Flores Vectors and Vector Addition
Flores Vectors and Vector Addition
Department of Education
CARAGA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
DIVISION OF BUTUAN CITY
AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Quarter 1, Week 2
INTRODUCTION
This learning activity sheet presents some physical quantities that can’t be described alone with a
number and unit but also with the use of direction also. Basically, these physical quantities can be
collectively termed as vectors. With these, we will dig more about vectors and scalars in the following
lessons ahead. At the end of this lessons, the learner will be able to identify the difference between vector
and scalar quantities, and use different methods that is appropriate in adding vectors.
The students will be able to learn another important classification of physical quantities, aside from
the previous module which is all about identifying the derived and fundamental quantities and their
corresponding units.
Some physical quantities can be described completely by a single number with a unit. But many
other important quantities in physics have a direction associated with them and cannot be described by a
single number. Each of the physical quantities we will encounter in this book can be categorized as either a
vector quantity or a scalar quantity.
DISCUSSION/CONCEPTS
What is a Scalar?
A scalar is a physical quantity that has a magnitude only. A scalar can be completely specified by
its magnitude with appropriate units; it has no direction.
What is a Vector?
a = 9 m/s2
magnitude magnitude
direction
A vector is a physical quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. A vector quantity has
both a magnitude (the “how much” or “how big” part) and a direction in space.
Scalar Vector
mass position
length displacement
time velocity
temperature acceleration
volume force
density momentum
Vector Representation
1. A vector is represented in symbols as AB, read as “Vector AB”, with an arrow indicating it is a vector
⃗
and has a direction.
2. We can also use different capital letters with an arrow above it.
3. Some vector quantities are represented by their respective symbols with an arrow above it.
Note:
Types of Vectors
It is important that we should review these trigonometry methods because this will be used almost
everytime when solving problems about vectors.
This method is useful when we are given with a right triangle and then we are asked to solve any
angles or any sides in a right triangle, if there are atleast two given values that we can use to apply SOH
CAH TOA.
opposite
SOH sin sin θ=
hypotenuse
adjacent
CAH cos cos θ=
hypotenuse
opposite (s )
tan tan θ=
adjacent (t )
NOTE:
Always remember these three things:
1. Opposite side is always found in front or in opposite part of the angle that is given or needs to be
solved.
2. Adjacent is just right beside the angle that is given or needs to be solved.
3. Hypotenuse will always be opposite on the right angle in a triangle.
Example 1.
What ratio will be used in this particular problem.
Just like SOH CAH TOA, this method can also be used to solve any angles or any sides in a triangle.
However, the unique part of this is it is applicable to any types of triangle, whether, right triangle, isosceles
triangle, obtuse triangle, acute triangle etc.
Example 2.
Let us solve some problems which we can apply SOH CAH TOA, sine law, and cosine law.
know:
Take the √❑
square root:
Answer: c=6.67
Given: B = 35°
C = 105°
b=7
Find: c
Law of Sines a b c
= =
states: sin sin A sin sin B sin sinC
a 7 c
Ignore =
sin sin A sin sin 35° sin sin 105°
(not useful to us)
Solve c 7
=
algebraically: sin sin105 ° sin sin 35°
Calculate: c=11.8
x
tan tan 73° =
14 ft
73°
x=48.82 ft
14 ft
x
Vector Addition
C =⃗
⃗ A+ ⃗
B (vector ∑ ¿ resultant )
1. Graphical Method
2. Component Method
A. Graphical Method
In graphical method, we can use the three trigonometry methods (SOH CAH TOA, Sine Law, &
Cosine Law) to solve problems about vector addtion. We will clearly understand this on the following
examples later.
To add two displacement vectors graphically, we can use the two methods:
1. The head-to-tail method is done by drawing the second vector ⃗ B with its tail at the head of the first
vector A .
⃗
2. The parallelogram method involves drawing ⃗B so that it is tail-to-tail with ⃗A
Example 1. Find ⃗
A+ ⃗
B Solutions:
Head to Tail
Example 2. Find ⃗
C+⃗
B Head to Tail
Parallelogram Method
3. Frequently asked questions will be You can still use any of the trigonemtry
calculating resultant vectors (magnitude) formulas given so far.
and the direction (the angle or what axis it
points out)
B. Component Method
To add vectors that are not in the same or perpendicular directions, we will use method of
components. Any vector can be completely described by its components.
Moreover, this method in adding vectors will be used when the problem have two or more vectors
given, in which if you’ll answer it by graphical method, it will be really hard to do so.
⮚ Consider this!
