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Engineering Technology

EET 350
Fundamentals of
Electrical Technology

AC Circuits I

Chapter 4

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Introduction
• Sine and cosine wave functions
– Amplitude
– Frequency
– Phase
– Time
• Cyclic and radian frequency
• How to write an expression for a
graphed sinusoidal function

Sinusoidal Functions
i (t )  I p sin(t   )

i (t )  the current i at time t

I p  the peak value of the sinusoid
  the frequency in radians/second
  the phase angle in radians or degrees

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Variables and
Units of Measure
• Frequency:
– Unit of measure: radians/second or
Hertz
– Variable: ω or f
– Sometimes write ω as “2πf”, e.g.
2π1000
• Phase
– Unit of measure: radian or degree
– Variable: usually θ

Sinusoidal Functions
i (t )  I p sin(t   )
2 1
i(t)  f 
T T T
  90

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Sinusoidal Functions
i (t )  I p sin(t   )
i(t)
  90

Sinusoidal Functions
i (t )  I p cos(t )
i (t )  I p sin(t  90)

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Helpful Equalities

  2 f f 
2
2 1
= f 
T T

 (radians)   (degrees) 
180
180
 (degrees)   (radians) 


Example Problem 1
V(t)
in Volts
• Write an
2
approximate
expression 1
for this
waveform t
using the -1
sine function. -2
0.5 ms

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Example Problem 1
V(t)
in Volts VP  1.5 V
2

t
-1

-2
0.5 ms

Example Problem 1
V(t) 2 2
in Volts  
T 0.5 103
2
 2  2000 rad/s
1

t
-1

-2
0.5 ms

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Example Problem 1
V(t)
in Volts
2

t
-1
  90 -2
0.5 ms

Example Problem 1
v(t )  V p sin(t   )
VP  1.5 V
  2  2000 rad/s = 12,566.4 rad/s
  90
v(t )  1.5sin(12,566.4t  90)

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Important Points to
Remember
• Sine and cosine wave functions
– Amplitude
– Frequency
– Phase
– Time
• Cyclic and radian frequency
• How to write an expression for a
graphed sinusoidal function

Introduction
• Definition of a phasor
• Euler’s formula
• Ways to represent a phasor
– Rectangular
– Polar
– Exponential
• Current and voltage phasors

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Phasors
• A phasor is complex number used to
describe a sinusoidal function
• Their use greatly simplifies AC
steady-state circuit analysis
• These complex numbers can be
represented in the following forms:
– Rectangular
– Polar
– Exponential

Phasors
Im (j)
A cos 

jA sin 
θ
-Re Re

   jA sin 
A  A cos
A  A
-Im (-j)

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Phasors
Let A cos   Re[ A]  Ax
and A sin   Im[ A]  Ay

A  Ax2  Ay2
Ay
  tan 1

Ax

Phasor Notation Forms

• Rectangular

A  A cos   jA sin 
• Polar

A  A
• Exponential

A  Ae j

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Phasors and Sinusoids

+ Time
Im (j)
+ Angle
v(t)

45° t
-Re Re 45°

-Im (-j)

Phasors and Sinusoids

Im (j) v(t)

t
-Re Re

-Im (-j)

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V-I Relationship in
Resistors
 jt  jt
v(t )  Ri (t )  RIe  Ve
 jt  jt
Ve  RIe
 
V  RI
• In a resistor, the voltage and current
are always in-phase (θ=0°)

V-I Relationship in
Inductors
 jt  jt
Ve  j LIe
 
V  j LI

j  1  90
• In an inductor, the voltage leads the
current by 90°.

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V-I Relationship in
Capacitors
 jt 1  jt
Ve  Ie
jC

 1 
V I
jC

V-I Relationship in
Capacitors
 1 
V I
jC
1 10
  1  90
j 190
• In a capacitor, the voltage lags the current
by 90°.

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Example Problem 1
• A sinusoidal voltage is given by

v(t)=170sin(2π60t+30º)

Write the voltage phasor in a)

rectangular form, b) polar form, and
c) exponential form.

Example Problem 1
• The peak voltage is 170 volts and
the phase angle is +30° (π/6 rad).

