Java Advanced Features

Agenda

1. Encapsulation 9. Collections (and Maps)

2. Inheritance 10. Annotations
3. Composition 11. Input/Output
4. Enums 12. Concurrency
5. Abstarct class 13. Lambda expressions
6. Interface 14. Optionals
7. Exceptions 15. Streams
8. Generic types 16. Nested Classes

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Encapsulation

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 Encapsulation

Encapsulation is wrapping fields and methods that will work

together as a single unit.
Other classes will not be able to access fields/methods that they
are not supposed to. A java class is encapsulated by applying
private modifiers to the fields and adding public methods
or constructors that are necessary for other classes to use.

4
Encapsulation – getters and setters

Example
public class Person { public class Person {
private String firstName; private String firstName;
private boolean male; private boolean male;
... ...
public String getFirstName() { public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
return firstName; this.firstName = firstName;
} }
public boolean isMale() { public void setMale(boolean male) {
return male; this.male = male;
} }
... ...
} }

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Encapsulation – constructor

Example
public class Person {
private String firstName;
private String lastName;

public Person(String firstName, String lastName) {

this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
}

public String getFirstName() {

return firstName;
}

public String getLastName() {

return lastName;
}
}

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Encapsulation – other methods

Example
public class Person {
private String firstName;
...
private int age;
...
// We do not want to assign null or empty value
// to firstName field.
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
if(firstName != null && !"".equals(firstName)) {
this.firstName = firstName;
}
}
// We only allow increasing age value by one at a time.
public void growOlder() {
age++;
}
}

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Exercises – Encapsulation

1. Create class Dog.

a) Add private fields to the class, like name, age, gender, race, weigth.
b) Create constructor that accepts all of the class fields.
c) Create additional constructor, that will accept only gender and race. It should call main
constructor with default values.
d) Create getters and setters for age and weigth.
e) Create object of class Dog. Verify if everything works as expected.
f) Add verification for all arguments passed to the setters. E.g. setWeigth method should
not accept values below or equal to 0.
2. Create class Pocket.
a) Add field „money”, create constructor, getter and setter.
b) Add verification for both getter and setter. Getter should result in returning as much
money, as the user asked for. It should return 0 if money <= 10.
c) Setter should not accept values below 0 and greater than 3000. It may print a message
like „I don’t have enough space in my pocket for as much money!”

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Inheritance

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 Inheritance
• A class can inherit from another one by adding extends keyword
in the class declaration.
• If a class inherits from another one, it in other words extends it.
• The extended class is called the parent class (or the base class).
• The class that extends is called the child class (or the derived class).
• In Java a class can extend only one class.

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Inheritance

Example

public class Car extends Vehicle {

public class Vehicle {
private boolean convertible;
private int maxSpeed;
public Car(int maxSpeed, boolean convertible) {
public Vehicle(int maxSpeed) {
super(maxSpeed);
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
this.convertible = convertible;
}
}
public int getMaxSpeed() {
public boolean isConvertible() {
return maxSpeed;
return convertible;
}
}
}
}

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Inheritance – assigning to parent type variable

Example

Car myCar = new Car(130, false);

Vehicle myCarVehicle = new Car(210, true);

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Inheritance – overriding methods

Example
public class Vehicle {
...
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Fields values: maxSpeed=" + maxSpeed;
}
}

Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicle(85);

// System.out.println prints object's toString value,
// so it will print "Fields values: maxSpeed=85"
System.out.println(vehicle);

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Inheritance – polymorphism

Example

Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicle(85);

Vehicle myCarVehicle = new Car(210, true);
vehicle.toString(); // invokes Vehicle#toString()
myCarVehicle.toString(); // invokes Car#toString()

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Inheritance – calling parent’s implementation

Example
public class Car extends Vehicle {
...
@Override
public String toString() {
return super.toString()
+ ", convertible=" + convertible;
}
}

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Inheritance – hiding parent’s fields

Example
public class Vehicle {
protected int maxSpeed;
...
}

public class Car extends Vehicle {

private double maxSpeed;
}

public class Car extends Vehicle{

...
public int getParentsHiddenField() {
return super.maxSpeed;
}
}

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Inheritance – passing parameters

