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Chapter 9 Energy

Exercises
9.1 Work (pages 145–146)
1. Circle the letter next to the correct mathematical equation for work.
a. work = force ÷ distance b. work = distance ÷ force
c. work = force × distance d. work = force × distance2
2. You can use the equation in Question 1 to calculate work when
the force is and the motion takes place in
.
3. You do work if you lift a book one meter above the ground. How does the
amount of work change in each of the following cases?
a. You lift the book twice as high.
b. You lift two identical books one meter above the ground.

4. Complete the table by naming the two general categories of work and giving an
example of each.

Category of Work Example

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5. The unit of work is the .

6. Suppose that you apply a 50-N horizontal force to a 25-kg box, pushing
the box 6 meters across the floor. How much work do you do on the box?

9.2 Power (pages 146–147)

7. Power is the rate at which is done.
8. Power equals divided by .
9. The unit of power is the .
10. One megawatt (MW) equals watts.
11. In the United States, we customarily rate engines in units of ,
which is equivalent to kilowatt.
9.3 Mechanical Energy (page 147)
12. Define energy.

13. What is the SI unit of energy?

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Chapter 9 Energy

14. Mechanical energy is the energy due to the or

of something.
15. What are the two forms of mechanical energy?
a.
b.
9.4 Potential Energy (pages 148–149)
16. On each line, write elastic, chemical, or gravitational to identify the type of potential
energy described.
a. fossil fuels
b. a compressed spring
c. water in a reservoir
d. a stretched rubber band
e. food
f. a bow drawn back
g. electric batteries
17. The amount of gravitational potential energy possessed by an elevated object is
equal to the work done against in lifting it.
18. What are two ways to calculate gravitational potential energy?
a. × height
b. × × height
19. Explain what the height is when you calculate an object’s gravitational potential
energy.

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20. How do hydroelectric power stations make use of gravitational potential energy?

9.5 Kinetic Energy (page 150)

21. Kinetic energy is energy of .
22. Circle the letter for the equation you can use to find the kinetic energy of an object.
1
a. KE = 2mv b. KE = mv
2
1
c. KE = 2mv2 d. KE = mv2
2
23. Kinetic energy equals the on an object multiplied by the
distance the object moves.
24. Is the following sentence true or false? If the speed of an object doubles, the
kinetic energy of the object also doubles.

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Chapter 9 Energy

9.6 Work-Energy Theorem (pages 151–152)

25. Express the work-energy theorem.

26. Explain this equation: Work = $KE.

27. Is the following sentence true or false? If you push against a heavy refrigerator,
and it doesn’t slide, then you are not doing work on the refrigerator.

28. Suppose you push against a box so that it moves across a horizontal surface.
Explain how to determine the change in kinetic energy in each of the
following cases.
a. The surface has no friction.

b. The surface has some friction.

c. The box moves at a constant speed across a surface that has some friction.

29. Is the following sentence true or false? The maximum friction that the brakes
of a car can supply is nearly the same whether the car moves slowly or quickly.

Match each form of hidden kinetic energy with its description.

Form of
Kinetic Energy Description
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30. heat a. consists of molecules vibrating in rhythmic patterns

31. sound b. produced by electrons in motion
32. electricity c. results from random molecular motion
9.7 Conservation of Energy (pages 153–154)
33. The energy an arrow delivers to a target is slightly less than the energy it had
when it was flying toward the target. What happened to the lost energy?

34. Express the law of conservation of energy.

35. The wound spring of a toy car has 10 J of potential energy. Only 8 J of this
energy changes to kinetic energy as the car moves. What happens to the
remaining 2 J of energy?

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Chapter 9 Energy

36. The figure above shows the energy of a swinging pendulum bob at different
points along its path.
a. If you ignore friction, how does the energy of the bob at the
highest points of its path compare to the energy at the lowest
point of its path?

b. How does friction affect the pendulum?