A=A y + A x
⃗
A y ( opposite)
sin sin θ=
A(hypotenuse)
⃗
A y =sin ⃗
A sinθ
Ax
cos cos θ= ⃗
A
A x =⃗
A cos cos θ
1. Calculate the x and y components for each given use SOH CAH TOA
Vectors
A=√ ❑
Ay
tan tan θ=
Ax
Ay
θ=
Ax
❑
∑ Y = A y + B y +C y + … n y
❑
(read as summation of y
components is equal to…
❑
∑ Y
❑
¿
❑
(direction)
Here is the template to properly execute adding vectors using component method:
A
⃗ Ax
⃗ Ay
⃗
B
⃗ Bx
⃗ By
⃗
C
⃗ Cx
⃗ Cy
⃗
D
⃗ Dx
⃗ Dy
⃗
❑ ❑
∑ X=? ∑ Y =?
❑ ❑
Magnitude: R=√ ❑
Direction: ∑ Y
❑
¿
❑
Those are the steps you’ll folow to add vectors using graphical and component method. However, there
are some cases of vector addition that needs to be discussed first:
Case I – Vectors are parallel (θ=0 °) To calculate the resultant vector of two or
more vectors that are parallel, you just have
to arithmetically add the vectors.
A
⃗ B
⃗
A
⃗ B
⃗ R
⃗
Magnitude: R=A +B
Direction: θ=0 °
Case II – Vectors are perpendicular ( θ=90 ° To calculate the resultant vector of two or
) more vectors that are perpendicular, you
just have to use pythagorean theorem.
B
⃗
A
⃗
Magnitude: R=√ ❑
Direction: θ= ( BA )
Case III – Vectors are anti-parallel ( θ=180° To calculate the resultant vector of two or
) more vectors that are anti-parallel, you just
have to add them but make sure to include
the sign.
B=150 N , east
⃗
Find: R
⃗
R=A +B
R=200+150
R=350 N
Direction:
θ=0 °∨East
m
Given: A=100 , North
⃗
s
m
B=30 , West
⃗
s
Find: R
⃗
R=√ ❑
(since going to West, we put negative sign
on 30 m/s)
R=√ ❑
R=104.40m/ s
30
θ=
100
θ=17 ° , West of North
Example 4. Let’s have a problem in adding vectors, in which we will answer it by using graphical and
component method. Notice if there answers are close enough with one another.
1. A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25 km 45° from her base camp. On the second day she walks 40 km in
a direction 60° north of east, at which point she discovers a forest ranger’s tower. Find the magnitude and
direction of the displacement from the camp.
1. Draw using head to tail method, label the 1. Prepare a table like this to organize your
vectors correctly: solution. All the answers will be put here and
write all the calculations below the table:
A
⃗ + 17.68 km + 17.68 km
B
⃗ +20 km + 34.64 km
❑ ❑
∑ X=37.68 km
❑
∑
❑
Y =52.34 km
2. Draw the triangle fromed from the two vectors Magnitude: R=√ ❑
and the resultant vector. The harder part is
R=64.50 km
calculating the total angle in between the two
vectors.
❑
∑ Y
Direction: ❑
⮚ 90 °−60 °=30° ¿
❑
θ=54.25°
⮚ we got 45 ° by the
theorem alternate
interior angles are
equal
2. Illustrate first the vectors in
⮚ then we got 90 ° the problem, then draw also
since it formed a right angle the components for each
vectors.
A y: Use SOH
Solving for ⃗
R2=625+ 1600−2000(−0.97)
R2=4165
√❑
R=64.54 km A x: Use CAH
Solving for ⃗
A x =17.68 km
⃗
B y : Use SOH
Solving for ⃗
By
⃗
sin sin 60 °=
40
B y =40 sin sin60 °
⃗
Calculate θ using sine law:
B y =34.64 km
⃗
40 b 60.32
= =
sin sinθ sin sin B sin sin165 °
Bx
⃗
cos cos 60° =
40
40 60.32 Bx =40 cos cos 60 °
⃗
=
sin sinθ sin sin 165 °
Bx =20 km
⃗
θ=9.88 °
Then let’s add 45° to the angle that we get to ❑
∑ X=17.68 km+20 km
calculate the direction of the resultant vector: ❑
θ R=9.88° + 45 °
❑
∑ X=37.68 km
❑
θ R=54.88 ° N of E
Summation of Y-components:
Therefore the resultant vector is:
❑
∑ Y =⃗
A y +⃗
By
❑
❑
∑ Y =52.34 km
❑
R=√ ❑
R=√ ❑
R=√ ❑
R=64.50 km
❑
∑ Y
❑
¿
❑
52.34
¿
37.68
θ=54.25°
Therefore the resultant vector is:
EXERCISES/ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Classify Me
Direction: Previously we discussed about physical quantities. Base from the following examples below,
classify them on your own understanding if that physical quantity must have a magnitude or both
magnitude and direction.
