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Nodal Analysis

The document outlines the 7 steps for performing nodal analysis to solve circuit problems: 1) select a reference node, 2) label node voltages, 3) label currents, 4) use Kirchoff's Current Law, 5) use Ohm's Law, 6) solve for node voltages, and 7) calculate currents. It then works through an example problem, determining the node voltages, resistor voltages, and currents.

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Aashish Bansal
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103 views24 pages

Nodal Analysis

The document outlines the 7 steps for performing nodal analysis to solve circuit problems: 1) select a reference node, 2) label node voltages, 3) label currents, 4) use Kirchoff's Current Law, 5) use Ohm's Law, 6) solve for node voltages, and 7) calculate currents. It then works through an example problem, determining the node voltages, resistor voltages, and currents.

Uploaded by

Aashish Bansal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objective of Lecture

 Provide step-by-step instructions for nodal analysis,


which is a method to calculate node voltages and
currents that flow through components in a circuit.
 Chapter 3.2 and Chapter 3.3
Nodal Analysis
 Technique to find currents at a node using Ohm’s Law,
Kirchoff’s Current Law, and the potential differences
betweens nodes.
 First result from nodal analysis is the determination of
node voltages (voltage at nodes referenced to ground).
 These voltages are not equal to the voltage dropped across the
resistors.
 Second result is the calculation of the currents
Steps in Nodal Analysis

Vin
Steps in Nodal Analysis
 Pick one node as a reference node
 Its voltage will be arbitrarily defined to be zero

Vin
Step 1
 Pick one node as a reference node
 Its voltage will be arbitrarily defined to be zero

Vin
Step 2
 Label the voltage at the other nodes

Vin
Step 2
 Label the voltage at the other nodes

Vin
Step 3
 Label the currents flowing through each of the
components in the circuit
Step 4
 Use Kirchoff’s Current Law

I 7  I1  I 2  I 6
I2  I3  I 4
I4  I5
I3  I5  I6
Step 5
 Use Ohm’s Law to relate the voltages at each node to
the currents flowing in and out of them.
 Current flows from a higher potential to a lower
potential in a resistor
 The difference in node voltage is the magnitude of
electromotive force that is causing a current I to flow.

I  Va  Vb  R
Step 5
We do not write an equation for
I1  V1  V2  R1
I 7 as it is equal to I1

I 2  V2  V3  R2
I 3  V3  V5  R3
I 4  V3  V4  R4
I 5  V4  V5  R5
I 6  V5  0V  R6
Step 6
 Solve for the node voltages
 In this problem we know that V1 = Vin
Step 6
 Substitute the equations obtained using Ohm’s Law
into the equations obtained using KCL.
Vin  V2  R1  V2  V3  R2  V5 R6

V2  V3  R2  V3  V5  R3  V3  V4  R4

V3  V4  R 4  V4  V5  R5

V3  V5  R3  V3  V4  R4  V5 R6
Step 7
 Once the node voltages are known, calculate the
currents.
From Previous Slides
I 7  I1  I 2  I 6
I1  V1  V2  R1
I2  I3  I 4 I 2  V2  V3  R2
I4  I5 I 3  V3  V5  R3
I3  I5  I6 I 4  V3  V4  R4
I 5  V4  V5  R5
V 1  Vin I 6  V5  0V  R6
Substituting in Numbers
I 7  I1  I 2  I 6 I1  10V  V2  9k
I2  I3  I 4 I 2  V2  V3  2k
I4  I5 I 3  V3  V5  5k
I3  I5  I6 I 4  V3  V4  3k
V 1  10V I 5  V4  V5  1k
I 6  V5  0V  7 k
Substituting the results from
Ohm’s Law into the KCL equations
10V  V2  9k  V2  V3  2k  V5 7k

V2  V3  2k  V3  V5  5k  V3  V4  3k

V3  V4  3k  V4  V5  1k

V3  V4  3k  V4  V5  1k  V5  7k


Chugging through the Math
Node Voltages (V)
V1 10
V2 5.55
V3 4.56
V4 3.74
V5 3.46

 Node voltages must have a magnitude less than the sum of the
voltage sources in the circuit
 One or more of the node voltages may have a negative sign
 This depends on which node you chose as your reference node.
Chugging through the Math
Voltage across (V)  The magnitude of any
resistors voltage across a resistor
VR1 = (V1 – V2) 4.45 must be less than the
VR2 = (V2 – V3) 0.990 sum of all of the voltage
VR3 = (V3 – V5) 1.10 sources in the circuit.
VR4 = (V3 – V4) 0.824  In this case, no voltage
across a resistor can be
VR5 = (V4 – V5) 0.274
greater than 10V.
VR6 = (V5 – 0V) 3.46
Chugging through More Math
Currents (mA)
I1 495
I2 495
I3 220
I4 275
I5 275
I6 495
I7 495
Check
 None of the currents should be larger than the current
that flows through the equivalent resistor in series
with the 10V supply.
 Note that this check is only valid if there is one voltage
source in the circuit.
Req  9k  2k  5k 3k  1k   7k

Req  20.2k

I eq  10V Req  495mA  0.495mA


Summary
Steps in Nodal Analysis
1. Pick one node as a reference node
2. Label the voltage at the other nodes
3. Label the currents flowing through each of the
components in the circuit
4. Use Kirchoff’s Current Law
5. Use Ohm’s Law to relate the voltages at each node to the
currents flowing in and out of them.
6. Solve for the node voltage
7. Once the node voltages are known, calculate the
currents.

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