‘Part 6 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS d(u") = nu®*du si 2) Ss ee LOGARITHMIC & EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS : sou Slog, 4) = ong du logig u) = logo eS = 0.434294 dinu) = u a") = a¥Inadu du’) = vuYgu + uY Inudv RIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 8.) = cos u du cos u) = “sin u du ~ csc? udu Differential Calculus d(arccos u) = - dfarctan y) = 14 i+u? dfarccot u) = -—4H 1+? du (arcsec u) = uvu? 1 du uy? ~1 dlarcese u) = - HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS (sinh u) = cosh u du d(coth u) = - csch?udu d(cosh u) = sinh u du di(sech u) = -sech u tanh u du d{(tanh u) = sechudu d(csch u) = -csch u coth u du cosh x= 2S sech x= Ce coshx tanh x = Sec u tan u du CSc u cot u du wlENGINEERIN' au. qos)" Tay ee cree) * au - ue afarccot u) = ay 1-w du dfarecsch u) = ain re arcinnx® Wars? +) 1 x+l arch x= Ltt arccosh x = wel? =) tevi-x? x aresech x = In arctan x = Lind+* 2 1-x hat areesch x= Int tVtX x59 x SLOPE OF THE CURVE The slope of the curve Y= f(x) at fal he dave oe fon % ery RATE OF CHANGE The derivative of @ function rate of {s identical . Thus, to its the volume (V) of a she, tate of change of ts radus (1) avjor. SM Fespect to \G MATHEMATICS For Licensure Ey, my CURVATURE AND Rapy, OF CURVATURE 8 CURVATURE Curvature refers to the rate of chay direction of the curve. Thus, a greg the smaller radius has great curvature "ia sharply curved. Os The curvature, K, ofthe curve y= fy © PP? where y” is the second derivative of ty function, and ly"| is the absolute or postive value of y”. RADIUS OF CURVATURE The radius of curvature, p, is the recinoca of the curvature, k, or: et. beyypt ek eM CIRCLE OF CURVATURE ‘At any point on a curve y = f(x), where ‘and y" exist and y" # 0, there Is assocated with the curve a circle, which is called the circle of curvature with the followin equation: (xn + y-KP=P J The center (h, k) and radius r of the uve is: a keys LH? ¥ =p -teyyr? oihe graph of a function y = f(x) may be plotted using calculys. Consider the graph Shown below. As x increases, the curve rises if the slope is positive, as on the arc AB; it falls if the slope is negative, as on the arc BC. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM POINTS At a point such as B, where the function is algebraically greater than that at any neighboring point, the point is said to have a maximum value, ‘and the point is called a maximum point.’ Similarly, at D the function has a minimum value. At a maximum or minimum points, the tangent is horizontal or the slope is zero. This does not necessarily mean that at these points the function is maximum or minimum. Itdoes only mean that the tangent is parallel tothe x-axis. The points at which dy/dx = 0 ae called critical points, and the ‘corresponding values of x are critical values. The second derivative of a function is the fate of change of the first derivative. It follows that as x increases and y" is positive, Y is increasing and the tangent turns in a Counterclockwise direction and the curve is “Oncave upward. When y" is negative, ¥’ ek Sand the tangent tums in @ pone rection and the curve is concave rd. LY = 0 and y"is negative (y“<0), the point ry aximum point. Y= 0 and y" is positive (y">0), the point “2minimum point, 299 POINTS OF INFLECTION, Ce cee AMESON is point at which the concave down 2 coneave “upward. t E from Gondor vice verse fore point tangent (re, QUE). "At these pants the fangent changes is rotyiNese,bamnts, the © counterclockwise or vice nero" HOCKWISE APPLICATIONS OF MAXIMA. AND MINIMA ANDMINMA ‘AS an example, the area of a J rectany expressed in terms ofits length aa waa nay also be expressed in terms of the cost of fencing. Thus, the area can be expressed as A = f(x). The common task here is to find the value of x that will give 3 maximum value ofA. To find this valve, we set dA/de STEPS IN SOLVING MAXIMA MINIMA PROBLEMS: 1. Identify the variable to be maximized or minimized, say area A. 2. Express this variable in terms of the other relevant variable(s), say A = f(x,y). 3. If the function shall consist of more that one variable, expressed it in terms of fone variable (if possible) using the conditions in the problem, say A = f(x) 4, Differentiate and equation to zero, dA/dx = 0. Example ‘A food manufacturer packages his product in Liter cans that are right oreuar cylinders. If the material for the top costs five t ‘much per square centimeter as that used for the bottom and side, find the dimension of the can if the cost of the materials to be minimum. Solutio ie to be minimized i the cost. ie 7 total cost of materials * = cost of materials for the sides nd * bottom 5k = cost of matenals at the top x = radius of the cylinder y = height of the cylinderENGINEERING MATHEMATICS For Licensure For maximum area of a cs ons window surmounted on ae et vce ema! ne + day) «ke eee Cr Bp ae in terms of x: ooresy = 1 liter = 1000 crn? volume y= 1000 /(x x= Jab (COMMON VARIABLE Minimum length L of a line tangent to RELATIONSHIPS FOR Clonee) MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM fi VALUES Minim ee oe L=a+b it z % maximum xray.ENTIAL CALCULUS yo", arveter fen y x 4eY (a square) of rectangle, the square has the sage 20 rerineet of etandle,te square eee minimum total surface area fa gum enst) for Known volume or (nigrum volume for known total area surface D Diameter = height formaximum volume of a rectangular box with given sum of all edges or siven total area xey=2 (a cube) fora rectangle of maximum area oF hermeter that can be cut from a circle Tadius r *=Y (@ square) ro OFFER oe perimeter of 0 = recta 1 imum Pr for maximum area fo | FOF maximum volume of an open rectangular box of known surface area: 1. For the strongest rectangula that can be cut from log of radius d=bv3 For a trapezoidal gutter of known width with maximum capacity x=2y ‘Analf-regular hexagon For maximum volume of a right circular cone with known lateral area: be largest rectangle that can For tped in an ellipse302 he jest cylinder that can Woe W/ 3 est rectangle that can be cut from Sgiven triangle Longest beam that can pass through an intersection “ LPs P42 Smallest cone circumscribing a sphere of radius r 2 sin @ = 1/3 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS For Licensure & Xam, TIME RATE: The derivative of a function of the instantaneous rate & Sa value of the function relative to ie oye the If Q = f(t), where t represey dQ/dt for any value of tate time, they instantaneous rate of change of thes the Q relative to the time t. e any BASIC TIME RATES 1 ds T = Velocity, v t where S is the distance Acceleration, a = iv at av Discharge, Q = — ischarge, Q at where V is the volume at any time Angular Speed, w = 2 where @ is the angle at any time«DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUs path 7 <= ue mui J bel “sie Caer) —— i teen 3 (ME October 1997) problem is given below, what x value maxim aun FY Hee Dye mize y? a 2.23 ce Bl D1 | problem 2 (CE May 1999) number of newspaper copies distri ee t is in years. Find the minimum abe by C= 50-9 — 200t Opies cistbuted fom’ 19954 002. A. 9850 Cun HS 9800 D. 7500 problem 3 (ME October 1996) Gwen the following profit-versus-production function for a certain ‘commodity: t P = 200000 - x- (22 6 fer) where P is the profit and x is unit of production. Determine the maximum profit. ‘A. 190000 Cc. 250000 B. 200000 ©. ss0000 Problem 4 (ME April 1996) i The cost C of a product is a function of the quantity x of the product is given by the relation: C(x) = x2 - 4000x + 50. Find the quantity for which the cost 's a minimum. A. 3000 C. 1000 8. 2000 D. 1500 Problem 5 (ME APRIL 1998) y= xto he 3" power - 3x. Find the maximum value of y- A : 8 4 D.2 oblem the other 5 Ode 170 at two parts so that the product of n° coal aim "mum, Find the numbers. c m8 4 100.8 20 ae of their squares. then”, the minimum value of the sum x sum of two numbers is C, find c c/s cp b. C8 8 Clq