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Quantification, Definiteness, and Nominalization

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OXFORD STUDIES IN THEORETICAL LINGUISTICS

general editors: David Adger, Queen Mary College London; Hagit Borer,
University of Southern California.
advisory editors: Stephen Anderson, Yale University; Daniel Büring,
University of California, Los Angeles; Nomi Erteschik-Shir, Ben-Gurion University;
Donka Farkas, University of California, Santa Cruz; Angelika Kratzer, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst; Andrew Nevins, Harvard University; Christopher
Potts, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Barry Schein, University of Southern
California; Peter Svenonius, University of Tromsø; Moira Yip, University College
London.
recent titles
10 The Syntax of Aspect: Deriving Thematic and Aspectual Interpretation
Edited by Nomi Erteschik-Shir and Tova Rapoport
11 Aspects of the Theory of Clitics
by Stephen Anderson
12 Canonical Forms in Prosodic Morphology
by Laura J. Downing
13 Aspect and Reference Time
by Olga Borik
14 Direct Compositionality
edited by Chris Barker and Pauline Jacobson
15 A Natural History of Infixation
by Alan C. L. Yu
16 Phi Theory: Phi-Features Across Modules and Interfaces
edited by Daniel Harbour, David Adger, and Susana Béjar
17 French Dislocation: Interpretation, Syntax, Acquisition
by Cécile De Cat
18 Inflectional Identity
edited by Asaf Bachrach and Andrew Nevins
19 Lexical Plurals
by Paolo Acquaviva
20 Adjectives and Adverbs: Syntax, Semantics, and Discourse
edited by Louise McNally and Christopher Kennedy
21 InterPhases: Phase-Theoretic Investigations of Linguistic Interfaces
edited by Kleanthes Grohmann
22 Negation in Gapping
by Sophie Repp
23 A Derivational Syntax for Information Structure
by Luis López
24 Quantification, Definiteness, and Nominalization
Edited by Anastasia Giannakidou and Monika Rathert
published in association with the series
The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces
edited by Gillian Ramchand and Charles Reiss

For a complete list of titles published and in preparation for the series, see list at
end of book.
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Quantification,
Definiteness, and
Nominalization

Edited by
A NA S TA S I A G I A N NA K I D O U
and
M O N I KA RAT H E RT

1
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3
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978–0–19–954108–9 (Hbk.)

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Contents

General Preface vii

Preface viii
Notes on the Contributors x
Abbreviations xiii

1. Introduction 1
Anastasia Giannakidou and Monika Rathert

Part I. Quantification
2. An unfamiliar proportional quantifier 23
Lisa Matthewson
3. On Every type of quantificational expression in Chinese 53
Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng
4. Contextually restricted quantification in Basque 76
Urtzi Etxeberria
5. Contextual restrictions on indefinites: Spanish algunos vs. unos 108
Luisa Martí
6. Issues in quantification and DP/QP structure in Korean
and Japanese 133
Kook-Hee Gil and George Tsoulas

Part II. Definiteness

7. Properties, entity correlates of properties, and existentials 163
Louise McNally
8. Stability and variation in article choice: generic and
non-generic contexts 188
Donka F. Farkas and Henriëtte de Swart
9. The temporal degree adjectives früh(er)/spät(er) ‘early(er)’/‘late(r)’
and the semantics of the positive 214
Arnim von Stechow
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vi Contents

10. On (in)animate noun phrases 234

Helen de Hoop

Part III. Nominalization

11. On the role of syntactic locality in morphological processes: the
case of (Greek) derived nominals 253
Artemis Alexiadou
12. Nominalization – lexical and syntactic aspects 281
Manfred Bierwisch
13. The morphology of nominalizations and the syntax of vP 320
Heidi Harley
14. The representation of movement in -ability nominalizations.
Evidence for covert category movement, Edge phenomena,
and local LF 343
Thomas Roeper and Angeliek van Hout
15. Nominal voices 364
Tal Siloni and Omer Preminger

Bibliography 385
Index 407
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General Preface

