Designation: F436M − 11

Standard Specification for

Hardened Steel Washers (Metric)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F436M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.4 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-

1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and nology F1789 unless otherwise defined herein.
dimensional requirements for metric hardened steel washers 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
for use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters M12 standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
through M100. These washers are intended for general-purpose standard.
mechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other NOTE 1—This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification
internally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers are F436.
suitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
A325M, A490M, A563M and with fasteners of Specification
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

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F568M property classes 8.8 and higher.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 The types of washers covered in this specification are: priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2.1 Type 1—Washers made of carbon steel. bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2.2 Type 3—Washers made of steel having atmospheric
corrosion resistance and weathering characteristics comparable 2. Referenced Documents
to that of steels covered in Specifications A242/A242M, 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
A588/A588M, and A709/A709M. The atmospheric corrosion A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
resistance of these steels is substantially better than that of Iron and Steel Hardware
carbon steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. When A242/A242M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
properly exposed to the atmosphere, these steels can be used Structural Steel
bare (uncoated) for many applications. A325M Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat
1.2.3 This specification provides for furnishing Type 3 to Treated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength (Metric)
chemical composition or a Corrosion Resistance Index (CRI) A490M Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts, Classes
of 6 or higher at the suppliers option. 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints (Metric)
1.3 The styles of washers covered in this specification are: A563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts (Met-
1.3.1 Circular Washers—Circular washers in nominal sizes ric)
12 mm through 100 mm, are suitable for applications where A588/A588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
sufficient space exists and angularity permits. Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield
1.3.2 Beveled Washers—Beveled washers are square and Point, with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
rectangular, in nominal sizes 12 mm through 36 mm, with a A709/A709M Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges
beveled 1:6 surface for use with American Standard beams and A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
channels. cal Analysis of Steel Products
1.3.3 Clipped Washers—Clipped washers are circular or B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-
beveled for use where space limitations necessitate that one posited on Iron and Steel
side be clipped. D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
F436 Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
F568M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
2
Nuts, Rivets and Washers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F436M – 10. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F0436M-11. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 F436M − 11
Threaded Metric Fasteners (Metric) (Withdrawn 2012)3 4.3 Hot-dip galvanized washers shall be hot-dip galvanized
F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop- in accordance with the requirements for Class C of Specifica-
erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, tion A153/A153M. Mechanically galvanized washers shall be
Washers, and Rivets (Metric) mechanically zinc-coated, and the coating and coated washers
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me- shall conform to the requirements for Class 50 of Specification
chanical Properties and Performance Inspection B695. Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating shall be

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F1136M Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Pro- coated and the coating and coated washers shall conform to the
tective Coatings for Fasteners (Metric) (Withdrawn 2011)3 requirements of Grade 3 of Specification F1136M.
F1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners 4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shall
G101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion Re- be returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment to
sistance of Low-Alloy Steels the purchaser.
2.2 ANSI Standard:4
B 18.23.2M Metric Beveled Washers 5. Chemical Composition
3. Ordering Information 5.1 Type 1 washers shall conform to the chemical compo-
sition requirements specified in Table 1.
3.1 Orders for washers under this specification shall include
the following: 5.2 Type 3 washers shall conform to the Heat Analysis
3.1.1 Quantity, specified in Table 1. Alternatively, at the suppliers option, Type
3.1.2 Name of product, (that is, circular washer, beveled 3 washers having a Copper minimum Heat Analysis of 0.25%,
washer, clipped circular washer, or clipped beveled washer), Phosphorous and Sulfur conforming to Table 1 and a Corrosion
3.1.3 Coating, if required (that is, hot-dip galvanized, me- Index of 6 or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis as
chanically galvanized, Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective described in Guide G101 Predictive method based on the data
Coating, etc.), of Larabee and Coburn shall be accepted.
3.1.3.1 When galvanized washers are specified, the type of 5.3 For Type 1 and 3 furnished to the Chemical Composi-
galvanizing, such as hot-dip or mechanical (see 6.1 and 6.3), tions in Table 1, Product Analyses may be made by the
3.1.3.1.1 purchaser on finished washers representing each lot. The
When the type of galvanizing is not specified, the Chemical Composition shall conform to the requirements in
manufacturer, at his option, may furnish hot-dip or mechani- Table 1, Product Analysis.
cally galvanized washers,
5.4 Product Analysis are not applicable to Type 3 washers
3.1.4 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, if
furnished to a CRI of 6 or higher. Acceptance shall be based on
modified from those covered in this specification,
the CRI of 6 or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis.
3.1.5 Material type of washer (that is, Type 1 or Type 3),
3.1.5.1 When the type is not specified, either Type 1 or Type 5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance
3 washers may be supplied when permitted by the purchaser. with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.
3.1.5.2 When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required,
Type 3 washers shall be specified by the purchaser.
3.1.6 Surface roughness control (see S1),
3.1.7 ASTM designation and year of issue, and TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsA
3.1.8 Any special requirements. Composition, %
Element
Type 1 Type 3 B
NOTE 2—Two examples of ordering descriptions follow: (1) 1000
pieces, circular washers, hot-dip galvanized, 24 mm, Type 1 ASTM Phosphorus, max
Heat analysis 0.040 0.040
A436M, dated _______. (2) 5000 pieces, beveled washers, 22 mm, Type
Product analysis 0.050 0.045
3, ASTM, A436M, dated _______. Sulfur, max
Heat analysis 0.050 0.050
4. Materials and Manufacture Product analysis 0.060 0.055
Silicon
4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall be Heat analysis ... 0.15–0.35
produced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace Product analysis ... 0.13–0.37
process. Chromium
Heat analysis ... 0.45–0.65
4.2 All washers in nominal sizes 12 through 36 mm, shall be Product analysis ... 0.42–0.68
Nickel
through-quenched-and-tempered. Washers in nominal sizes Heat analysis ... 0.25–0.45
larger than 36 mm may be either through-quenched-and- Product analysis ... 0.22–0.48
tempered or carburized, quenched-and-tempered at the manu- Copper
Heat analysis ... 0.25–0.45
facturer’s option. Product analysis ... 0.22–0.48
A
When providing Weathering Steels to a calculated corrosion index use the
Lagault-Leckie formula from Guide G101. Link to online calculator: http:/
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org/COMMIT/G01_G101Calcultr1100.xls
www.astm.org. B
Type 3 steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steels listed in
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Table 2 of Specification F568M.
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

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 F436M − 11
6. Mechanical Properties side a tapered breakout may occur (see Fig. 1). The parallel
6.1 Through-quenched-and-tempered washers shall have a sided section of the washer inside diameter shall be within the
Rockwell hardness of 38 to 45 HRC, except when hot-dip limits specified in Table 2, however, the specified maximum
galvanized, in which case they shall have a Rockwell hardness inside diameter may be exceeded at the washer face on the
of 26 to 45 HRC. breakout side by a maximum taper allowance of 25 % of the
specified maximum washer thickness for each size.
6.2 Carburized, quenched-and-tempered washers shall be
carburized to a minimum depth of 0.40 mm and shall have a 7.2 Beveled washers shall conform to dimensions in accor-
Rockwell hardness of 69 to 73 HRA. dance with ANSI B18.23.2M.
6.3 When mechanically galvanized, washers shall have the 7.3 Clipped beveled washers shall conform to dimensions
same hardness range as noncoated washers. for beveled washers in accordance with ANSI B18.23.2, except
that one edge may be clipped off not closer than 0.0875 times
7. Dimensions and Tolerances the washer nominal size from the center of the hole.
7.1 Circular and clipped circular washers shall conform to 8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
dimensions given in Table 2. All dimensions apply prior to

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plating or coating. 8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scale, excess
7.1.1 The axis of the inside hole shall be located at true coatings, and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gas
position with respect to the axis of the washer circumference cut washers shall be free of metal spatter.
within a tolerance zone having a diameter of 0.6 mm for 9. Sampling and Number of Tests and Retests
washers of nominal sizes 16 mm and smaller and 0.9 mm for
washers of nominal sizes 20 mm and larger. 9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met in
7.1.2 Washers shall be flat within 0.01 mm/mm outside continuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturer
diameter. shall make sample inspections to ensure that the product
7.1.3 As a result of the punching process, the inside diam- conforms to the specified requirements. Additional tests of
eter of the washer generally consists of three distinct sections. individual shipments of material are not ordinarily necessary.
On the punch entry side of the washer there is some drawing in 9.2 When specified in the purchase order, the manufacturer
of the material resulting in a rounded corner section, following shall furnish a test report certified to be the last complete set of
which is a substantially parallel section, and finally at the exit mechanical tests for each stock size in each shipment.

TABLE 2 Dimensions of Circular Washers

Nominal Washer Inside Diameter (A), mm Outside Diameter (B), mm Thickness (C), mm Clipped Width
Size, mm A max min max min max min (E), mm, min B

12 14.4 14.0 27.0 25.7 4.6 3.1 10.5

14 16.4 16.0 30.0 28.7 4.6 3.1 12.2
16 18.4 18.0 34.0 32.4 4.6 3.1 14.0
20 22.5 22.0 42.0 40.4 4.6 3.1 17.5

22 24.5 24.0 44.0 42.4 4.6 3.4 19.2

24 26.5 26.0 50.0 48.4 4.6 3.4 21.0
27 30.5 30.0 56.0 54.1 4.6 3.4 23.6
30 33.6 33.0 60.0 58.1 4.6 3.4 26.2

36 39.6 39.0 72.0 70.1 4.6 3.4 31.5

42 45.6 45.0 84.0 81.8 7.2 4.6 36.7
48 52.7 52.0 95.0 92.8 7.2 4.6 42.0
56 62.7 62.0 107.0 104.8 8.7 6.1 49.0

64 70.7 70.0 118.0 115.8 8.7 6.1 56.0

72 78.7 78.0 130.0 127.5 8.7 6.1 63.0
80 86.9 86.0 142.0 139.5 8.7 6.1 70.0
90 96.9 96.0 159.0 156.5 8.7 6.1 78.7
100 107.9 107.0 176.0 173.5 8.7 6.1 87.5
A
Nominal washer sizes are intended for use with fasteners of the same nominal thread diameter.
B
Washers may be clipped on one side not closer to the center of the washer than width E.