Magnitude
Unit Direction
Mass Acceleration
Distance Force
Pressure Weight
Temperature Velocity
Speed
e
d
sin β=
e
sin θ = 4.43/t
cos θ = 32.9/151
cos θ = c/23.6
tan α = 3.78/w
cos α = c/f
Physical Quantities can also be categorized in two ways, it can be a scalar quantity or
vector quantity. The scalar quantities has magnitude only while vector quantities have both
magnitude and direction. Some examples of scalar quantities are mass , time , temperature , while for
vector quantities are velocity, displacement, position .
Vectors can be represented in symbols by using a capital letter with an arrow above it indicating it
is vector and has a direction. Aside from symbols it is usually paired with an arrow to represent a vector.
The length of an arrow represents the magnitude while the tip of the arrow signifies the direction of the
vector.
In physics, vectors are useful because they can visually represent position, displacement, velocity
and acceleration. With these, we usually perform addition of vectors by adding two or more vectors, we
call the result as vector sum or resultant vector. There are two methods on vector addition namely,
component method and graphical method . We can use the three trigonometry formulas (SOH,CAH,TOA)
to include in solving about vector addition when we are using graphical method. The two types of
graphical method are head to tail and parallelogram method. For component method, the notable step
we need to do first is to calculate the components for each vectors given.
Direction: Write the formulas that we’ve tackled so far in this module. A useful practice, is to jot down the formulas
for each topics we’ll have in our subject. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
SOH
TOA
Opposite / Adjacent
Sine Law
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos(C)
Cosine Law
a2 + b2 = c2
EVALUATION
Direction: Read and analyze the following questions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your
answer on your separate sheet of paper.
1. Identify which of the following quantities can be described fully by its magnitude.
A. force B. displacement C. velocity D. distance
2. Identify which of the following quantities can be described by their magnitude and direction.
A. mass B. time C. speed D. acceleration
8. What do we call the final result when two or more vectors are added together?
A. sum B. total C. resultant D. equivalent
9. We often write the symbol of any vectors by writing a capital letter and an arrow above it. What do we
mean usually by the arrow above the capital letter?
A. direction B. magnitude C. design D. aesthetic
10. Vector ⃗A is in the direction 34° clockwise from the – y–axis. The x-component of ⃗
A is A x =−16.0 m. What
is the y-component of ⃗ A?
A. 10.79 m B. -23.72 m C. -13.26 D. 8.95 m
11. Find the magnitude and direction of the vector represented by the pairs of components A x = -8.60 cm,
Ay = 5.20 cm.
A. 10.05 cm ,31.16 ° N of E B. 10.05 cm ,58.84 ° N of W
C. 10.05 cm ,31.16 ° N of W D. 10.05 cm ,58.84 ° N of E
12. Vector ⃗
A is 2.80 cm long and is 60 ° above the x axis in the first quadrant. Vector ⃗
B is 1.90 cm long and is
60 ° below the x-axis in the fourth quadrant. Use components to find the magnitude and direction.
A. 3.5 cm ,17.85 ° E of N B. 4.5 cm, 19.35° N of E
C. 2.5 cm ,18.35 ° N of E D. 5.5 cm ,20.35 ° E of N
14. Steve is driving in his car to take care of some errands. The first errand has him driving to a location 2 km
East and 6 km north of his starting location. Once he completes that errand, he drives to the second one
which is 4 km East and 2 km south of the first errand. What is the magnitude of the vector that describes how
far the car has traveled from its starting point, rounded to the nearest km?
A. 6 km B. 7 km C. 8 km D. 9 km
15. Find the displacement for a hiker who walks 3.50 mi north, and then turns around and walks 3.00 mi
south.
A. 0.50 mi B. 6.50 mi C. 0.50 mi, N D. 6.50 mi, N
REFLECTION
REFERENCES
Young, H., Freedman, R., & Lewis Ford, A. (2010). University Physics with Modern Physics (13th ed.).
Addison-Wesley, 1301 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA, 94111.
Serway, R., Vuille, C., & Faughn, J. (2009). College Physics (8th ed.). Lachina
Publishing Services.
Measurement. (2016). [Slides]. Slideshare.
https://www.slideshare.net/KhanSaif2/1-measurement-69571134
Esguerra, J. P., Bacabac, R.. et al. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High
Answer Keys
School General Physics I. Quezon City, Philippines: Commission on
Activity 1: Classify Me
Higher Education
Activity 3: Practice Quiz
1. 41.3 km, 24.1°N of E
Evaluation
1. D
Prepared by: