Geometry:
 Identify chords, diameters, radii, secants, and tangents of circles
 Find angle and arc measures
 Use inscribed angles and polygons and circumscribed angles
 Use properties od chords tangents, and secants to solve problems
 Write equations of circles

Geometry Student Notes 1

 Chapter 10 Circles

Section 10-1: Lines and Segments that Intersect Circles

SOL: G.11.a and .b

Objective:
Identify special segments and lines
Draw and identify common tangents
Use properties of tangents

Vocabulary:
Center – the central point of a circle
Chord – any segment that endpoints are on the circle
Circle – the set of all points in a plane equidistant for a given point called the center of
the circle
Circumference – is the perimeter of the circle (once around the outside) C = 2πr = dπ
Common tangent – a line or segment that is tangent to two coplanar circles
Concentric circles – coplanar circle that have a common center
Diameter – a chord that contains the center of the circle
Point of tangency – the point that the circle and tangent intersect
Radius – any segment that endpoints are the center and a point on the circle; ½ diameter
Secant – a line that intersects a circle in two points
Tangent – a line in the plane of a circle that intersects the circle in exactly one point
Tangent circles – coplanar circle that intersect in one point

Core Concepts:

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Examples:

Example 1:

Tell whether the line, ray, or segment is best described as a

radius, chord, diameter, secant or tangent of circle O.

a. ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑅
b. ⃡𝑀𝑁
c. ⃡𝑃𝑄
d. ̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝑂

Example 2:

Tell how many common tangents the circles have and draw them.

a. b. c.

Example 3:

̅̅̅̅ tangent to ⊙ 𝑃?
Is 𝑆𝑇

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Example 4:

In the diagram, point P is a point of tangency. Find the radius, r, of ⊙ 𝑂.

Example 5:

̅̅
𝐽𝐻̅̅ is tangent to ⊙ 𝐿 at H, and ̅̅̅
𝐽𝐾 is tangent to ⊙ 𝐿 at K. Find the value of x.

Concept Summary:
– A line that is tangent to a circle intersects the circle in exactly one point.
– A tangent is perpendicular to a radius (or diameter) of a circle
– Pythagorean Theorem will apply
– Two segments tangent to a circle from the same exterior point are congruent

Khan Academy Videos:

1. Glossary of Circles
2. Radius, diameter, circumference and π

Homework: Circle Items WS

Reading: Student notes section 10-2

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Section 10-2: Finding Arc Measures

SOL: G.11.a

Objective:
Find arc measures
Identify congruent arcs
Prove circles are similar

Vocabulary:
Adjacent arcs – two arcs of the same circle that intersect at exactly one point
Arc – edge of the circle defined by a central angle
Central Angle – an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle with two radii as sides
Congruent arcs – arcs that have the same measure
Congruent circles – circles with the same radius length
Minor Arc – an arc with the central angle less than 180° in measurement
Major Arc – an arc with the central angle greater than 180° in measurement
Semicircle – an arc with the central angle equal to 180° in measurement
Similar arcs – if and only if they have the same measure

Core Concepts:

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Examples:

Example 1:

Find the measure of each arc of ⊙ 𝐶, where ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵 is a diameter.

̂
a. 𝐴𝐷

̂
b. 𝐷𝐴𝐵

c. BDA

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Example 2:

Find the measure of each arc.

̂
a. 𝑆𝑅𝑄

̂
b. 𝑅𝑃𝑄

̂
c. 𝑃𝑅𝑆

Example 3:

A survey asked people how many minutes they spend

brushing their teeth each morning. The circle graph
shows the results. Find the indicated arc measures.

̂
a. m𝐴𝐵𝐶

̂
b. m𝐴𝐶𝐵

̂
c. m𝐵𝐷

̂
d. m𝐶𝐵𝐷

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Example 4:
Tell whether the red arcs are congruent. Explain why or why not.
a. GF and HE

b. PQ and RS

c. JK and MN

Concept Summary:
– Sum of measures of central angles of a circle with no interior points in common is 360°
– Measure of each arc is related to the measure of its central angle
– Length of an arc is proportional to the length of the circumference

Khan Academy Videos:

1. Introduction to arc measures
2. Finding arc measures
3. Finding arc measure with equations

Homework: Circle Items WS

Reading: Student notes section 10-3

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Section 10-3: Using Chords

SOL: G.11.b

Objective:
Use chords of circles to find lengths and arc measures

Vocabulary:
Inscribed Polygon – all vertices lie on the circle
Circumscribed – circle contains all vertices of a polygon

Core Concept:

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Examples:

Example 1:

̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐽𝐾
In the diagram, ⊙ 𝑃 ≅ ⊙ 𝑄, 𝐹𝐺 ̅̅̅, and 𝑚𝐽𝐾 ̂.
̂ = 120°. Find 𝑚𝐹𝐺

Example 2:

a. Find KH

b. Find mHLK

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Example 3:

A telephone company plans to install a cell tower that is the same distance from the centers of
three towns, labeled P, Q, and R. Where should the cell tower be placed?