37. The sun shines because some of its nuclear energy is transformed into
energy.
38. In nuclear reactors, nuclear energy is transformed into .
39. Suppose a person in distress leaps from a burning building onto a firefighter’s
trampoline near the ground.
a. Describe the change in potential energy, kinetic energy, and
total energy as the person falls.

b. Suppose the person has 10,000 J of potential energy just before

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jumping. What are the person’s potential energy and kinetic
energy upon reaching the trampoline?

9.8 Machines (pages 155–157)

40. A machine is a device used to or .
41. Circle each letter that describes something a machine can do.
a. puts out more energy than is put into it
b. transfers energy from one place to another
c. transforms energy from one form to another
d. destroys or creates energy
42. Describe a lever.

43. Complete the following mathematical equation for a lever.

( × )input =
( × )output
44. The pivot point of a lever is called a .

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45. What are two ways to calculate the mechanical advantage of a machine?
a.
b.

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

46. The figures above show three types of levers. Give an example of each type.
a. Type 1:
b. Type 2:
c. Type 3:
47. Describe a pulley.

48. Complete the table about pulleys.

Type of Pulley Changes direction Multiplies the Mechanical

of the input force? input force? Advantage
Single pulley with
fixed axis
Single pulley with
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movable axis
System of pulleys

9.9 Efficiency (pages 158–160)

49. Is the following sentence true or false? No real machine can be 100% efficient.

50. When a simple lever rocks about its fulcrum, or a pulley turns about its axis, a
small fraction of input energy is converted into energy.
51. What are two ratios used to relate the efficiency of a machine to energy and work?
a.
b.
52. Suppose you put in 100 J of work on a lever and get out 93 J of work.
a. What is the efficiency of the lever?
b. How much of the work input is lost as heat?

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Chapter 9 Energy

53. Is the following sentence true or false? The lower the efficiency of a machine, the
greater the amount of energy wasted as heat.
54. Which requires less force: sliding a load up an incline or lifting the load vertically?

55. The length of an incline is 8 m. The height of the elevated end is 2 m. Circle the
letter of the inclined plane’s theoretical mechanical advantage.
a. 2 b. 4
c. 8 d. 16
56. If the friction of an object against an inclined plane increases, the actual mechanical
advantage and the efficiency .
57. What ratio can you use to relate the efficiency of a machine to its mechanical
advantage?

58. The efficiency of a machine is always less than .

59. How can you convert efficiency to percent?

60. Is the following sentence true or false? An automobile engine is a complex

machine that transforms mechanical energy into chemical energy.

9.10 Energy for Life (page 160)

61. Most living organisms on this planet feed on various
compounds that release energy when they react with .

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62. Is the following sentence true or false? The amount of energy stored in gasoline
is greater than the amount of energy in the products of its combustion.

63. Is the following sentence true or false? There is less energy stored in the molecules
of food than there is in the reaction products after the food is metabolized.

64. How does the metabolism of food in the body compare to the burning of fossil
fuels in mechanical engines? How are the processes different?

65. What makes life possible on Earth?

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Chapter 9 Energy

9.11 Sources of Energy (pages 161–162)

66. is the source of practically all our energy on Earth.
67. Sunlight is directly transformed into electricity by
.
68. Sequence the steps by which sunlight can be used indirectly to generate electricity.
a.
b.
c.
d.
69. Wind can be considered a type of solar power because wind is caused by
.
70. Circle the letter of each correct statement about wind energy.
a. Wind is a steady form of energy.
b. Wind power can provide all of our energy needs.
c. Wind can make a substantial contribution to the energy we use.
d. Wind energy is practical when the energy is stored for future use.
71. Is the following sentence true or false? Hydrogen is a source of energy.

72. In a , hydrogen and oxygen gas are compressed at electrodes

to produce water and electric current.
73. Earth’s interior is kept hot by .
74. energy is held in underground reservoirs of hot water.
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