12-4 Angle Measures and 12-4

Segment Lengths
1. Plan
What You’ll Learn Check Skills You’ll Need GO for Help Lessons 12-1 and 12-3 Objectives
1 To find the measures of
• To find the measures of
angles formed by chords,
In the diagram at the right, FE and FD are angles formed by chords,
secants, and tangents tangents to C. Find each arc measure, angle A secants, and tangents
• To find the lengths of measure, or length. E 2 To find the lengths of
segments associated with 0 1 1 2 segments associated with
circles
1. mDE 57 2. mAED 180 3. mEBD 303 57⬚
C F circles
4. m&EAD 28.5 5. m&AEC 28.5 6. CE 4 4
. . . And Why B D Examples
7. DF 2 8. CF about 4.5 9. m&EFD 123
To find the measure of an arc 1 Finding Angle Measures
of a circular basin, as in New Vocabulary • secant 2 Real-World Connection
Example 2 3 Finding Segment Lengths
4 Real-World Connection

1 Finding Angle Measures Math Background

) The Inscribed Angle Theorem
A secant is a line that intersects a circle at two points. AB is A
Vocabulary Tip establishes the relationships that
a secant ray, and AB is a secant segment.
O B are summarized below.
The word secant may
refer to a line, ray, or
Angles formed by secants, tangents and chords intercept arcs
on circles. The measures of the intercepted arcs can help you Angle Vertex Measure
segment.
find the measures of the angles. Center m(arc)
1
On circle 2 ? m(arc)
Key Concepts Theorem 12-11
Inside circle 1
? sum of
2
The measure of an angle formed by two lines that m(arcs)
(1) intersect inside a circle is half the sum 1
Outside circle 2 ? difference
of the measures of the intercepted arcs. x⬚ 1 y⬚ of m(arcs)
m&1 = 12 (x 1 y)

(2) intersect outside a circle is half the difference of the measures of the More Math Background: p. 660D
intercepted arcs.

m&1 = 12 (x 2 y) Lesson Planning and

Resources
1 1 1
y⬚ y⬚ y⬚
See p. 660E for a list of the
x⬚ x⬚ x⬚
resources that support this lesson.

PowerPoint

Bell Ringer Practice

Part (1) is proved on the next page. The three cases of Part (2) are proved in
Exercises 29 and 30. Check Skills You’ll Need
For intervention, direct students to:
Using the Radius-Tangent
Relationship
Lesson 12-4 Angle Measures and Segment Lengths 687 Lesson 12-1: Example 1
Extra Skills, Word Problems, Proof
Practice, Ch. 12
Special Needs L1 Below Level L2
Finding the Measure of
Copy the three diagrams in Theorem 12-12 and use As students read Theorem 12-11, they should copy
colors to label and name each of the following the diagrams and clearly label each intercepted arc.
an Inscribed Angle
segments: segments of chords, secant segments, Then have the class identify the intercepted arcs. Lesson 12-3: Examples 1, 2
exterior secant segments, and tangent segments. Extra Skills, Word Problems, Proof
Practice, Ch. 12
learning style: visual learning style: visual 687
2. Teach Proof Proof of Theorem 12-11, Part (1) B C
Given: O with intersecting chords AC and BD 1
0 0
Prove: m&1 = 12 Q mAB + mCD R O D
A
Guided Instruction Begin by drawing AD as shown in the diagram.

1 1
mBDA = 2 mAB, and mCAD = 2 mCD m1 = mBDA + mCAD
1 EXAMPLE Auditory Learners Inscribed Angle Theorem Exterior Angle Theorem
Suggest that students use the
1 1
phrase interior add, exterior m1 = 2 mAB + 2 mCD
subtract to remember when to Substitute.
add and when to subtract the
measures of intercepted arcs.
1
m1 = 2 (mAB + mCD)
Careers Distributive Property
Photographers use mathematics
to relate the opening of a
camera’s lens and its shutter You can use Theorem 12-11 to find the measures of angles and intercepted arcs.
speed and to photograph subjects
from pleasing angles. Encourage
interested students to find more
1 EXAMPLE Finding Angle Measures
applications of mathematics in Algebra Find the value of each variable.
photography.
a. b. 95⬚

PowerPoint
z⬚
46⬚ 90⬚
x⬚ 20⬚
Additional Examples
1 Find the value of the variable.
a. x = 12 (46 + 90) Theorem 12-11 (1) 20 = 12 (95 - z) Theorem 12-11 (2)
x = 68 Simplify. 40 = 95 - z Solve for z.
z = 55
x° 92° 268°
Quick Check 1 Find the value of each variable.
a. 250 b. 40
w⬚
88 110⬚
30⬚
b. 110⬚ y⬚
70⬚
x°
94°
112°
2 EXAMPLE Real-World Connection
76 Gridded Response You focus your
camera on a fountain. Your camera is E
at the vertex of the angle formed by
tangents to the fountain. You estimate
Fountain
that this angle is 408. A B
What is the measure, in degrees, of the
Real-World Connection x⬚
arc of the circular basin of the fountain
Line-of-sight tangents to this that will be in the photograph?
fountain basin form a larger
0 40⬚
angle than do those to the Let mAB = x.
distant basin. 1
Then mAEB = 360 - x. Camera

688 Chapter 12 Circles

Advanced Learners L4 English Language Learners ELL

After Example 2, have students show that an angle Copy the diagrams for Theorems 12-11 and 12-12 on
whose sides are tangent to a circle and intercept a the board and highlight each segment as a student
minor arc of measure x has measure 180 - x. reads the theorems aloud. Students then state the
theorems in their own words.

688 learning style: verbal learning style: visual

 E
D
C

1 0
B E
A D

2 An advertising agency wants a

1
C
B E
2 A D

40 = 12 Q mAEB - mAB
C
B E
3 A
B
C
D
E
R Theorem 12-11 (2) 1 4 0
Test-Taking Tip
4 A D

frontal photo of a “flying saucer”

C
B E
5 A D
B
C
/ /

40 = 12 [(360 - x) - x] Substitute.
. . . . ride at an amusement park. The
For a gridded response 0 0 0
photographer stands at the vertex
40 = 12 (360 - 2x)
1 1 1 1
answer, you grid only Simplify. 2 2 2 2
the numerical part. If 3 3 3 3
of the angle formed by tangents
there are units in the 40 = 180 - x Distribute. 4 4 4 4 to the “flying saucer.” What is the
answer, omit them. 5 5 5 5
x = 140 Solve for x. 6 6 6 6 measure of the arc that will be in
7 7 7 7 the photograph?
A 1408 arc will be in the photograph. 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 A
Quick Check 2 Critical Thinking To photograph a 1608 arc of the basin,
should you move towards or away from the fountain?
What angle should the tangents form? away; 208 Y

X
72°

2
1 Finding Segment Lengths
108
T

From a given point P, you can draw two segments A1 A2

to a circle along infinitely many lines. For example,
P A3
PA1 and PB1 lie along one such line. Theorem 12-12 Guided Instruction
states the surprising result that, no matter which line B1
you use, the product PA ? PB remains constant. B3
B2 Math Tip
PAi ? PBi is constant. Discuss the proof of Theorem
12-12 (1). If students forget how
chord segments are related,
Key Concepts Theorem 12-12 suggest that they reproduce the
For a given point and circle, the product of the lengths of the two segments proof to derive the proportion
from the point to the circle is constant along any line through the point resulting from triangle similarity.
and circle.
3 EXAMPLE
I. II. III.
a c t Make sure that students add only
x w
P P
like terms and correctly apply the
b
P y y Distributive Property. You may
d z z want to pair students so that they
can help each other with the
Vocabulary Tip a?b=c?d (w + x)w = (y + z)y (y + z)y = t 2 algebra.
The two segments to a
circle along a secant are 4 EXAMPLE

called secant segments. Note in Case III that the tangent segment is used twice.
Ask: How do you know that the
longer chord contains the center
of the circle? The perpendicular
Here is a proof for Case I. You will prove II and III in Exercises 31 and 32.
bisector of a chord contains the
center of the circle (Theorem 12-8).
Proof Proof of Theorem 12-12 (I)
Given: a circle with chords AB and CD intersecting at P C
A
Prove: a ? b = c ? d a c
Draw AC and BD. &A > &D and &C > &B because they b
P
are inscribed angles and each pair intercept the same arc. d B
Thus, #APC , #DPB by the Angle-Angle Similarity
Postulate. The lengths of corresponding sides of similar D
triangles are proportional, so da = bc . Therefore, a ? b = c ? d.