Example 4:

In the diagram, 𝐸𝑃 = 𝐸𝑄 = 12, 𝐶𝐷 = 5𝑥 + 7, and

𝐴𝐵 = 7𝑥 − 3. Find the radius of ⊙ 𝐸.

Concept Summary:
– The endpoints of a chord are also the endpoints of an arc
– Diameters and radii that are perpendicular to chords bisect chords and intercepted arcs

Khan Academy Videos: None relate

Homework: Circle Segments Worksheet

Reading: Student notes section 10-4

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Section 10-4: Inscribed Angles and Polygons

SOL: G.11.a and G.4.h

Objective:
Use inscribed angles
Use inscribed polygons

Vocabulary:
Circumscribed circle – the circle that contains the vertices of an inscribed polygon
Inscribed Angle – an angle with its vertex on the circle and whose sides contain chords of
the circle
Inscribed Polygon – a polygon whose vertices lie on a circle
Intercepted arc – an arc that lies between two lines, rays or segments
Subtend – the sides or arc of an inscribed angle

Core Concept:

Inscribed angles measure one-half of their arcs

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Chapter 10 Circles

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Examples:

Example 1:

Find the indicated measure.

̂
a. 𝑚𝐷𝐺

b. 𝑚∡𝐺

Example 2:

̂ and 𝑚𝐻𝐽𝐿
Find 𝑚𝐻𝑀𝐿 ̂ . What do you notice about ∡𝐻𝐾𝐿
and ∡𝐿𝐾𝐻?

Example 3:

Given 𝑚∡𝐶 = 68°, find 𝑚∡𝐵.

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Example 4:

Find the value of each variable.

a.

b.

Example 5:

Explain how to find locations where the right side of the statue is
all that is seen in your camera’s field of vision.

Concept Summary:
– The measure of the inscribed angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc
– The angles of inscribed polygons can be found by using arc measures
– Opposite angles in inscribed quadrilaterals are supplementary

Khan Academy Videos:

1. Inscribed angles
2. Solving inscribed quadrilaterals

Homework: Circle Angles Worksheet

Reading: Student notes section 10-4

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Section 10-5: Angle Relationships in Circles

SOL: G.11.a

Objective:
Find angle and arc measures
Use circumscribed angles

Vocabulary:
Tangent – a line that intersects a circle in exactly one point
Point of tangency – point where a tangent intersects a circle

Core Concept:

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 Chapter 10 Circles

An inside angle’s measure is one-half the sum of the front and back arcs.

An outside angle’s measure is one-half the difference between the far and near arcs.

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Examples:

Example 1:

Line m is tangent to the circle. Find the measure of the red angle or arc.

a. ∡1 b. ̂
𝑚𝐿𝐽𝐾

Example 2:

Find the value of x.

a. b.

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Example 3:

Find the value of x.

a. b.

Example 4:

Use the information (radius of Earth is about 4000

miles). A flash occurs 100 miles above Earth at
point C. Find the measure of 𝐵𝐷̂ , the potion of
Earth from which the flash is visible.

Concept Summary:
– Central angle is equal to its arc
– Inscribed angle is equal to half of its arc
– Interior angle is equal to the average of the sum of its vertical angle pairs
– Exterior angle is equal to the average of the difference of far and near arcs

Khan Academy Videos: None relate

Homework: Circle Angles Worksheet

Reading: Student notes section 10-6

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Section 10-6: Segment Relationships in Circles

SOL: G.11.a

Objective:
Use segments of chords, tangents, and secants

Vocabulary:
Secant – a line that intersects a circle in exactly two points

Core Concept:

Part of a chord times its other part = Part of the second chord time its other part

Outside times the whole (outside + inside) = Outside times the whole

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Examples:

Example 1:

Find AB and PQ.

Example 2:

Find the value of x.

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Example 3:

Find WX

Example 4:

Find the radius of the circle

Concept Summary:
– The length of segments inside the circle are found using:
– Part of segment x other part of segment = Part of the second segment x other part
of second segment
– The length of segments outside the circle are found using:
– Outside x Whole = Outside x Whole

Khan Academy Videos: None relate

Homework: Circle Segments Worksheet

Reading: Student notes section 10-7

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Section 10-7: Circles in the Coordinate Plane

SOL: G.12

Objective:
Write and graph equations of circles
Write and coordinate proofs involving circles
Solve real-life problems using graphs of circles

Vocabulary: None New

Core Concept:

Examples:

Example 1:

Write the standard equation of the circle:

a.