Example
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new Car(120);
// passing a Car as a parameter - it is a Vehicle as well.
printMaxSpeed(myCar);
// again - this time passing a Car as an Object
// (a Car is also an Object).
printWithPrefix("My car: ", myCar);
}

private static void printMaxSpeed(Vehicle vehicle) {

System.out.println(vehicle.getMaxSpeed());
}

private static void printWithPrefix(String prefix, Object object) {

System.out.println(prefix + object);
}

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Exercises – Inheritance

1. Create a Shape class.

a) Add fields, create constructor, getters and setters.
b) Create classes Rectangle and Circle. Both of them should inherit class Shape.
Which fields and methods are common?
2. Create classes Dog and Cat.
a) Move common methods and fields to the class Animal.
b) Create method „yieldVoice”.
c) Create simple array of type Animal, that will contain one object of type Dog and
one object of type Cat.
d) Using for-each loop show which animal gives what kind of voice. How to print a
name of an object?

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Composition

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 Composition

Composition and aggregation means usage of objects as values

of fields of another objects.
public class Monitor {
private int displaySize;
... public class ComputerSet {
} private Mouse mouse;
private Monitor monitor;
public class Mouse { ...
private int buttonCount; }
private boolean optical;
...
}

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Exercises – Composition

1. Create a Muzzle class.

a) Create a Muzzle object.
b) Assing the created object to a Dog object.
c) How to use a Dog object to show all attributes of a Muzzle object?

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Enums

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 Enums

An enum is a type that has a predefined set of values.

Enum types implicitly extend the Enum class.
public enum LengthUnit {
METER,
CENTIMETER,
FOOT,
INCH
}

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Enums

Example
LengthUnit meterUnit;

LengthUnit meterUnit = LengthUnit.METER;

System.out.println(LengthUnit.METER); // prints "METER"

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Enums – switch-case

Example
LengthUnit lengthUnit;
...
switch(lengthUnit) {
case FOOT:
System.out.println("Foot unit is selected");
break;
case METER:
System.out.println("Meter unit is selected");
break;
case INCH:
System.out.println("Inch unit is selected");
break;
case CENTIMETER:
System.out.println("Centimeter unit is selected");
break;
}

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Enums – constructors, fields, methods

Example
public enum LengthUnit {
METER(1),
CENTIMETER(0.01),
FOOT(0.3),
INCH(0.025);

double value;

LengthUnit(double value) {
this.value = value;
}

// returns value - length in meters

double convertToMeters() {
return value;
}
}

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Enums – methods

Example
// prints "0.3"
System.out.println(LengthUnit.FOOT.convertToMeters());

for (LengthUnit lengthUnit : LengthUnit.values()) {

System.out.println(lengthUnit);
}

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Enums – overriding methods

Example
public enum LengthUnit {
METER(1, "Meter unit"),
CENTIMETER(0.01, "Centimeter unit");

double value;
String prettyName;
LengthUnit(double value, String prettyName) {
this.value = value;
this.prettyName = prettyName;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return prettyName;
}
}
// prints "Centimeter unit"
System.out.println(LengthUnit.CENTIMETER);
© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 28
Exercises – Enums

1. Create enum Planets.

a) Override toString method. It should print relative size of a planet and it’s name.
E.g. „Huge Jupiter”, „Small Pluto”.
b) Create distanceFromEarth method.
c) Verify both methods for multiple planets.

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Abstract class

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 Abstract class

• Abstract class cannot be instantiated.

• It has to be extended to be used.
• Abstract class might include abstract methods –
methods without implementation.
• Fields, non-abstract and static methods work in the same way.

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Abstract class

Example
public abstract class Vehicle {
private int maxSpeed;

public Vehicle(int maxSpeed) {

this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}

public int getMaxSpeed() {

return maxSpeed;
}

public abstract void move();

}

// Invalid code - abstract class cannot be instantiated

Vehicle myVehicle = new Vehicle();

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Abstract class

Example

public class Car extends Vehicle {

public Car(int maxSpeed) {

Car myCar = new Car(120);
super(maxSpeed);
myCar.move(); // prints "Car moved"
}
Vehicle myVehicle = myCar;
// Calling Car's implementation
@Override
// (myVehicle refers to a Car object).
public void move() {
myVehicle.move(); // prints "Car moved"
System.out.println("Car moved");
}
}

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Exercises – Abstract class

1. Change Shape and Animal classes to be abstract. Which methods should/may

be abstract?
2. Add getPerimeter and getArea methods declaration to the Shape abstract class.
Implement and verify those methods for both Circle and Rectangle classes.