Lesson 12-4 Angle Measures and Segment Lengths 689

689
Diversity
You can use Theorem 12-12 to find lengths of segments in circles.
Ask students who have visited
Japanese gardens to describe how
the geometric designs, raked 3 EXAMPLE Finding Segment Lengths
gravel, sculpted trees, and koi
ponds create a peaceful space. Algebra Find the value of the variable. If the answer is not a whole number, round
to the nearest tenth.
PowerPoint a. b. z
8
6
Additional Examples 8
7 y 16
3 Find the value of the variable.
a.
(6 + 8)6 = (7 + y)7 Thm. 12-12 (II) (8 + 16)8 = z2 Thm. 12-12 (III)
x
84 = 49 + 7y Solve for y. 192 = z2 Solve for z.
3 7
35 = 7y 13.9 < z
5 5=y

Quick Check 3 Find the value of the variable to the nearest tenth.
4.2
a. 13.8 b. 3.2
20 6.5 3
b. 15 14
m
8
x 16 7

y
4 EXAMPLE Real-World Connection
Bridge Design The arch of the Taiko Bashi is an arc of a circle. A 14-ft
20.125 chord is 4.8 ft from the edge of the circle. Find the radius of the circle.
4 A tram travels from point A Draw a diagram that shows a 14-ft chord 4.8 ft below
to point B along the arc of a circle the top of a circle. Let x represent the length of the 4.8
with a radius of 125 ft. Find the part of the diameter from the chord to the bottom of 7 7
shortest distance from point A the circle. Use x and Theorem 12-12 to find the radius.
to point B. x
4.8x = 7 ? 7 Theorem 12-12 (I)
50 ft 4.8x = 49 Solve for x.
A y y B x < 10.2
Real-World Connection
200 ft diameter < 10.2 + 4.8 = 15 ft Add the segment lengths.
The Taiko Bashi is a pedestrian
bridge in the Japanese Tea radius < 7.5 ft
Garden in San Francisco’s
Resources Golden Gate Park. The radius is about 7.5 ft.
• Daily Notetaking Guide 12-4 Arc
L3 Quick Check 4 The basis of a design of a rotor for a Wankel engine is an x
• Daily Notetaking Guide 12-4— equilateral triangle. Each side of the triangle is a chord to 8 in.
Adapted Instruction L1 an arc of a circle. The opposite vertex of the triangle is the
center of the arc. In the diagram at the right, each side of
the equilateral triangle is 8 in. long.
a. Use what you know about equilateral triangles and
Closure find the value of x. (8 2 4Á 3 ) in.
b. Critical Thinking Copy the diagram and complete the
Given the tangent and two Center
circle with the given center. Then use Theorem 12-12
secants to the circle, find the
to find the value of x. Show that your answers to parts (a) and (b) are equal.
value of each variable to the 16
8 1 4 3 Á
in.
nearest tenth.

690 Chapter 12 Circles

12 175°
x
9
8 60°
a°
y
a ≠ 57.5; x ≠ 15.6; y ≠ 13.7

690
EXERCISES For more exercises, see Extra Skill, Word Problem, and Proof Practice. 3. Practice
Practice and Problem Solving
Assignment Guide
A Practice by Example x 2 Algebra Find the value of each variable.
x ≠ 60; y ≠ 70 1 A B 1-8, 17-19, 27-33
Example 1 1. 46 2. 50 3.
(page 688) 160⬚ 2 A B
160⬚ 9-16, 20-26
GO for 68⬚ 130⬚ x⬚
Help x⬚ 50⬚ C Challenge 34-37
x⬚ 30⬚
y⬚
Test Prep 38-42
Mixed Review 43-48
4. 60 5. 60⬚ 6.
53⬚ y⬚
y⬚ Homework Quick Check
x⬚
120⬚ x⬚ x⬚ To check students’ understanding
of key skills and concepts, go over
70⬚ Exercises 8, 12, 27, 28, 29.
x ≠ 108; y ≠ 72
x ≠ 115; y ≠ 74
Error Prevention!
Example 2 7. Astroscience A departing space probe sends back a picture of Earth as it
(pages 688–689) crosses the plane of Earth’s equator. The angle formed by Exercise 5 Remind students not
the two tangents to the equator is 208. What arc of the to assume from the diagram that
equator is visible to the space probe? 1608 Space the triangles are isosceles.
Equator 20⬚
8. At the left, the cross section of the probe
55º Connection to Algebra
ball is a circle. About how many degrees Earth
is the arc of the circle that is below the Exercise 13 You may want to
points of contact with the hands? 125 review solving the quadratic
equation x2 = a before assigning
Example 3 x 2 Algebra Find the value of each variable using the given chord, secant, and tangent this exercise.
(page 690) lengths. If the answer is not a whole number, round to the nearest tenth.
Exercise 28 Relate the Inscribed
9. 15 10. 11.5 11. 13.2
x Angle Theorem and Theorem
20
20 15 11 12-11 visually by pointing out
8
20 that the possible angle measures
6 26 13 depend on the ships’ positions
x c
relative to the circle.
12. 3.5 13. 14. y
y 5
x 5 x 7
6 9
x 7
15 11
3
7
x ≠ 25.8; y N 12.4 x N 5.3; y N 2.9
GPS Guided Problem Solving L3
Example 4 Geology This natural arch, in Arches
National Park, Utah, is an arc of a circle. Enrichment L4
(page 690)
Reteaching L2
15. Find the diameter of the circle. 30 ft
about 270.8 ft Adapted Practice L1
170 ft
16. The chord length shown is rounded. Practice
Name Class Date L3
It could range from 165 ft to 175 ft. Practice 12-4 Compositions of Reflections

Find the corresponding range for the diameter. Match each image of the figure at the left with one of the following isometries:
A. reflection B. rotation C. translation D. glide reflection.

1. I. II. III. IV.

It could range from 256.9 ft to 285.2 ft. A y⬚

B Apply Your Skills x 2 Algebra CA and CB are tangents to O. Write an expression
2. I. II. III. IV.

for each arc or angle in terms of the given variable. D O C

1 0 x⬚
17. mADB using x 18. m&C using x 19. mAB using y B
Find the image of each letter through a reflection in line l and then
a reflection in line m. Describe the resulting translation.

360 – x 180 – x 180 – y

3. 4. 5.
C
B J

lesson quiz, PHSchool.com, Web Code: aua-1204 Lesson 12-4 Angle Measures and Segment Lengths 691 
m
m 
m

m
m

Find the glide reflection image of BEST for the given glide and y
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

reflection line. 4

6. -2, 0 and x = 0 7. 0, -1 and y = 2 E S

8. 0, 2 and x = 2 9. 2, 2 and y = x

ⴚ4 O 2 x
10. -1, 1 and y = 0 11. 2, 2 and y = -x ⴚ2
12. 0, 1 and x = 0 13. 1, 1 and y = 0
B T

State whether each mapping is a reflection, rotation, translation,

or glide reflection.

14. ABCD S GHCD

C H N O Q
B I
15. HGJI S LMJK
J M P
16. GFED S RQOP A D G R

17. MNOP S ABCD E F K L

691
4. Assess & Reteach GO nline
Find the diameter of O. If your answer is not a whole number, round it to the
nearest tenth.
Homework Help 26.7 16.7 14.1
PowerPoint 20. 21. 22.
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: aue-1204 8 13
Lesson Quiz 6 5
O O O
15
Use M for Exercises 1 and 2.
98° 25
8
x 2 Algebra Find the values of x and y using the given chord, secant, and tangent
7 x lengths. If your answer is not a whole number, round it to the nearest tenth.
M 23. y 10 24. 4 25. y
21 6 16 12
8 x
a°
x y x
5