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 Chapter 10 Circles

b. A circle with center at the origin and radius y

3.5

x
Example 2:

The point (4, 1) is on a circle with center (1, 4). Write

the standard equation of the circle.

Example 3:
y
The equation of a circle is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 6 = 0. Find the center and the
radius of the circle. Then graph the circle.

Example 4: y

Prove or disprove that the point (3, √7) lies on the

circle centered at the origin and containing the point
(1, 4).
x

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y Example 5:

The epicenter of an earthquake is 10 miles away from (-

1,-3), 2 miles away from (5,3) and 5 miles away from
(2,9). Find the coordinates of the epicenter.
x

Concept Summary:
– The coordinates of the center of a circle (h, k) and its radius r can be used to write an
equation for the circle in the form (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
– Find the center and flip the signs (negatives in the equation)
– A circle can be graphed on a coordinate plane by using the equation written in standard
form
– A circle can be graphed through any three noncollinear points on the coordinate plane
– Using perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle to find the center (the
circumcenter from chapter 6)
– Use midpoint of diameter to find the center of a circle
– Use distance formula (from center to edge) to find the radius

Khan Academy Videos:

1. Features of a circle from its standard equation
2. Graphing a circle from its standard equation
3. Write standard equation of a circle
4. Points inside, outside or on a circle

Homework: Circle Equations Worksheet

Reading: Student notes section 10-R

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Section 10-R: Circles in the Coordinate Plane

Chapter 10 Review sheet

Circle Angles
Vertex Picture
Angle Sides Formula (arcs)
Location

arc
Central Center Radii = arc

Inscribed Edge Chords = ½ arc arc

Interior Inside arc1 arc2

Chords = ½ (arc1+arc2)
(not at center)

Secants
= ½ (Far arc – Near arc) NA
Exterior Outside Tangents
FA

Remember: Vertex is the corner point (hinge point) of the angle.

Arcs are around the edge of the circle.
Circle’s arcs always sum to 360°

Major arcs measure > 180

Minor arcs measure < 180
Semi-circles measure = 180 (formed by diameters)

Central angle is twice the inscribed angle with the same arc

Arc 1 and arc 2 in interior angles are formed by the vertical angle pair
(follow the “X” out to the edge of the circle)

FA = Far Arc (or the big arc) NA = Near Arc (or the little arc)

Remember Vertical Angles, Linear Pairs and 3 angle in a triangle rules!!!

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Chapter 10 Review sheet

Chords, Secants and Tangents

5 y
10 z
3 3
2
x 5
2 10
“Parts * parts “outside part times whole thing = “outside part times whole
are equal” outside part times whole thing” thing = tangent squared”
to get “x” 3(3 + y) = 2*(2 + 5) 3(3 + z) = 102
5*x = 2*10 9 + 3y = 14 9 + 3z = 100
5x = 20 3y = 5 3z = 91
x=4 y = 5/3 z = 30.33
Area of a sector (% of total area) and Arc Length (% of circumference)
θ θ
A sec = -------- * πr2 Arc Len = -------- * 2πr
360° 360°
where θ is central angle
θ θ
A = ------ * πr2 Arc Len = ------ * πr2
360
360

60°
60° 25π 60° 10π
5 A = ------ * π52 = ------ ≈ 13.083 Arc Len = ------ * 2π5 = ------ ≈ 5.236
360
6 360
6

Tangents: Lengths outside the circle and relationship to radius or diameter

“tangents = from same point”

x have same length, so x 6
x = 12
10
12

5 12
Pythagorean Theorem to check
if tangent Tangents are perpendicular to
8
(5+8)2 = 52 + 122 radii or diameter; use the
169 = 25 + 144 Pythagorean Theorem to check
169 = 169 if tangent
Yes, tangent 102 = 62 + x2
100 = 36 + x2
64 = x2
Equation of a Circle: (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 8=x
Where (h,k) is the center and r the radius
Center is the midpoint of the ends of the diameter;
point on the edge of the circle satisfies the equation

Homework: Chapter 10 SOL Gateway

Reading: Student notes section 10-R

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 Chapter 10 Circles

Constructions:

Khan Academy Videos on Constructions:

1. Circle-inscribed square
2. Circle-inscribed equilateral triangle
3. Circle-inscribed regular hexagon
4. Triangle inscribing circle
5. Triangle circumscribing circle

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