The theoretical focus of this series is on the interfaces between subcomponents

of the human grammatical system and the closely related area of the interfaces
between the different subdisciplines of linguistics. The notion of ‘interface’ has
become central in grammatical theory (for instance, in Chomsky’s recent Min-
imalist Program) and in linguistic practice: work on the interfaces between
syntax and semantics, syntax and morphology, phonology and phonetics, etc.
has led to a deeper understanding of particular linguistic phenomena and of
the architecture of the linguistic component of the mind/brain.
The series covers interfaces between core components of gram-
mar, including syntax/morphology, syntax/semantics, syntax/phonology,
syntax/pragmatics, morphology/phonology, phonology/phonetics, phonet-
ics/speech processing, semantics/pragmatics, intonation/discourse structure
as well as issues in the way that the systems of grammar involving these inter-
face areas are acquired and deployed in use (including language acquisition,
language dysfunction, and language processing). It demonstrates, we hope,
that proper understandings of particular linguistic phenomena, languages,
language groups, or inter-language variations all require reference to inter-
faces.
The series is open to work by linguists of all theoretical persuasions and
schools of thought. A main requirement is that authors should write so as to
be understood by colleagues in related subfields of linguistics and by scholars
in cognate disciplines.
David Adger
Hagit Borer
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Preface

The chapters in this volume are updated versions of talks that were presented
at the workshopQP structure, Nominalizations, and the role of DP that we
organized at Saarland University, Germany, in December 2005. Although the
connection between QP structure and definiteness, on the one hand, and
nominalizations and definiteness, on the other, were long observed in the
literature, there has never been an attempt to bring the three together, and our
aim at the workshop was to do exactly this: to address recent developments
in the area of quantifier phrase structure, nominalizations, and the linking
definite determiner D. We invited discussions among the central approaches
in syntax, morphology, semantics, and typology, paving the way towards a
more comprehensive understanding of how quantification, definiteness, and
nominalizations are encoded in the grammar.
The result was a lively and engaging workshop, with papers addressing the
core issues that we wanted to tackle, including the role of number, partitivity,
determinerless QPs, animacy, variation in nominalization, and the relation
between syntax and semantics. The theoretical discussions were framed in a
cross-paradigm and cross-linguistic perspective, and a significant number of
(partially understudied) languages were explored, including Native American
languages (e.g. Salish), Basque, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, alongside
English, Greek, and other more familiar European languages.
The contributions in this volume are at the interfaces between syntax–
morphology, syntax–semantics, and morphology–semantics, and many of the
novel and challenging ideas presented here come precisely because of exploring
questions posed at the interfaces. In addition, different theoretical paradigms
are represented – from Optimality Theory to Distributed Morphology, and
model theoretic semantics. Given the breadth of emprical coverage and exper-
tise, we expect this volume to be useful to linguists working in the areas
of quantification, nominalization, and (in)definiteness, and, given the broad
domain of discussion, it should be equally valuable to syntacticians, seman-
ticists, and morphologists as well as general linguists interested in the large
number of cross-linguistic data discussed. The volume can also be used for
graduate and undergraduate level teaching, though those who will maximally
benefit from its discussions will be researchers at the graduate level with some
familiarity with the issues discussed.
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Preface ix

It was an enormous pleasure for both of us to prepare this volume. We wish

to thank the institutions that provided financial and structural support for
our workshop: the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, GZ 4851/179/05)
for the grant, the Department of Computational Linguistics and Phonetics,
Saarland University, in particular Manfred Pinkal and his group, for their
kind hospitality at the newly built Centre for Language Research and Technology
where the workshop took place.
We would also like to thank our authors for their contributions, as well as
for responding promptly to all our requests. We have learned a lot from read-
ing their chapters and from working with them through the various drafts.
Many thanks also to the anonymous reviewers from Oxford University Press
for their insightful feedback and encouragement, as well as to Hagit Borer
and David Adger for including this volume in the series Oxford Studies in
Theoretical Linguistics.
Finally, we would like to thank John Davey and Chloe Plummer for their
valuable editorial assistance and guidance. John’s positive energy and good
humour, especially, have been instrumental in keeping us on track, and made
the editing of this book a much more exciting project than it could have
otherwise been.
Anastasia Giannakidou and Monika Rathert
Chicago/Frankfurt a.M., February 2008
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Notes on the Contributors