1. Find a. 82 x N 8.9; y ≠ 2 x N 10.9; y N 2.3

x N 10.7; y ≠ 10 x
2. Find x. 24 26. You must use 26. Error Analysis To find the value of x, a student wrote the
(7.5 ± 6)6, or the equation (7.5)6 = x 2. What error did the student make? 6
Use O for Exercises 3–5. entire segment See left.
length. 27. A circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral whose four angles 7.5
GPS have measures 85, 76, 94, and 105. Find the measures of
27. 95, 104, 86, 75
90° the four arcs between consecutive points of tangency. Exercise 26
O See left.
B 28. Navigation The 1 map at the left shows that the
x a° Shore waters within AXB , a 3008 arc, are unsafe. Here are what the letters represent.
8 8 A
30° 34° A: a lighthouse B: a lighthouse X: locations of a ship on O
b° O
12 Y: locations of a ship inside O Z: locations of a ship outside O
a. Critical Thinking What measures are possible for &X? For &Y? For &Z?
3. Find a and b. a ≠ 60; Y
X b. Writing Using the angles a ship makes with the lighthouses (like angles X, Y,
b ≠ 28 Z and Z), explain how a navigator can be sure the ship is in safe waters.
4. Find x to the nearest tenth. a–b. See left.
Proof 29. Prove Theorem 12-11, Part (2), as it applies to two A
15.5
28a. 30; 30 R mlY R 180; secants that intersect outside a circle. B
5. Find the diameter of O. 22 0 R mlZ R 30 O C
Given: O with secants CA and CE intersecting at C D
b. If the l measure is 0 0
Prove: m&ACE = 1 Q mAE - mBD R See margin. E
K 30, the ship is safe. 2
Alternative Assessment Proof 30. Prove the other two cases of Theorem 12-11, Part (2). (See Exercise 29.)
See back of book.
Have each student design three
Proof For Exercises 31 and 32, write proofs that use similar triangles.
problems with art whose solutions
depend on a different theorem or 31. Prove Theorem 12-12 (II). 32. Prove Theorem 12-12 (III).
part of a theorem from this lesson. See margin. See back of book.
After students find the solutions, 33. Explain why Theorem 12-12 is true when the
have them exchange problems given point is on the circle. See back of book. Q
R
with partners, solve, compare
their solutions, and discuss their C Challenge Proof In Exercises 34–37, prove each statement or theorem. 1
0 34–37. See margin p. 693. 0 2
methods. P
34. m&1 + m PQ = 180 35. m&1 + m&2 = m QR
Exercises 34, 35
36. the Pythagorean Theorem (Use the diagram P b
Q
at the right and the theorems of this lesson.)
a R
37. The tangents to a circle at the vertices a c
of an inscribed equilateral triangle O
a
29. Answers may vary. form an equilateral triangle. S
Sample: Since they are
inscribed ':
0 692 Chapter 12 Circles
mlBED ≠ 12 m BD and
0
mlABE ≠ 12 m AE .
31. Given: a circle with secant 1. Construct XY and 4. kXVY M kZVW (AAM)
Apply the Ext. l Thm. to segments XV and ZV ; ZW . 2. lXVY O lZVW 5. XV YV
ZV 5 WV (In similar
kBCE to prove that mlC Prove: XV ? WV ≠ ZV ? YV. (Reflexive Prop. of O) figures, corr. sides are
0 0
≠ 12 (m AE – m BD ). X 3. lVXY O lWZV (2 proport.)
W
V inscribed ' that intercept 6. XV ? WV ≠ YV ? ZV
