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ch5 CPU Scheduling

This document discusses CPU scheduling in operating systems. It begins with basic concepts of CPU scheduling and scheduling criteria. It then describes several common scheduling algorithms like first-come first-served (FCFS), shortest job first (SJF), priority scheduling, and round robin (RR). It also discusses multilevel queue scheduling, multiple processor scheduling, and provides examples of CPU scheduling in Solaris, Windows XP, and Linux operating systems. The goal of CPU scheduling is to maximize CPU utilization and minimize wait times by selecting which process runs next on the CPU.

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Shamraiz Khan
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146 views26 pages

ch5 CPU Scheduling

This document discusses CPU scheduling in operating systems. It begins with basic concepts of CPU scheduling and scheduling criteria. It then describes several common scheduling algorithms like first-come first-served (FCFS), shortest job first (SJF), priority scheduling, and round robin (RR). It also discusses multilevel queue scheduling, multiple processor scheduling, and provides examples of CPU scheduling in Solaris, Windows XP, and Linux operating systems. The goal of CPU scheduling is to maximize CPU utilization and minimize wait times by selecting which process runs next on the CPU.

Uploaded by

Shamraiz Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling

Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling

► Basic Concepts
► Scheduling Criteria
► Scheduling Algorithms
► Thread Scheduling
► Multiple-Processor Scheduling
► Operating Systems Examples
► Algorithm Evaluation
Objectives

► To introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for multiprogrammed


operating systems

► To describe various CPU-scheduling algorithms

► To discuss evaluation criteria for selecting a CPU-scheduling


algorithm for a particular system
Basic Concepts

► Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming

► CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU


execution and I/O wait

► CPU burst distribution


Histogram of CPU-burst Times
Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts
CPU Scheduler

► Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to


execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them

► CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process:


1. Switches from running to waiting state
2. Switches from running to ready state
3. Switches from waiting to ready
4. Terminates

► Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive

► All other scheduling is preemptive


Dispatcher

► Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected


by the short-term scheduler; this involves:
► switching context
► switching to user mode
► jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that
program

► Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one


process and start another running
Scheduling Criteria

► CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible

► Throughput – # of processes that complete their execution per time


unit

► Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particular process

► Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waiting in the


ready queue

► Response time – amount of time it takes from when a request was


submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for
time-sharing environment)
Scheduling Algorithm Optimization Criteria

► Max CPU utilization

► Max throughput

► Min turnaround time

► Min waiting time

► Min response time


First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling

Process Burst Time


P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
► Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:

P1 P2 P3

0 24 27 30

► Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27

► Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17


FCFS Scheduling (Cont.)
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order:
P2 , P3 , P1
► The Gantt chart for the schedule is:

P2 P3 P1

0 3 6 30
► Waiting time for P1 = 6; P2 = 0; P3 = 3

► Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3

► Much better than previous case

► Convoy effect short process behind long process


Shortest-Job-First (SJF) Scheduling

► Associate with each process the length of its next CPU burst. Use
these lengths to schedule the process with the shortest time

► SJF is optimal – gives minimum average waiting time for a given set of
processes
► The difficulty is knowing the length of the next CPU request
Example of SJF

Process Arrival Time Burst Time


P1 0.0 6
P2 2.0 8
P3 4.0 7
P4 5.0 3
► SJF scheduling chart

P4 P1 P3 P2

0 3 9 16 24

► Average waiting time = (3 + 16 + 9 + 0) / 4 = 7


Priority Scheduling

► A priority number (integer) is associated with each process

► The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority (smallest
integer ≡ highest priority)
► Preemptive
► No preemptive

► SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the predicted next CPU


burst time

► Problem ≡ Starvation – low priority processes may never execute

► Solution ≡ Aging – as time progresses increase the priority of the


process
Round Robin (RR)

► Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum),


usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time has elapsed, the
process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.

► If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time quantum
is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU time in chunks of at
most q time units at once. No process waits more than (n-1)q
time units.

► Performance
► q large ⇒ FIFO
► q small ⇒ q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise
overhead is too high
Example of RR with Time Quantum = 4

Process Burst Time


P1 24
P2 3
P3 3

► The Gantt chart is:

P1 P2 P3 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1

0 4 7 10 14 18 22 26 30

► Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF, but better


response
Turnaround Time Varies With
The Time Quantum
Multilevel Queue

► Ready queue is partitioned into separate queues:


foreground (interactive)
background (batch)

► Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm


► foreground – RR
► background – FCFS

► Scheduling must be done between the queues


► Fixed priority scheduling; (i.e., serve all from foreground then from
background). Possibility of starvation.
► Time slice – each queue gets a certain amount of CPU time which it can
schedule amongst its processes; i.e., 80% to foreground in RR
► 20% to background in FCFS
Multilevel Queue Scheduling
Example of Multilevel Feedback Queue

► Three queues:
► Q0 – RR with time quantum 8 milliseconds
► Q1 – RR time quantum 16 milliseconds
► Q2 – FCFS

► Scheduling
► A new job enters queue Q0 which is served FCFS. When it gains CPU, job
receives 8 milliseconds. If it does not finish in 8 milliseconds, job is
moved to queue Q1.
► At Q1 job is again served FCFS and receives 16 additional milliseconds. If
it still does not complete, it is preempted and moved to queue Q2.
Multiple-Processor Scheduling

► CPU scheduling more complex when multiple CPUs are available

► Homogeneous processors within a multiprocessor

► Asymmetric multiprocessing – only one processor accesses the


system data structures, alleviating the need for data sharing

► Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) – each processor is


self-scheduling, all processes in common ready queue, or each has
its own private queue of ready processes

► Processor affinity – process has affinity for processor on which it is


currently running
► soft affinity
► hard affinity
CPU Scheduling
Multicore Processors

► Recent trend to place multiple processor cores on same physical chip

► Faster and consume less power

► Multiple threads per core also growing


► Takes advantage of memory stall to make progress on another thread
while memory retrieve happens
Operating System Examples

► Solaris scheduling

► Windows XP scheduling

► Linux scheduling
End of Lecture

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