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Interface

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 Interface
• Interfaces cannot include fields.
• Methods are public and abstract by default.
• Might include static methods and fields.
• A class can implement many interfaces.
• Might include default implementation (Java 8).
• Interfaces can be extended.

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Interface

Example
public interface Shape {
// public and abstract by default
double getArea();
double getPerimeter();
}

// Invalid code - interface cannot be instantiated

Shape myShape = new Shape();

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Interface – implementation

Example
class Rectangle implements Shape {
private double a;
private double b;
...
@Override Rectangle myRectangle = new Rectangle(4, 5);
public double getArea() { System.out.println(myRectangle.getArea());
return a * b; Shape myShape = myRectangle;
} // Calling Rectangle#getPerimeter implementation.
System.out.println(myShape.getPerimeter());
@Override
public double getPerimeter() {
return 2 * a + 2 * b;
}
}

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Interface – default method

Example
public interface Shape {
double getArea();
double getPerimeter();

default void print() {

System.out.println("Shape: " + this);
}
}

Rectangle myRectangle = new Rectangle(4, 5);

// prints "Shape: " + myRectangle#toString methods value
myRectangle.print();

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Exceptions

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 Exceptions

• If a program's execution is disrupted an exception is thrown.

• Exceptions can be caught and handled.
• Exceptions are represented as objects.

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 Exceptions – base hierarchy
Base type for all exceptions is the Throwable class.
Two types extend Throwable:
• Error – errors are caused by environment in which application
is running - program does not want to handle them.
• Exception – an exception is thrown due to program's fault.
It makes sense to handle them. Every exception caught
by a program will derive from Exception class.

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Exception – try-catch

Example

try {
int x = 5 / 0;
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception is caught and handled!");
}

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Exception – try-catch-finally

Example

try {
x = y / 0;
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception is caught and handled!");
} finally {
System.out.println("This will be printed no matter what the value of y is")
}

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Exception – multiple catch

Example
try {
int x = intArray[10] / y;
} catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException caught!");
} catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("ArrayIndex(...)Exception caught!");
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Another exception caught!");
}

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Exception – catch with mutiple parameter types

Example
try {
int x = intArray[10] / y;
} catch(ArithmeticException | ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException or a " +
"ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException caught!");
}

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Exception – throwing an exception

Example
throw new AnExceptionType(arguments);

throw new Exception("Some program failure");

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Exception – „throws” in method signature

Example
int[] someIntArray = {3, 4, 2};
// invalid code - printArrayElement throws Exception, so it needs
// to be handled (putting it into try-catch or adding throws Exception
// to main method declaration will fix it).
printArrayElement(someIntArray, 3);

private static void printArrayElement(int[] intArray, int index) throws Exception {

if (index < 0 || index >= intArray.length) {
throw new Exception("Incorrect argument!");
}
System.out.println(intArray[index]);
}

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Exception – custom exceptions

Example
public class CarCrashedException extends Exception {
public CarCrashedException(Car car) {
// calling Exception(String message) constructor
super("Car " + car + " has crashed!");
}
}

public class Car {

private int speed;

public void increaseSpeed() throws CarCrashedException {

speed += 70;
if(speed > 200) {
throw new CarCrashedException(this);
}
}
}
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Exception – autoclosing

Example

try(Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)) {

// code
}

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Exercises – Exception

1. Write an application that will read the input and print back value that user provided,
use try-catch statements to parse the input, e.g. I/O:
Input: 10
Output: int -> 10

Input: 10.0
Output: double -> 10.0

Input: „Hello!”
Output: „Hey! That’s not a value! Try once more.”
2. What do you think about raising an exception: when should we raise an exception and
when return Null on method „failure”? Try to implement one method
for each situation.