Y the same arc are O.) (Prop. of Proport.)
692 Z
 Test Prep
Test Prep
A sheet of blank grids is available
0 0 in the Test-Taking Strategies with
Gridded Response 38. If m AE = 86 and m BD = 40, find m&BKD. 63 A
B Transparencies booklet. Give this
39. If AK = 14, EK = 17, and BK = 7, find DK. 8.5 sheet to students for practice with
C
K filling in the grids.
40. If BC = 6, DC = 5, and CE = 12, find AC. 10 D
0 0
41. If m&C = 14 and m AE = 140, find m BD . 112 E Resources
0 0
42. If m AB = 110 and mDE = 130, find m&AKE. 60 For additional practice with a
variety of test item formats:
• Standardized Test Prep, p. 711
Mixed Review • Test-Taking Strategies, p. 706
• Test-Taking Strategies with
Transparencies
Lesson 12-3 Find the value of each variable. a ≠ 55; b ≠ 35; c ≠ 30
GO for
Help 43. 44. 60⬚
110⬚
110⬚ c⬚ 100⬚
c⬚
a⬚ b⬚ a⬚ 0
b⬚ 35.1. ml1 ≠ 12 mQRP –
a ≠ 50; b ≠ 55; c ≠ 105 1 0
2 m PQ (Thm.0 11-11)
Lesson 10-4 45. The areas of two similar parallelograms are 20 cm 2 and 3.2 cm 2. Find the 1
2. ml2 ≠ 2 mRQP –
similarity ratio of the larger parallelogram to the smaller parallelogram. 5 : 2 1 0
2 m RP (Thm. 11-11)
Lesson 8-4 Find the value of x to the nearest degree. 3. ml1 ± ml2 ≠
57
1 0 1 0
46. 30 47. 42 48. 5.5 2 mQRP ± 2 mRQP –
14 10 1 0 1 0
7 2 m PQ – 2 m RP
x⬚ x⬚
x⬚ (Subst.)
15 3
4. ml1 ± ml2 ≠
1 0 1 0
2 m QR ± 2 m RP ±
1 0 1 0
2 m QR ± 2 m PQ –
Geometry at Work 1 0 1 0
2 m PQ – 2 m RP (Arc
Add. Post. and Distr.
Aerospace Engineer Prop.)
S 0
Aerospace engineers design and build all types of spacecraft, 5. ml1 ± ml2 ≠ m QR
from the low-orbit space shuttle to interplanetary probes. Much (Distr. Prop.)
of today’s work involves communications satellites that relay 36. 1. (PQ)2 ≠ (QS)(QR)
12,000 mi
television, telephone, computer, and other signals all over (Thm. 11-12 [3])
the world. The portion of Earth’s surface that can communicate 2. b2 ≠ (c ± a)(c – a)
with a satellite increases as the height of the orbit increases. (Subst.)
Earth has a radius of about 3960 miles. The figure at the
0
A
B 3. b2 ≠ c 2 – a 2 (Distr.
3960 mi
right shows a satellite 12,000 miles above Earth. AB is E Prop.)
the arc of Earth that is in the range of the satellite. You
0
4. b2 ± a2 ≠ c 2 (Add.
Earth
can find m AB by finding m&AEB, which is twice m&AES. Prop. of ≠)
0
m AB = m&AEB = 2m&AES = 2 ? cos-1 Q 3960 3960 1 12,000 R < 151.3 37.
Y

The measure of the arc of Earth in the range of the satellite is about 151.3. A

X O B
For: Information about aerospace careers
PHSchool.com Web Code: aub-2031
C
Z
Lesson 12-4 Angle Measures and Segment Lengths 693 0 0
m AB ≠ mBC ≠
0
0 0 0 m AC ≠ 120, since
34. 1. ml1 ≠ 12 mQRP – 3. ml1 ± m PQ ≠ 5. ml1 ± m PQ ≠ 180 0
0 0 0 chords AB, BC , and
1 1 (Multiply.)
2 m PQ (Thm. 0
11-11) 2 (mQRP ± m PQ ) CA are all O. So the
2. ml1 ± m PQ ≠ (Distr. Prop.) measures of lX, lY, and
1 0 1 0
0
2 mQRP ± 2 m PQ (Add.
4. ml1 ± m PQ ≠ 12 lZ are 12 (240 – 120) ≠
Prop. of ≠ and 60, and kXYZ is
Distr. Prop.) (360) (A circle has 3608.)
equilateral. 693