Artemis Alexiadou’s research interests lie in theoretical and comparative syntax,

with special focus on the interfaces between syntax and morphology and syntax
and the lexicon. Her books include Adverb Placement (Benjamins, 1997), Functional
Structure in Nominals (Benjamins, 2001), Noun Phrase in the Generative Perspective,
co-authored with Liliane Haegeman and Melita Stavrou (Mouton de Gruyter, 2007),
and the Unaccusativity Puzzle, co-edited with Elena Anagnostopoulou and Martin
Everaert (Oxford University Press, 2004). She is currently working on various projects
including the form and the interpretation of nominals, adjectival modification, verbal
alternations, and the role of non-active morphology.
Manfred Bierwisch is Professor for Theory of Grammar at the Humboldt-
University Berlin. He studied German philology and philosophy in Leipzig, and
has served as Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences,
Stanford, Vice-President of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, the Institute
for Advanced Study. Bierwisch has also been the Head of the Max-Planck Research
Group ‘Structural Grammar’ at the Humboldt-University Berlin (1992 to 1999). He is
well known for his work in the fields of syntax and semantics, and has been one of the
pioneers in introducing generative grammar in Germany.
Helen de Hoop (PhD Groningen, 1992) is Professor of Theoretical Linguistics at the
Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. She has published (co-authored) arti-
cles in the journals Linguistics and Philosophy, Journal of Semantics, Language Acqui-
sition, Linguistics, and Lingua. Together with Mengistu Amberber she has edited the
volume Competition and Variation in Natural Languages: the Case for Case (Elsevier,
Oxford, 2005) and, together with Peter de Swart, she has edited Differential Subject
Marking (Springer, Dordrecht, 2008). With Petra Hendriks and Reinhard Blutner, she
has written a book on Optimality Theory and interpretation (Optimal Communica-
tion, CSLI Publications, Stanford, 2006). In Nijmegen she is the principal investigator
of several externally funded research projects, the topics of which vary from case and
animacy to the behaviour of local pronouns in the languages of the world.
Henriëtte de Swart received her PhD in 1991 from Groningen University. After
three years of teaching at Stanford University, she became full professor in French
linguistics and semantics at Utrecht University in 1997. Her collaboration with Donka
Farkas dates back to 2003, when they jointly published The Semantics of Incorporation:
from Argument Structure to Discourse Transparency (CSLI Publications). She has also
published articles in Journal of Semantics, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,
Linguistics and Philosophy, Lingua, Journal of Pragmatics.
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Notes on the Contributors xi

Urtzi Etxeberria is a Chargé de Recherche 2ème Classe at the Centre National de la

Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) at the Basque Texts and Language Study Centre (IKER)
in Bayonne (France), and a member of the Basque Research Group in Linguistics
(HiTT). He received his PhD in linguistics from the University of the Basque Country
(EHU-UPV) in 2005. His research interests are focused on the syntax–semantics inter-
face in general, and on the structure of nominals and quantifiers in Basque (as well as
cross-linguistically) in particular.
Donka F. Farkas is Professor of Linguistics at UCSC (University of California Santa
Cruz). Before joining the department in 1991, she held teaching positions at Yale
University and Penn State University. She has worked on the formal semantics of noun
phrases, mood, and their interactions. Farkas and de Swart are the co-authors of ‘The
Semantics of Incorporation’, a 2003 CSLI monograph.
Anastasia Giannakidou is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of
Chicago. She has studied philosophy of language and linguistics, and is the author
of many articles in natural language semantics and syntax on topics such as nega-
tive polarity, free choice, quantification, ellipsis, focus, tense, and mood. Her pre-
vious book Polarity Sensitivity as (Non)Veridical Dependency was published by John
Benjamins in 1998.
Heidi Harley is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Arizona,
interested in morphology, syntax and semantics, and working within the Distributed
Morphology framework. Specifically, her work has focused on argument structure and
verbal and nominal morphology in English, Japanese, Irish, Italian, and Hiaki. She has
published work in Language, Linguistic Inquiry, Lingua, and American Speech, among
others.
Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng is Chair Professor of Linguistics at Leiden University, the
Netherlands. Her research has three main focuses: comparative syntax (comparing the
structure of Chinese languages, as well as the structure of Bantu languages), syntax–
semantics interface (bare nouns, quantifiers, free choice items), and syntax–phonology
interface (mapping between syntactic and phonological structure in Bantu languages).
Luisa martí was awarded her PhD in linguistics from the University of Connecti-
cut, USA, in 2003. She is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at the Center for
Advanced Study in Theoretical Linguistics at Universitetet i Tromsø, Norway, where
she leads a project on the internal composition of indefinites in different languages.
She has published several articles in semantics and its interfaces with other domains.
Lisa Matthewson is Associate Professor at the University of British Columbia. She
has been conducting fieldwork on St’át’imcets (Lillooet Salish) since the early 1990s,
and is primarily interested in the nature and extent of cross-linguistic variation in the
semantics. Her research to date has focused on determiners, quantifiers, tense, aspect,
modality, evidentiality, and presuppositions.
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xii Notes on the Contributors

Louise Mcnally is Professor of Linguistics at Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona.

