Contents

Chapter three: Artificial intelligence (AI).....................................................................................................1

.................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction to AI..........................................................................................................................1
1.1. What Is Artificial Intelligence?.............................................................................................1
1.2. Why Artificial Intelligence?..................................................................................................2
1.3. Goals of Artificial Intelligence..............................................................................................2
1.4. What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?..........................................................................2
2. History of Artificial Intelligence...................................................................................................3
2.1. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)................................................................4
2.2. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)...................................................................4
2.3. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974).................................................................4
2.4. The first AI winter (1974-1980)............................................................................................4
2.5. A boom of AI (1980-1987).....................................................................................................4
2.6. The second AI winter (1987-1993)........................................................................................5
2.7. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011).................................................................5
2.8. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)........................5
3. Types of Artificial Intelligence......................................................................................................5
3.1. Based on Capabilities.................................................................................................................6
3.2. Based on functionality................................................................................................................7
4. Applications of AI..........................................................................................................................8
What is Artificial Intelligence?.............................................................................................................8
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence....................................................................................................8
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence...............................................................................................9
Application of AI..........................................................................................................................................9
1. AI in Astronomy..........................................................................................................................10
2. AI in Healthcare...........................................................................................................................10
3. AI in Gaming................................................................................................................................10
4. AI in Finance................................................................................................................................11
5. AI in Data Security......................................................................................................................11
6. AI in Social Media.......................................................................................................................11
7. AI in Travel &Transport............................................................................................................11
 8. AI in Automotive Industry..........................................................................................................11
9. AI in Robotics:.............................................................................................................................11
10. AI in Entertainment..................................................................................................................12
11. AI in Agriculture.......................................................................................................................12
12. AI in E-commerce......................................................................................................................12
13. AI in education:.........................................................................................................................12

Chapter three: Artificial intelligence (AI)

1. Introduction to AI
1.1. What Is Artificial Intelligence?

 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man-made thinking power." So, we can define AI as: Artificial Intelligence
exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and
solving problems

 Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a computer, a robot, or a product to think

how smart Human think.

 AI is a study of how human brain think, learn, decide and work, when it tries to solve
problems. And finally this study outputs intelligent software systems.
 The aim of AI is to improve computer functions which are related to human knowledge, for
example, reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.
 The intelligence is intangible.
 It is composed of
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
 The objectives of AI research are reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning,
natural language processing, realization, and ability to move and manipulate objects.
 There are long-term goals in the general intelligence sector.
1.2. Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI
and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

 With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.

 With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.

 With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk.

 AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.

1.3. Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic
Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
1.4. What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of
other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we should know that how
intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding,
etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following discipline:

 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
  Sociology
 Computer Science
 Neurons Study

2. History of Artificial Intelligence

 Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers.

 This technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of
Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths.

 Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey from the
AI generation to till date development.
2.1. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
 Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
 Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
 Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's
ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called
a Turing test.

2.2. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

 Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program “Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for
some theorems.
 Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American
Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first
time, AI coined as an academic field. At that time high-level computer languages such
as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very
high at that time.

2.3. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

 Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966,
which was named as ELIZA.
 Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was
named as WABOT-1.

2.4. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

 The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration.
 AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe
shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
 During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

2.5. A boom of AI (1980-1987)

 Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human
expert.
  In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of
Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

2.6. The second AI winter (1987-1993)

 The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
 Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high
cost but not efficient result.
 The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.

2.7. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

 Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
 Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.
 Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

2.8. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
 Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to
solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand
natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
 Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to
provide information to the user as a prediction.
 Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."
 Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master
debaters and also performed extremely well.
 Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which
had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice that she was
talking with the machine.
 Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and data
science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and
Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is
inspiring and will come with high intelligence.

3. Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are
 Based on capabilities
 based on functionally of AI.
Following is flow diagram which explains the types of AI.

3.1. Based on Capabilities

3.1.1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
 The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes
beyond its limits.
 Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range of
functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

3.1.2. General AI:

 General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think like
a human by its own.
 Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
 The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
 As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and time
to develop such systems.

3.1.3. Super AI:

 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an
outcome of general AI.
  Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.

3.2. Based on functionality

3.2.1. Reactive Machines

 Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
 IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
 Google's Alpha Go is also an example of reactive machines.

3.2.2. Limited Memory

 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can
store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.

3.2.3. Theory of Mind

 Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts
and improvement for developing such AI machines.

3.2.4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than human mind.
 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
 4. Application of AI

Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for
today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple industries,
such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more
comfortable and fast.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin,
etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry
and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
 o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and
cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize
and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest
trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel &Transport
o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels,
flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots
which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make
your journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we
can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without
pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid
robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like
humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms,
these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best
result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.