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Generic types

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 Generic types

A generic type is a generic class or interface

that is parametrized over types.

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Generic types

Example
public class GenericBox<T> {
private T item;

public Box(T item) {

this.item = item;
}

public void setItem(T item) {

this.item = item;
}

public T getItem() {
return item;
}
}

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Generic types

Example

Car car = new Car();

// new GenericBox<Car>(car) is valid as well, but there
// is no need to put the parametrized type again
// in the diamonds
GenericBox<Car> boxWithACarInIt = new GenericBox<>(car);

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Generic types – „extends” keyword

Example
public abstract class Vehicle { public class Garage<T extends Vehicle> {
public abstract void repair(); private T vehicle;
}
public Garage(T vehicle) {
this.vehicle = vehicle;
public class Car extends Vehicle { }
public void repair() {
System.out.println("Car is repaired"); public void repairVehicle() {
} vehicle.repair();
} }
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 56

Generic types – „extends” keyword usage

Example

Car car = new Car();

Garage<Car> garage = new Garage(car);
garage.repair();

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Generic types – generic interface

Example
public interface Comparable {
public int compareTo(T o);
}

public class Car implements Comparable<Car> {

private int maxSpeed;

public Car(int maxSpeed) {

this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}

@Override
public int compareTo(Car otherCar) {
return this.maxSpeed - otherCar.maxSpeed;
}
}

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Generic types – generic interface usage

Example
Car car1 = new Car(200);
Car car2 = new Car(150);

if(car1.compareTo(car2) > 0) {
System.out.println("car1 is faster!");
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 59

 Generic types
There is a convention that the parametrized type name is a single uppercase letter.
Also there is a convention specifying which letter should be used:
• E, T - element type
• K - key type
• V - value type
• T - type
• N - number type
• S, U, V if there are more parametrized types

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Exercises – Generic types

1. Create a Person class that will implement a Comparable interface. Person class should
implement compareTo method, that will verify if one person is taller than another.
2. Create a simple Generic class, that will give a possibility, to store any kind of value
within. Add object of type String, Integer and Double to array of that Generic type. Print
all values of the array within a loop.

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Collections

62
 Collections
Java offers very useful types that represent collections (sets, lists etc.).
Three main types are these interfaces:
• Collection represents a collection.
• List – extends Collection, represents an ordered list of elements.
• Set – extends Collection, represents a set of elements
(a set does not contain duplicates, order is not crucial).
• Map represents a dictionary – storage of pairs of keys and values.

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Collections – hierarchy

java.util.Map<E> java.lang.Iterable<E>

key : value iteration interface

java.util.Collection<E>

grouping

java.util.List<E> java.util.Set<E> java.util.Queue<E>

order no duplicates FIFO

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 List
A List type object is very similar to an array object - it’s elements have
0-based indices. List is a generic type, parametrized type represents
the type of it's elements. It includes many useful methods.
List is an interface that extends the Collection interface. To assign a value
to a variable of such type you have to use it's implementation.
There are various implementation of the List interface.
One of them is an ArrayList.

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Collections – List

Example

List<String> visitedCountries = new ArrayList<>();

visitedCountries.add("Germany");
visitedCountries.add("France");
visitedCountries.add("Spain");
visitedCountries.remove("France");

// prints Germany Spain, as "France" was removed

for (String country : visitedCountries) {
System.out.print(country + " ");
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 66

Collections – List using Iterator

Example

Iterator<String> iterator = visitedCountries.iterator();

// prints Germany Spain, as "France" was removed
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
System.out.print(iterator.next() + " ");
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 67

Exercises – List

1. Create a List and display its result (data should be provided by the user - console):
a) Purchases to be made. *If an element already exists on the list, then it should
not be added.
b) *Add to the example above the possibility of "deleting" purchased elements
c) Display only those purchases that start with „m” (e.g. milk)
d) * View only purchases whose next product on the list starts with „m” (e.g. eggs,
if milk was next on the list)
2. Ratings received. Display their average. The numbers can not be less than 1 and greater
than 6.
3. * List of lists - multiplication table

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 68

 Set

Set is an interface that extends Collection interface.

A set either contains an element or it doesn't – an element
cannot be present in a set multiple times.
Set is a generic interface (parametrized type is the type
of elements). If we want to get a Set instance, we need
it's implementation. We will use the HashSet class.

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Collections – Set

Example
Set<String> travelRoute = new HashSet<>();
travelRoute.add("Berlin");
travelRoute.add("Paris");
travelRoute.add("Madrid");
travelRoute.add("Paris");
travelRoute.add("Berlin");
travelRoute.remove("Paris");

// prints Berlin Madrid, order may differ

// as set is not ordered
for (String country : travelRoute) {
System.out.print(country + " ");
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 70

Exercises – Set

1. Create a set consisting of colors - given from the user.

2. Present the removal of individual elements from the set.
3. Display the collection before and after sorting.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 71

 Map

A Map is an object that maps keys to values. A map cannot contain

duplicate keys: each key can map at most to one value.

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Collections – Map

Example

Map<String, String> countries = new HashMap<>();

countries.put("Poland", "Warsaw");
countries.put("Germany", "Berlin");
for(Map.Entry<String, String> dictionary: countries.entrySet()) {
String country = dictionary.getKey();
String capital = dictionary.getValue();
System.out.printf("%s : %s\n", country, capital);
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 73

Exercises – Map

1. Create a map and display its result (data should be provided by the user - console):
a) Names and surnames
b) Names and ages.
c) Names and lists of friends (other names).
d) * Names and details (map of maps), e.g.
„Mike”:
„ID”: „...”,
„birthPlace” : „…”
…

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 74

Annotations

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 Annotations

• Inform the compiler about code structure.

• Tools can process annotations to generate code,
documentation.
• Annotations can be processed during runtime, e.g. classes
can be found by their annotations.

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 Annotations

Annotation is a java type. It is used by writing "@" character

followed by annotation's type name.
Annotation @Override informs compiler that method is declared
in either parent class or in implemented interface. It helps
to avoid mistakes when overriding methods.
@Override
public String toString() {
//...
}

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 Annotations

Annotations can be parametrized.

In the example annotation will make the compiler assume,
that the code is correct (it will not result in showing warnings).
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static void addToList(List list, String string) {
list.add(string);
}

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Input/Output

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 I/O

A File object represents a file. It can be created passing the path

to it's constructor. Path can be either absolute or relative.

File absoluteFile = new File("C:/myDirectory/myFile.txt");

File relativeFile = new File("myFile.txt");

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I/O – reading and writing files

Example
try (BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file))) {
String fileLine;
while ((fileLine = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(fileLine);
}
}

try (BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file))) {

String fileLine = "file line";
bufferedWriter.write(fileLine);
}

try (BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file, true)) {

String fileLine = "\nappended file line";
bufferedWriter.write(fileLine);
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 81

I/O – Serializable

Example
public class Person implements Serializable {
private String firstName;
private String lastName;

// ... constructors and other methods

}

Person person = new Person("Michael", "Dudikoff");

try (FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(file);
ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(fileOutputStream)) {
objectOutputStream.writeObject(person);
}
Person person;
try (FileInputStream fileInputStream= new FileInputStream(file);
ObjectInputStream objectInputStream =
new ObjectInputStream(fileInputStream)) {
person = (Person) objectInputStream.readObject();
}
© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 82
 New I/O

Java 8 introduced new classes for reading/writing files.

They are put in the java.nio package.

Path absolutePath = Paths.get("C:/a.txt");

Path relativePath = Paths.get("a.txt");

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New I/O – reading and writing files

Example
List<String> fileLines = Files.readAllLines(path);
List<String> fileLines = Files.readAllLines(absolutePath,
Charset.forName("UTF-8"));

List<String> fileLines = Arrays.asList("first line", "second line");

Files.write(path, fileLines);

Files.write(absolutePath, fileLines, StandardOpenOption.APPEND);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 84

New I/O – directories

Example
Files.createDirectory(path);

Files.isDirectory(relativePath);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 85

Exercises – I/O and New I/O

1. Create a file with a „lorem ipsum” paragraph within – it can be done by copy-pasting
existing paragraph or generating it dynamically using Java library. Read that file.
a) Count words.
b) *Count special signs (like comma, dot, spaces).
c) *Select one word and print it’s number of occurences.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 86

Concurrency in Java

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 Concurrency

Concurrency is ability to perform multiple operations

simultaneously. Maintainer and resources needed to perform
a set of operations is called thread. Every application has
at least one thread.