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 F436M − 11
made prior to shipment, and shall be conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
11.2 If other than the normal inspection for continuous mass
production of parts as stipulated in 9.1 is required by the
purchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order.
FIG. 1 Washer Inside Profile
12. Rejection
9.3 When weathering steels are furnished to Corrosion 12.1 Disposition of nonconforming washers shall be in
Resistance Index, the CRI number shall be calculated for each accordance with Guide F1470 section titled “Disposition of
heat. Nonconforming Lots.”
9.4 When the purchaser requires that additional tests be
13. Certification and Test Report
performed by the manufacturer to determine that the properties
of products in an individual shipment are within specified 13.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,
limits, the purchaser shall specify the testing requirements, a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufac-
including the sampling plan and basis of acceptance, in the tured and tested in accordance with this specification, together
inquiry and purchase order. with a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size in
9.4.1 When the purchaser does not specify the sampling each shipment, shall be furnished at the time of shipment.
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plan and basis of acceptance the conditions in 9.4.1.1 through 13.2 Data contained in the certified test report shall include
9.4.1.3 shall apply: material grade, hardness tests and calculated Corrosion Resis-
9.4.1.1 The lot, for purposes of selecting samples, shall tance Index when Type 3 is furnished to a Corrosion Resistance
consist of all washers offered for inspection and testing, at one Index.
time, that are the same type, style, nominal size, and surface
finish. 14. Responsibility
9.4.1.2 From each lot, samples shall be selected at random 14.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be the
and tested for each requirement, except as specified in 9.4.1.3, organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.
in accordance with Table 3.
9.4.1.3 When determining the weight of coating of plated 15. Product Marking
and coated washers, the sampling plan defined in 9.4.1.2 shall
apply, except that in no case shall the sample consist of less 15.1 Washers shall be marked with a symbol, or other
than three washers. distinguishing marks, to identify the manufacturer or private
label distributor, as appropriate.
10. Test Methods 15.2 Additionally, washers shall be marked to identify their
10.1 Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with being metric size. Preferably, the metric marking shall be the
Test Methods F606M. symbol “M,” but may be of other distinguishing design as
10.2 Corrosion Resistance Index: determined by the manufacturer.
10.2.1 The Corrosion Resistance Index shall be calculated 15.3 Additionally, Type 3 washers shall be identified with
from the Heat Analysis in accordance with Guide G101 the symbol “3,”
Prediction Method based on the data of Larabee and Coburn. 15.4 Additional identification or distinguishing marks, or
11. Inspection both, may be used by the manufacturer.

11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have 15.5 All marking symbols shall be depressed on one face of
free entry to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that concern the washer.
the manufacture of the material ordered. The manufacturer 15.6 Type and manufacturer’s or private label distributor’s
shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy that identification shall be separate and distinct. The two identifi-
the material is being furnished in accordance with this speci- cations shall preferably be in different locations and, when on
fication. All tests and inspections required by the specification the same level, shall be separated by at least two spaces.
that are requested by the purchaser’s representative shall be 15.7 It is possible that during the clipping of circular
washers, the marking symbols may be removed. This is
TABLE 3 Sample Sizes and Acceptance Numbers for Mechanical acceptable provided the majority of washers in the lot still
Tests
display the identification marks.
Number of
Acceptance Criteria
Pieces in Lot
16. Packaging and Package Marking
Number of Acceptance Rejection
Tests Number Number 16.1 Packaging:
800 and less 1 0 1 16.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, packaging shall be in
801 to 8000 2 0 1 accordance with Practice D3951.
8001 to 22 000 3 0 1
over 22 000 5 0 1 16.1.2 When special packaging requirements are required,
they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order.

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 F436M − 11
16.2 Package Marking: 16.2.1.4 Number of pieces,
16.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be plainly marked 16.2.1.5 Purchase order number, and
with the following information: 16.2.1.6 Country of origin.
16.2.1.1 ASTM designation,
16.2.1.2 Size, 17. Keywords
16.2.1.3 Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer, 17.1 carbon steel; metric; steel; washers; weathering steel

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
contract or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon in writing between
the manufacturer and purchaser. Supplementary requirements shall in no way negate any requirement
of the specification itself.

S1. Surface Roughness S1.2 Burrs shall not exceed 0.25 mm in height.
S1.1 Washers shall have a multi-directional lay with a
surface roughness not exceeding 19 µm in height including any
flaws in or on the surface.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A436M–10)
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that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved November 15, 2011.)

(1) Deleted—previous 5.5. (2) Revised—Table 1.

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A436M–09)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2010.)

(1) 1.2.3 was added. (3) Revised 12.1 Rejection and Rehearing to invoke Guide
(2) In 5.2 – 5.4, 9, 10.2.1 and 13.2 provided for furnishing Type F1470.
3 to a corrosion Resistance Index of 6 or higher.

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A436M-04)
that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Revised—4.3 to add provision for specifying Zinc/

Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating conforming to Speci-
fication F1470, Grade 3.

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