• a) V  170 cos(30)+j170sin(30)
   
or 170 cos   +j170sin  
 6 6
• b) V  170  30
 j

• c) V  170e j 30 or  170e 6

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Important Points to
Remember
• Definition of a phasor
• Ways to represent a phasor
– Rectangular
– Polar
– Exponential
• Current and voltage phasors

Introduction
• Phasor Representations
– Rectangular Form
– Polar Form
• Phasor Addition & Subtraction
• Phasor Multiplication and Division
• Conversion Between Forms

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Rectangular Form
jY


A  AX  jAY
AY
X
AX
A  AX2  AY2

Rectangular Form
jY

A  AX  jAY
A
B
X

B  BX  jBY

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Rectangular Form
jY

A  AX  jAY
AY 
BY B  BX  jBY

X
BX AX

Phasor Addition
jY  
A B
AY  BY

X
AX  BX
 
A  B  ( AX  BX )  j ( AY  BY )

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Negative Phasors
jY

A  AX  jAY
AY 
 A   AX  jAY
 AX
X
AX
 AY

Phasor Subtraction
jY

 
A  B  ( AX  BX )  j ( AY  BY )

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Phasor Subtraction
jY

-B
 
AY  BY A B
X
AX  BX
-B
 
A  ( B )  [ AX  ( BX )]  j[ AY  ( BY )]

Polar Form
Y

θ
X

A  A
180    180

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Phasor Multiplication
• Multiply the phasor magnitudes
• Add the phasor angles

A  A A

B  B B
 
A  B  AB( A   B )

Phasor Division
• Divide the phasor magnitudes
• Subtract the phasor angles

A  A A

B  B B

A A
  ( A   B )
B B

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Converting Between
Forms
• Converting polar to rectangular

A  A  A cos   jA sin 

• Converting rectangular to polar

 
  1 AY 
A  AX  jAY  A  A   tan
2
X
2
Y 
 AX 

Example Problem
  
A  530 B  345 C  860

• Calculate phasor D


 A 1
D    
B C

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Example Problem

A 530
   1.67  15
B 345

1 10
   0.125  60
C 860

 Example Problem
A
  1.67  15
B
 1.67 cos(15)  j1.67 sin(15)
 1.61  j 0.431
1
  0.125  60
C
 0.125cos(60)  j 0.125sin( 60)
 0.0625  j 0.108

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Example Problem

 A 1
D    
B C
 (1.61  j 0.431)  (0.0625  j 0.108)
 (1.61  0.0625)  j (0.431  0.108)
 1.547  j 0.323
 1.58  11.8

Important Points to
Remember
• Phasor Representations
– Rectangular Form
– Polar Form
• Phasor Addition & Subtraction
• Phasor Multiplication and Division
• Conversion Between Forms

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Introduction
• Definition of Impedance
• Resistance vs. Reactance
• Admittance
• Resistance
• Inductance
• Capacitance

Impedance
• AC “Resistance”
• Includes resistance, capacitance
and/or inductance.

• Variable: Z or Z
• Unit of Measure: Ohm (Ω)
• Ohm’s Law Applies to Impedance

 V
Z 
I

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Reactance
• The impedance of capacitors and
inductors
• Imaginary values (preceeded by j or
1/j)
• Variable: X
• Unit of measure: Ohm (Ω)
• Impedance is the combination of a
real (resistance) part and an
imaginary (reactance) part

Impedance Phasor

Z  R  jX

• Resistance, reactance, and the

resulting impedance can be plotted
on a Cartesian coordinate system

Z  R  jX  Z 
90    90

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Resistance

 V
Z R    R0
I
+jX

R
R

-jX

Inductive Reactance
 
Z L  X L  j L  jX L
+jX

L
R

-jX

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Capacitive Reactance
  1 1
ZC  X C  j   jX C
jC C
+jX

R
1
C

-jX

Impedance Involving
R, L, and C

Z  R  jX L  jX C  R  j ( X L  X C )
 1 
 R  j L 
 C 
1
2 L 
 1  C
 R2    L    tan
1

 C  R

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Example Problem 1
• For the circuit below, find the
complex impedance between
terminals A and B when the
frequency is 1 kHz.
C 5 µF
A
L
25 mH
R 100 Ω
B