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 Concurrency – main thread

If we run an application with the public static void main(String[]

args) method, a thread is created. We will refer to this thread as
the main thread.

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Concurrency – sleep method

Example
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException{

System.out.println("Main thread starts");

Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("Main thread is still running");
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("Main thread ends");

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 90

Concurrency – extending Thread class

Example
public class StopWatchThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("Stop watch: " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 91

Concurrency – extending Thread class

Example

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException{

StopWatchThread stopWatchThread = new StopWatchThread();

stopWatchThread.start();
System.out.println("Main thread starts");
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("Main thread is still running");
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("Main thread ends");

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 92

Concurrency – extending Thread class

Example
class StopWatchThread extends Thread {
private String prefix;

StopWatchThread(String prefix) {
this.prefix = prefix;
}

@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(prefix + ": " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 93

Concurrency – extending Thread class

Example
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException{

StopWatchThread stopWatchThread1 = new StopWatchThread("SW1");

StopWatchThread stopWatchThread2 = new StopWatchThread("SW2");
stopWatchThread1.start();
stopWatchThread2.start();
System.out.println("Main thread starts");
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("Main thread is still running");
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("Main thread ends");

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 94

Concurrency – implementing Runnable interface

Example
class StopWatchThread implements Runnable {

@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("Stop watch: " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}

Thread stopWatchThread = new Thread(new StopWatchThread());

stopWatchThread.start();

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 95

Concurrency – synchronization

Example
public class Bench {
private int availableSeats;

public Bench(int availableSeats) {

this.availableSeats = availableSeats;
}

public void takeASeat() {

if (availableSeats > 0) {
System.out.println("Taking a seat.");
availableSeats--;
System.out.println("Free seats left " + availableSeats)
} else {
System.out.println("There are no available seats. :(");
}
}
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 96

Concurrency – synchronization

Example
public class SeatTakerThread extends Thread {
private Bench bench;

public SeatTakerThread(Bench bench) {

this.bench = bench;
}

@Override
public void run() {
bench.takeASeat();
}
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 97

Concurrency – synchronization

Example

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException{

Bench bench = new Bench(1); // creating bench with one free seat
SeatTakerThread seatTaker1 = new SeatTakerThread(bench);
SeatTakerThread seatTaker2 = new SeatTakerThread(bench);
seatTaker1.start();
seatTaker2.start();

> Taking a seat.

> Taking a seat.
> Free seats left -1
> Free seats left -1

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 98

Concurrency – synchronization

Example
public synchronized void takeASeat() {
if(availableSeats > 0) {
System.out.println("Taking a seat.");
availableSeats--;
System.out.println("Free seats left " + availableSeats;
} else {
System.out.println("Cannot take a seat. :(");
}
}

> Taking a seat.

> Free seats left 0
> Cannot take a seat. :(

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 99

Concurrency – synchronization

Example

public void methodWithSyncedCodeBlock() {

System.out.println("Unsynced part");
synchronized (this) {
System.out.println("Synced part");
//...
}
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 100

Exercises – Concurrency

1. Create a class implementing the Runnable interface (implementing the run method):
a) Inside the run method display „Hello!”
b) Create a class object.
c) Start the thread receiving the created object as a parameter
(new Thread (<object>).start ())
d) Create several objects, run a separate thread for each of them.
e) Add the constructor to the created class, that accepts the int value.
f) For the displayed data inside the run method, add the received value (Hello + value).
g) Add a method to the class that will modify the int value.
h) Add a while loop to the run method, inside which it will print the modified int value
every few seconds.
i) Add the ability to disable (gracefully shutdown) the thread. Why shouldn’t we just „kill”
the thread?

