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Hydraulic Structures

Dr. Md. Shibly Anwar

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
DUET, Gazipur

Spillways

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Objectives
• 1. Demonstrate the Hydraulic profile design
procedure of different Hydraulic structure by
standard methods.
• 2. Describe the causes of failure and stability
analysis of Hydraulic Structures

Course Outcomes Content

Part- A
• Upon completion of the course the students
will able to Types of hydraulic structures; Principles of design of
hydraulic structures; barrages, weirs
• 1. Perform the hydraulic design of Gravity
dams, Earthen dams, spillways, cross- drainage Part – B ( My Part)
works, reservoir etc. Design of dams, spillways, energy dissipaters and
• 2. Check the stability of Hydraulic structure spillway gates; Cross drainage works, reservoir.
and analyze the causes of failure.

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Definition Design of Hydraulic Structure

• A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or
partially submerged in any body of water, which The design of any hydraulic structure comprises of two
disrupts the natural flow of water. steps:
• They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop
the flow.  Hydraulic design:
• Types of Structure- Overall dimensions and profiles (Our Course Part)
A) Based on Material- Earth fill, Rock fill, Concrete
etc.  Structural design:
– B) Based on Function- Energy dissipation Various sections are analyzed for stresses under different
structures, Storage structures, Flow Control etc. loads and reinforcement or other structural details are
Read the detail about these structure worked out.

Dams
• A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious
material built across a river to create a reservoir on
its upstream side for impounding water for various Reservoir
Dam
purposes.
• A dam and a reservoir are complements of each
other.

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Factors need to consider before selecting a site for DAM

Classification of Dams  Topography
According to Material used for Dam Construction  Geology and Foundation conditions
Solid masonry gravity dam, earthen dams rock fill dams,  Good Site for reservoir – (i) Large storage capacity (ii)
Timber dams, Steel dam etc. Shape of reservoir basin (iii) Water tightness of the
reservoir (iv) Good hydrological conditions (v) Deep
According to Function reservoir (vi) Small submerged area (vii) Low silt inflow
Storage dams (Store water during surplus time), Detention (viii) No objectionable minerals
dams ( Minimize flood effect), Diversion dams ( Fed the  Spillway size and location
irrigation canal)
 Earthquake zone
According to Hydraulic Design  Height of Dam
 Overflow dams  Availability of materials, Accessibility, Healthy
 Non-overflow dams surroundings
 Minimum overall cost
 Other considerations

• Problems in Dam Construction Gravity Dams

– Fish problem • A structure which is designed in such a way that its
– Submergence problem own weight resist the external forces.
– Failure problem
– Bomb problem

• Why do we need to think about the site selection of a

DAM?
• Proposed a dam site for given conditions and describe
why you chose this site.

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Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam Weight of the dam

 Weight of the dam Directly calculable from  Unit weight of concrete (24
 Water pressure the unit weights of the kN/m3) and masonry (23
materials and properties kN/m3) varies on different
 Uplift pressure
of fluid pressures conditions.
 Wave pressure
 compute all the forces per
 Earth and Silt pressure unit length of the dam
Assumption available
 Earthquake forces
data, experience, and
 Ice pressure judgement
 Wind pressure
 Thermal loads
 Reaction of Foundation

Water Pressure Uplift Pressure

MWL

Hʹ
H
Drainage Gallery

MWL

See Board

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ϒwh
ϒwH
ϒwH

ϒwh
ϒwH

ϒw h+1/3(ϒwH+ϒwh)
If no tail water
With tail water

Earthquake Force
Silt Pressure
• Effect of vertical acceleration Wave pressure= 19.62 hw2 kN/m act at a distance 3/8hw above
– Reduce the effective weight the reservoir surface
– Net effective weight = W-W.Kv
Ice pressure
– Kv= Fraction of Gravity adopted for vertical acceleration
as 0.-0.2
– Effect of Horizontal acceleration Read the empirical formula for these
• Hydrodynamic pressure
• Horizontal Inertia force.
pressure effect. The equation will
supply during exam
• Please read the equations for earthquake
force from book.