She has worked on various aspects of nominal and adjectival semantics, the compo-
sitional semantics of modifiers, and the semantics–pragmatics interface. She is the
author of A Semantics for the English Existential Construction (Garland, 1997) and co-
editor, with Christopher Kennedy, of Adjectives and Adverbs: Syntax, Semantics and
Discourse (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Omer Premiger got his introduction to linguistics at Tel Aviv University, where he
received his MA in linguistics in 2006 under the co-supervision of Tal Siloni and Tanya
Reinhart. From there, he moved on to the PhD program in linguistics at MIT. In
addition to work on argument structure and nominalizations, Omer has worked on
long-distance wh-movement in Hebrew, and on long-distance agreement and clitic-
doubling in Basque.
Monika Rathert is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Cognitive Linguistics,
University of Frankfurt/Main. She studied German, English, and theoretical linguistics
in Tübingen, and her research interests include morphosyntax (nominalizations, argu-
mentlinking), semantics (tense, adverbs), and language and the law. Her PhD thesis
Textures of Time was published in 2004 in the Studia Grammatica series of Akademie
Publishers, Berlin.
Tom Roeper is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
He has worked in the area of morphology seen as a part of syntax for thirty years,
examining the role of syntactic operations in compounds, prefixation, middles, and
implicit arguments. In addition, he has worked on theoretical and experimental
approaches to the problem of language acquisition and is the author of The Prism
of Grammar (MIT Press, 2007).

Tal Siloni (PhD Geneva, 1994) is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics
at Tel Aviv University, Israel. Her major areas of research are theoretical syntax, syntax
of Semitic and Romance languages, argument structure, and the theory of the lexicon.
Her book Noun Phrases and Nominalizations was published by Kluwer Academic
Publishers in 1997.
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Abbreviations

A adjective
a◦ adjectivalizer
Acc accusative
ACC-ing gerund broadly verbal -ing form (i.e. its subject takes accusative case)
AdjP adjective phrase
AdvP adverb phrase
AgrO agreement object phrase
AgrP agreement phrase
AP adjective phrase
AS argument structure
Asp aspect
AspP aspect phrase
C complement
CaseP case phrase
Cat categorization
Cl-Noun classifer-noun phrase
ClP classifier phrase
Conj conjuction marker
CP complementizer phrase
c-selection categorial selection
D definite determiner
D Dutch
Dat dative
Det determiner
Dist distributive
DistP distributive phrase
DKP Derived Kind Predication
DM Distributed Morphology
DP determiner phrase
DRS Discourse Representation Structure
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xiv Abbreviations

DRT Discourse Representation Theory

E English
E lexical entry
EC existential closure
ECM exceptional case marking
EPP Extended Projection Principle
ERG ergative
Ev event argument
F French
FA Function Application
FCI free choice item
FDef faithfulness constraint on definiteness
FI full interpretation
f-morphemes grammatical elements
FPl Faith Plurality
Fr free relative
Gen generic operator
GF grammatical form
GQ generalized quantifier
H head
H Hungarian
indef indefinite
Indp indeterminate pronoun
inf infinitive
intr intransitive
IP inflectional phrase
k atomic kinds
K derived kinds
Lc contextually given delineation interval
Lex-Syn Lexicon-Syntax
LF logical form
l-morphemes roots
N noun
n noun
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Abbreviations xv

n◦ nominalizer
N(I) neutral time interval
Nom nominative
NP noun phrase
NPI negative polarity item
Num number
NumP number phrase
OF-ing broadly nominal -ing form
OT Optimality Theory
PF phonetic form
PF perfective
PL plural
pl plural
Pos positive operator
Poss-ing gerund its subject is a possessive (i.e. takes genitive case)
PP prepositional phrase
Prt particle
Q-Det quantificational determiner
QP quantifier phrase
QR quantifier raising
R referential argument
SF semantic form
sg singular
Spec specifier
s-selection semantic selection
TP tense phrase
tr transitive
V verb
◦
v verbalizer
VI vocabulary items
VoiceP voice phrase
◦
Voice voice (active/passive)
VP verb phrase
vP verb phrase
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