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 101

Exercises – Concurrency

1. *You are the manager. You have 5 employees. Simulate the situation in which each of
them comes at a different time to work.
a) Every employee, after getting to work, displays the information „<name: I came
to work at <time HH:MM>.”
b) Every 10 seconds, the employee displays „name: I’m still working!”
c) Every 30 seconds, we release one of the employees to home (remember about
stopping the thread!) and remove the employee from the „active employees list”
d) When you release your employee to home, print „<name: <time HH:MM>, it's
time to go home!”
e) * When you release a given employee, all of the others speed up. From that
moment, display the information about work 2 seconds faster.
f) ** The manager decides in which order release employees (e.g. through an
earlier defined list)

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 102

Lambda Expression

103
 Lambda Expression

Java 8 introduced lambda expressions. A lambda expression is

a representation of an implementation of an interface which
consists of only one method.

(parameter names) -> expression to evaluate

104
Lambda expression – predicate (functional interface)

Example – without lambda

public class AdultPersonTest implements Predicate<Person> {
@Override
public boolean test(Person person) {
return person.getAge() >= 18;
}
}

Person andyMurray = new Person("Andy", "Murray", 30);

Predicate<Person> adultPersonTest = new AdultPersonTest();
System.out.println(adultPersonTest.test(andyMurray));

Example – with lambda

Person andyMurray = new Person("Andy", "Murray", 30);
Predicate<Person> adultPersonTest = p -> p.getAge() > 30;
System.out.println(adultPersonTest.test(andyMurray));

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 105

Lambda expression

Example
public static void main(String[] args){

Runnable myRunnable = () -> System.out.println("Running a runnable");

myRunnable.run();
Predicate<String> startsWithABCTest = s -> s.startsWith("ABC");
System.out.println(startsWithABCTest.test("ABCDEF"));

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 106

Lambda expression – function interface

Example
public static void main(String[] args){

// Method apply returns Integer and the type of the parameter is String
Function<String, Integer> stringLengthFunction = s -> s.length();
System.out.println(stringLengthFunction.apply("ABCDE"));

// Method apply returns String and the type of the parameter is String
Function<String, String> replaceCommasWithDotsFunction = s -> s.replace(',', '.');
System.out.println(replaceCommasWithDotsFunction.apply("a,b,c"));

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 107

Lambda expression – method reference

Example

Person johnSmith = new Person("John", "Smith", 15);

Predicate<Person> adultPersonTest = Person::isAdult;
System.out.println(adultPersonTest.test(johnSmith));

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 108

Lambda expression – supplier, consumer

Example
Supplier<Integer> randomNumberSupplier = () -> new Random().nextInt();
int randomNumber = randomNumberSupplier.get();

Consumer<Double> printWithPrefixConsumer = d -> System.out.println("Value: " + d);

printWithPrefixConsumer.accept(10.5);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 109

Lambda expression – operator

Example

UnaryOperator<Integer> toSquareUnaryOperator = i -> i * i;

System.out.println(toSquareUnaryOperator.apply(5));

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 110

Lambda expression – block of code

Example

UnaryOperator<Integer> toSquareUnaryOperator = i -> {

int result = i * i;
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
return result;
};
toSquareUnaryOperator.apply(4);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 111

Exercises – Lambda expression

1. Create and present the usage of lambda expressions:

a) Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
b) The sum of elements (int type) of the list.
c) Number of words in the input expression (list containing elements of type
String).
d) * List before and after sorting (use the Arrays class and lambda expressions:
String :: compareToIgnoreCase as a comparator)

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 112

Optionals

113
 Optional class

Optional class is a wrapper that can be used if we are not sure

if a value is present. It contains a useful set of methods.

// of method does not allow null value

Optional<String> stringOptional1 = Optional.of(stringVariable);
// ofNullable method does allow null value
Optional<String> stringOptional2 = Optional.of(stringVariable);

114
Optional

Example
// returns true if value is present
stringOptional.isPresent();

if(stringOptional.isPresent()) {
String value = stringOptional.get();
}

// Prints value if it is present

stringOptional.ifPresent(System.out::println);

String value = stringOptional.orElse("default value");

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 115

Streams

116
 Streams
Streams (available in Java > 8) can be used to perform operations
on collections with the usage of lambda expressions.

Let's assume we have a list of people. We would like

to get the average age of people named "Thomas".
Streams make such operations very easy to implement.