Example Problem 1
C 5 µF
A
L
  1  25 mH
Z  R  j L 
 C  R 100 Ω
B
 1 
 100  j  2 1000  0.025  
 (2 1000)(5 106 ) 
 100  j (157  31.8)
 100  j125.2 

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Example Problem 1
1
 2 L 
 1  C
Z  R2    L    tan
1

 C  R
157  31.8
 1002  157  31.8   tan 1
2

100
 160.3 51.4

Example Problem 1

+jX
 
X L  157 90 Z  160.3 51.4

  R
X C  31.8   90 R  100 0

-jX

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Example Problem 2
• Repeat problem 1 with the frequency
changed to 450 Hz.

C 5 µF
A
L
25 mH
R 100 Ω
B

Example Problem 2
C 5 µF
A
L
  1  25 mH
Z  R  j L 
 C  R 100 Ω
B
 1 
 100  j  2 450  0.025  
 (2 450)(5 106 ) 
 100  j (70.7  70.7)
 100  j 0 

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Example Problem 2
1
 2 L 
 1  C
Z  R2    L    tan
1

 C  R
70.7  70.7
 1002   70.7  70.7   tan 1
2

100
 100 0

Example Problem 2
+jX

X L  70.7 90

  R
X C  70.7   90 R  100 0

-jX

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Example Problem 2
+jX

X L  70.7 90
X
 R

X C  70.7   90X
R  100 0

-jX

Example Problem 2
Note that in this
example the
reactive +jX
impedances cancel
due to being equal
in magnitude and

180º out of phase Z  100 0
R

-jX

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Example Problem 3
• For the circuit below, find the current
i(t).
i(t) 47 µF C

L
v(t) 250 mH
170sin(2 60t ) 100 Ω R

Example Problem 3
v(t )  170sin(2 60t )

V  1700
  2 60

 V
I  
Z
1
 2 L 
 1  C
Z  R2    L    tan
1

 C  R

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Example Problem 3
1
 2 L 
 1  C
Z  R2    L    tan
1

 C  R

 L  2 60  0.250  94.2 

1 1
  56.4 
C 2 60  47 10 6

Example Problem 3
 94.25  56.4
Z  1002   94.25  56.4   tan 1
2

100
 106.9 20.7


 V 1700
I     1.59 A  20.7
Z 106.9 20.7

iT (t )  1.59sin(2 60t  20.7)

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Example Problem 4
• For the circuit below, find the
currents iR(t), iL(t), iC(t), and iT(t).
iT(t)

iR(t) iL(t) iC(t)

v(t) R L C
1 kHz 1 kΩ 1H 0.1 µF
10 Vp0

Example Problem 4
iT(t)

iR(t) iL(t) iC(t)

v(t) R L C
1 kHz 1 kΩ 1H 0.1 µF
10 Vp0
   
IT  I R  I L  I C
  
 V  V  V
I R   I L   I C  
ZR ZL ZC

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Example Problem 4

V  100

Z R  10000

Z L  j L  j 2 1000 1  6283 90

 1 1
ZC    1592   90
jC j 2 1000  0.1106

Example Problem 4

V  100

Z R  10000

 V 100
I R     10 mA0
Z R 10000

iR (t )  10 103 sin(2 1000t  0) A

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Example Problem 4

V  100

Z L  6283 90

 V 100
I L     1.59 mA  90
Z L 628390

iL (t )  1.59 103 sin(2 1000t  90) A

Example Problem 4

V  100

Z C  1592 90

 V 100
I C     6.28 mA90
Z C 1592  90

iC (t )  6.28 103 sin(2 1000t  90) A

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Example Problem 4
   
IT  I R  I L  I C

I R  10 mA0  10 103  j 0

I L 1.59 mA  90  0  j1.59 103
I C  6.28 mA90  0  j 6.28 103

IT  10 103  j 4.69  103

IT  11.1 mA25.1
iT (t )  11.1103 sin(2 1000t  25.1) A

Important Points to
Remember

• Definition of Impedance
• Resistance vs. Reactance
• Resistance
• Inductance
• Capacitance

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