Table of Content

1. Introduction 1
i. Objectives 1
ii. Theory 1
2. Methodology 2
i. Materials and apparatus 3
ii. Procedure 3
3. Results and calculations 5
4. Discussion 8
5. Conclusion 8
6. References 9
1.0 Introduction

1.1 Objective:

1. To investigate the relationship between the torsional moments, clamping length and
torsional angle of a shaft.
2. To determine the shear modulus and torsional stress of steel, brass and aluminium.

1.2 Theory:

As the two aforementioned names imply, the test specimen will encounter shearing
stresses as a result of the twisting of the specimen and the specimen which is more rigid, or more
resistant to twisting, will have a higher modulus of rigidity. Again, the modulus of rigidity is a
material property and, under non-extreme environmental conditions, is a constant value for each
material. In this experiment two or three specimens will be tested. These specimens will possess
identical geometric measurements and differ only in material type. The various materials tested
may include brass, aluminium and steel. The experimental determination of the modulus of
rigidity is similar to the experimental determination of the modulus of elasticity. However, the
modulus of elasticity was determined by the application of an axial load and the test specimen
was not plastically deformed. The modulus of elasticity was calculated by determining the slope
of the axial stress versus axial strain curve. The modulus of rigidity will be determined by
twisting the test specimen and calculating the slope of the shear stress versus shear strain curve.
In addition, the torsion test specimen will be twisted to failure in order to determine the shear
stress at the limit of proportionality. The shear stress at the limit of proportionality is the largest
value of the shear stress for which the material will behave elastically. Throughout this
discussion the plot of the shear stress versus shear strain has been mentioned. The actual values
recorded experimentally, as the specimens are being twisted, are the angle of twist applied to the
specimen and the corresponding value of torque at a particular angle of twist. Equations are
provided within the student manual to convert the twist and torque values to the corresponding
shear stress and shear strain values.

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The Law of Deformation provides:

180 M v L 180 M v L
θ= G=
π IpG π I pθ

A determination of torsional stress yields:

Mv
τ= M v =F .r
S

For circular shaft:

π d4 π d3
I p= S=
32 16

N
θ=Torsional Angle ( ° ) L=Clamping Length ( mm )G=Shear Modulus ( )
mm2

M v =Torsional Moment ( Nmm ) F=Load ( N ) I p=Polar Moment of Inertia ( m m4 )

N
τ =Torsional Stress
( )
mm
3
2 S=Section Modulus ( mm )r =Lever Arm ( mm )

d= Diameter of Rod (mm)

2.0 Methodology:

2.1 Materials and apparatus:

Twist and Bend test machine MT210 are used in this experiment.

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 Figure 1. Twist and Bend test machine MT210

Figure 2. (a) Load (b) Aluminium, brass and steel rod

2.2 Procedure:

Part 1

1. The clamping length (L) is set at 600mm.

2. A steel rod is put through the torsional fastening components of the bearers and locked
into the left first bearer first.
3. The rod at right is fastened when the lever is close contact with the upper limit pin.

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 4. Dial gauge on second groove of the lever is set and every revolution of the gauge
corresponds to 1 degree.
5. A weight 2.5N of load hanger in hang on the first groove. The reading is recorded in the
table.
6. A weight of 2.5N is added to the load hanger and the reading is recorded in table 1. The
load is increasing until 17.5N.
7. The load hanger is removed.
8. The clamping length is set to 300mm. Repeat the procedure (2) (3) (4).
9. A weight 12.5N of the load hanger is hang on first groove and the dial gauge reading is
recorded.
10. Procedure (7) is repeated and set the clamping length to 400mm and then repeat the
procedure (2) (3) (4) & (9).
11. Procedure (7) is repeated and set the clamping length to 500mm and then repeat the
procedure (2) (3) (4) & (9).
12. Procedure (7) is repeated and set the clamping length to 600mm and then repeat the
procedure (2) (3) (4) & (9).

Part 2

1. The clamping length (L) is set at 600mm.

2. A steel rod is put through the torsional fastening components of the bearers and locked
into the left first bearer first.
3. The rod at right is fastened when the lever is close contact with the upper limit pin.
4. Dial gauge on second groove of the lever is set and every revolution of the gauge
corresponds to 1 degree.
5. A weight 7.5N of load hanger in hang on the first groove. The reading is recorded in the
table.
6. A weight of 5.0N is added to the load hanger and the reading is recorded in table 1. The
load is increasing until 17.5N.
7. The load hanger is removed.
8. The procedure (1) until (7) is repeated for brass and aluminium.

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3.0 Results and Calculation
Part 1
(a) Relationship between torsional moment and torsional angle.

Load (N) Torsional Moment (Nm) Torsional Angle (°)

2.5 0.25 0.20
7.5 0.50 0.75
12.5 1.25 1.25
17.5 1.75 1.74
Table 1: Relationship between torsional moment and torsional angle.

Torsional Moment versus Torsional Angle

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1.8
1.6 f(x) = 1.01 x + 0.04
Torsional Moment (Nm)

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Torsional Angle (°)

Graph 1. Graph of torsional moment versus torsional angle.

From the graph above, the slope of the graph obtained is 1.0075. In order to calculate the
180 M v L
experimental value of shear modulus, equation G= (m) can be applied.
π I pθ
180 L
G= ( m)
π Ip

180 ( 0.6 ) (32 )

¿ (1.0075) = 83.59 GPa
π 2 ( 0.00806 )4

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(b) Relationship between clamping length and torsional angle.
Champing Length (m) Torsional Angle (°)
0.3 0.75
0.4 0.98
0.5 1.25
0.6 1.45
Table 2: Relationship between clamping length and torsional angle.

Clamping Length versus Torsional Angle

0.7

0.6
f(x) = 0.42 x − 0.02
0.5
Clamping Length (m)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Torsional Angle (°)

Graph 2. Graph of clamping length versus torsional angle.

From the graph above, the slope of the graph obtained is 0.4207. In order to calculate the
180 M v L
experimental value of shear modulus, equation G= (m) can be applied.
π I pθ
180 M v
G= ( m)
π Ip

180 ( 1.25 ) ( 32 )
¿ (0.4207)
π 2 ( 0.00806 )4
= 72.72 GPa

Percentage of error:

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 Percentage of error = |TheoreticalTheoretical
value−Experimental value
value |× 100
Theoretical values Experimental values Percentage errors
Part
(GPa) (GPa) (%)
(a) 79.3 83.59 5.41
(b) 79.3 72.72 8.30
Table 3: Percentage errors of the experiment Part 1

Part 2
Clamping length, L = 600mm;

Material Torsional Torsional Shear Modulus (

Torsional Angle (° )
& Load Moment Stress, G N /m2 ¿ ¿
Diameter, F (N)
D (mm)
, M v (Nm) τ (G N /m2 ) θ1 θ2 θ3 θavg G G avg
7.5 0.75 7.295 0.76 0.71 0.78 0.75 82.97
Steel
12.5 1.25 12.158 1.30 1.24 1.21 1.25 82.97 83.13
D = 8.06
17.5 1.75 17.022 1.81 1.72 1.72 1.74 83.45
7.5 0.75 7.460 1.67 1.75 1.74 1.72 3728
Brass
12.5 1.25 12.434 2.88 2.98 2.96 2.94 36.35 35.62
D = 8.00
17.5 1.75 17.408 4.90 4.20 4.40 4.50 33.25
Aluminiu 7.5 0.75 9.819 2.10 2.13 2.05 2.09 32.26
m 12.5 1.25 16.365 4.05 3.85 4.03 3.97 28.31 29.23
D = 7.90 17.5 1.75 22.911 2.69 5.88 5.81 5.80 27.13
Table 3: Estimation of shear modulus and torsional stress

Percentage of error:

Percentage of error = |TheoreticalTheoretical

value−Experimental value
value |× 100
Theoretical values Experimental values Percentage errors
Materials
(GPa) (GPa) (%)
Steel 79.3 83.13 4.83
Brass 40.0 35.62 10.95
Aluminium 25.5 29.23 14.63
Table 4. Percentage errors of the experiment part 2

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4.0 Discussion

From the result above, above the torsional angle increases when the load applied on the
bar increase. It also increases when the clamping length increases. This proves that torsional
angle increases proportional to the load and the clamping length. For part 2, it shows that every
material has its own shear modulus, and it proves that steel has the highest shear modulus.

Based on the data acquired above, we found that steel is suitable to use to withstand high
load. This is because of the experiment steel has the highest shear modulus. With higher shear
modulus, it will have a less torsional angle, so it is hard to break compare to other material. Even
if the material has the highest shear modulus, it will eventually fracture if the load is further
increase on it.

Precaution

 Before the data is recorded, make sure that the clamping is fixed to the position to get the
more accurate value.
 Make sure the screw head is attach tightly to prevent the clamping keep moving left or
right to influence the experiment data.

5.0 Conclusion

From the experiment, we know that the torsional angle is directly proportional to the
clamping length and the torsional moment. As for the materials, the shear modulus are different.
Even though the shear modulus of the materials obtained from the experiment is having more
than 10% percentage error compared to the theoretical values, but the ranking of the shear
modulus are still the same, so the best material and the worst material to withstand high load are
also determined. Thus, the experiment is considered as acceptable and successful

6.0 References

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1. Experiment Two (2) Torsional testing of Circular Shafts, 2017. [ONLINE]. Available at:
<http://web.eng.fiu.edu/~yzhong/EMA3702L/2.LAb%20Manual%20for%20Torsion
%20Experiment%20Two-v2.pdf >[Accessed on 22 February 2017].
2. Laboratory 4 Torsion Testing, 2017. [ONLINE]. Available at:
<http://eng.sut.ac.th/metal/images/stories/pdf/Lab_4Torsion_Eng.pdf >[Accessed on 22
February 2017].
3. TestResources, 2017. Torsion Test. [ONLINE]. Available at:
<http://www.testresources.net/applications/by-test-type/torsion-test/>[Accessed on 22
February 2017].