117
Streams – collect, findFirst, findAny

Example
List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Andrew", "Brandon", "Michael");
Stream<String> namesStream = names.stream();

List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Andrew", "Brandon", "Michael");

List<String> namesCopy = names.stream()
.collect(Collectors.toList());

// we use Optional, because stream may have no values

Optional<String> firstName = names.stream()
.findFirst();

Optional<String> firstName = names.stream()

.findAny();

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 118

Streams – filter, map

Example
List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Andrew", "Brandon", "Michael");
List<String> namesStartingWithA = names.stream()
.filter(n -> n.startsWith("A"))
.collect(Collectors.toList());

List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Andrew", "Brandon", "Michael");

List namesLengths = names.stream()
.map(String::length)
.collect(Collectors.toList());

List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Andrew", "Brandon", "Michael");

OptionalDouble averageNameLengthOptional = names.stream()
.mapToInt(String::length)
.average();
averageNameLengthOptional.ifPresent(System.out::println);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 119

Streams – allMatch and anyMatch

Example
boolean allNamesLengthIsGtThan3 = names.stream()
.allMatch(n -> n.length() > 3);

boolean thereIsANameWhichLengthIsGtThan3 = names.stream()

.anyMatch(n -> n.length() > 3);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 120

Streams – reduce method

Example
// Initial value is empty string.
// If current result value is an empty string we simply add element to an empty string,
// otherwise we concatenate current value, ", " and element.
String namesConcatenation = names.stream()
.reduce("",
(currValue, element) -> (currValue.equals("") ? "" : currValue + ", ") + element);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 121

Streams – forEach, sorted

Example

// The same as names.forEach(System.out::println);

names.stream()
.forEach(System.out::println);

List<Person> people = Arrays.asList(

new Person("John", "Smith", 20),
new Person("Sarah", "Connor", 30)
);
people.stream()
.sorted((p1, p2) -> p1.getLastName().compareTo(p2.getLastName()))
.forEach(p -> System.out.println(p.getLastName()));
// alternative way:
// people.stream().sorted(Comparator.comparing(Person::getLastName)) ...

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 122

Exercises – Streams

1. Using streams, for a given lists:

- [„John”, „Sarah”, „Mark”, „Tyla”, „Ellisha”, „Eamonn”]
- [1, 4, 2346, 123, 76, 11, 0, 0, 62, 23, 50]
a) Sort the list.
b) Print only those names, that start with „E” letter.
c) Print values greater than 30 and lower than 200.
d) Print names uppercase.
e) Remove first and last letter, sort and print names.
f) *Sort backwards by implementing reverse Comparator and using lambda
expression.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 123

Nested classes

124
 Nested classes – non-static

A nested class can be defined in body of another class.

We will call them inner and outer classes.

Object of non-static inner type is bound

to an object of outer type.

125
Nested classes – non-static

Example
public class Bicycle {
private int maxSpeed = 40;

public int getMaxSpeed() {

return maxSpeed;
}

public class Wheel {

public void damage() {
// we can refer to outer class's field
// (Wheel type object will be created
// for an Bicycle instance)
maxSpeed *= 0.5;
}
}
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 126

Nested classes – non-static

Example

Bicycle bicycle = new Bicycle();

// Prints 40
System.out.println(bicycle.getMaxSpeed());
Bicycle.Wheel wheel = bicycle.new Wheel();
wheel.damage();
// Prints 20
System.out.println(bicycle.getMaxSpeed());

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 127

 Nested classes – static

Static nested classes work similarly, the difference

is that an instance of inner static class
is not bound to an instance of outer class.

128
Nested classes – static

Example
public class Bicycle {
private int maxSpeed = 25;

public int getMaxSpeed() {

return maxSpeed;
}

public static class Mechanic {

public void repair(Bicycle bicycle) {
// nested static class can refer
// private field of outer class
bicycle.maxSpeed += 15;
}
}
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 129

Nested classes – static

Example

Bicycle bicycle = new Bicycle();

// Prints 25
System.out.println(bicycle.getMaxSpeed());
Bicycle.Mechanic mechanic = new Bicycle.Mechanic();
mechanic.repair(bicycle);
// Prints 40
System.out.println(bicycle.getMaxSpeed());

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 130

 Thank you
for your attention!

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 131