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Requirements for Stability

Combination of forces for design
 Load Combination A (Construction Condition) – Dam completed but
no water in reservoir and no tail water.
 Load Combination B (Normal Operating Condition) – Full reservoir
elevation, normal dry weather tail water, normal uplift; ice and silt (if
applicable).
 Load Combination C (Flood Discharge Condition) – Reservoir at
maximum flood pool elevation, all gates open, tail water at flood
elevation, normal uplift, and silt (if applicable ).
 Load Combination D - Combination A, with earthquake.
 Load Combination E - Combination B, with earthquake but no ice.
 Load Combination F - Combination C, but with extreme uplift (drains
inoperative).
 Load Combination G - Combination E, but with extreme uplift (drains
inoperative).

Compression or Crushing
Compressive stress> Allowable stress.
• Vertical Stress distribution at toe

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Compression or Crushing

Tension
 Generally no tension allowable
 For worst condition (500 kN/m2)
 base width may reduce and this will increase Pmax in toe
 the uplift pressure increases in magnitude and net
downward vertical force or the stabilizing force reduces.
 The resultant will shift more towards toe and thus increase
compressive stress at the toe further lengthening the crack at
heel.

Thus a tension crack by itself does not fail

the structure but leads

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Sliding ( Shear failure) Principle and shear stress

• Intensity of normal stress on face toe
where FS = factor of safety against sliding, σ= Pv.sec2α-Pʹ tan2α
ΣW = dead load of the dam,
ΣPU = total uplift force, • Pʹ = intensity of water pressure at toe D/S face
μ = tan φ = coefficient of internal friction of the material At heel
(varies from 0.65 to 0.75 for concrete),
τc = cohesion of the material or permissible shear stress at
σ= Pv.sec α-(Pʹ+Peʹ) tan2α
2

the plane considered (=1.4 N/mm2 ~ 4 N/mm2 for concrete), • Peʹ= Hydrodynamic pressure exert by tail
A = area under consideration for cohesion, water during earth works
Fφ = partial factor of safety in respect of friction,
Fc = partial factor of safety in respect of cohesion, and
ΣFH = total horizontal force.

Elementary Profile of a Gravity Dam

• Shear stress on horizontal plan

at Toe τ=( Pv-Pʹ) tan2α
At heel τ==( Pv-(P+Pe) tan2α
P= Hydrostatic Pressure

B/3 W=Self Wt.

Math's (Sheet)

p=ϒwH
CϒwH

U=Internal Uplift Pressure

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Definition
Stress in Heel and Toe
Ignore other external Pressure/ Force
When Reservoir is Empty
The section of the elementary profile is of the same
shape as the hydrostatic pressure distribution P max= 2W/B
diagram. P min=0
Forces Maximum vertical stress act at the heel- The resultant
• W=BHϒC/2 (Self Weight) near the heel. The vertical stress near toe will be zero.
• P=ϒwH2/2 ( Hydrostatic Pressure)
• U=CBHϒw/2 ( Uplift pressure) When reservoir is Full
• No Tensile Stress Condition
• No Sliding Condition

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Top width

FB
Problems
• Math's Type
• Determine
• Pv at toe and Heel
• Principle stress at heel and toe
• Shear stress at heel and toe
• Location of e
Slope
Batter b flattened • Design- base Width, free board, Height, Vertical
height, top width in case of low dam and high
b dam
B

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ϒwh
ϒwH
ϒwH

ϒwh
ϒwH

ϒw h+1/3(ϒwH+ϒwh)
If no tail water
With tail water

5.18 m

RL=200 3m
8.03 m
16.1m
24.9 m

88.2 m

RL 111.8 m

57.13 m
RL 108 m
RL=111.8 56.8 m 2.45
0.37 B2´=259.58 m
57.13 m Corrected B2=60.4 m

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