Syllabus Ma 8452 - Statistics and Numerical Methods

SYLLABUS
MA 8452 - STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS
UNIT - I
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
Sampling distributions - Estimation of parameters - Statistical hypothesis - Large sample tests

based on Normal distribution for single mean and difference of means -Tests based on t, Chi-
square and F distributions for mean, variance and proportion - Contingency table (test for
independent) - Goodness of fit.
UNIT - II
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
One way and two way classifications - Completely randomized design – Randomized block
design – Latin square design - 22 factorial design.
UNIT - III
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS
Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations - Fixed point iteration method – Newton
Raphson method - Solution of linear system of equations - Gauss elimination method – Pivoting
- Gauss Jordan method – Iterative methods of Gauss Jacobi and Gauss Seidel - Eigenvalues of a
matrix by Power method and Jacobi’s method for symmetric matrices.
UNIT - IV
INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
Lagrange’s and Newton’s divided difference interpolations – Newton’s forward and backward
difference interpolation – Approximation of derivates using interpolation polynomials –
Numerical single and double integrations using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s 1/3 rules.
UNIT - V
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Single step methods : Taylor’s series method - Euler’s method - Modified Euler’s method -
Fourth order Runge-Kutta method for solving first order equations - Multi step methods :
Milne’s and Adams - Bash forth predictor corrector methods for solving first order equations.
MA6452 STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS
QUESTION BANK
UNIT I
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
PART A
1. What you mean by test of hypothesis?
Solution:
On the basis of sample statistics, the study of difference between the observed sample
statistics and the hypothetical population parameter value is significant or not is defined as
test of significance.
2. State the difference between parameter and statistic. [AU 2010]
Solution:
The statistical constants like mean µ , variance σ 2 computed from population are called
parameters where as statistical constants like mean x̄, variance s2 etc., computed from a
sample are called sample statistics.
3. Define power of a statistical test?
Solution:
The probability of type - II error is denoted by β and (1 − β) is defined as power of the
statistical test.
4. Define level of significance.
Solution:
The probability of Type I error is called the level of significance of the test and is denoted
by α.
M A6452 QUESTION BANK
5. Define Type I error [2012, 2014]
Solution:
The rejection of H0 when it is true.
6. Define Type II error [2012, 2014]
Solution:
The acceptance of H0 when it is false.
7. Define critical region.
Solution:
For a test statistic, the area under the probability curve, which is normal, is divided into
two regions namely the region of acceptance of H0 and the region of rejection of H0 . The
region in which H0 is rejected is called the critical region. The area of the critical region is
α, the level of significance.
8. Define statistical hypothesis
Solution:
In making statistical decisions, we make assumptions or guesses about populations involved.
Such assumptions, which may be true or false are called statistical hypothesis.
9. Define null hypothesis [AU 2012]
Solution:
For applying the test of significance, we first set up a hypothesis which is a statement about
the population parameter. This statement is usually a hypothesis of no difference and so it
is called null hypothesis and is denoted by H0 . The purpose of null hypothesis is for possible
rejection under the assumption that it is true.
10. Define alternate hypothesis [AU 2012]
Solution:
Suppose the null hypothesis is false, then something else must be true. This is called an
alternate hypothesis and is denoted by H1 .
KCG\S&H 2
11. Define One tailed and Two-tailed test.
Solution:
One tailed test: In a test of any statistical hypothesis, if the alternate hypothesis is
one-sided then it is called one tailed test. It may be right tailed or left tailed.
Two tailed test: In a test of statistical hypothesis, if the alternate hypothesis is two sided,
then it is called a two tailed test.
12. Define Large and small samples
Solution:
The number of elements in a sample is greater than or equal to 30, then the sample is called
a large sample and if it is less than 30, then the sample is called a small sample.
13. State the application of t test
Solution:
Testing the significance of the difference between
(i) The mean of a sample and the mean of the population.
(ii) The means of two samples.
14. State the application of F test
Solution:
(i) Testing the significance of the difference between the variances of two populations from
which two samples are drawn.
(ii) analysis of variance.
15. State the application of Chi-square test [AU 2010]
Solution:
1. It is used to test the goodness of fit.
2. It is used to test the independence of attributes.
3. To test the homogeneity of a given data.
KCG\S&H 3
16. Write conditions for the application of Chi-square test. [AU 2014]
Solution:
1. The experimental data (or sample deviations) must be independent of each other.
2. The sample size should be reasonably large, ≥ 50.
3. The theoretical cell frequency should be atleast 5. If it is less than 5, it is combined

with adjacent frequencies so that the pooled frequency is > 5.
4. The Pconstraints
P on the cell frequencies should be linear.
eg., Oi = Ei = N ≥ 50.
17. Define attribute
Solution:
An attribute is a characteristic or a quality which may be present amongst the members of
a population.
For example, tall, short, healthy, black etc.
18. Define 2 × 2 contigency table.
Solution:
Let A and B two attributes. Dividing A into A1 and A2 and B into B1 , B2 , we get the
following 2 × 2 table, called the 2 × 2 table.
A Total
B
( ) ) )
) ) )
Total ) ) N
KCG\S&H 4
a b
19. Give the formula for the χ2 -test of independence for [AU 2012]
c d
Solution:
A Total
B
Total
N (ad − bc)2
∴ the value of χ2 =
(a + b)(c + d)(a + c)(b + d)
20. A random sample of 200 tins of coconut oil gave an average weight of 4.95 kgs.
With a standard deviation of 0.21 kg. Do we accept the net weight is 5 kgs per tin at 5% level?
[AU 2013]
Solution:
Given n = 200, x̄ = 4.95, s2 = 0.21 and µ = 5
Let H0 = µ = 5
H1 = µ 6= 5
x̄ − µ 4.95 − 5 −0.05 √
∴ Z= √ = √ = 10 2 = −3.37
s/ n 0.21/ 200 0.21
∴ |z| = 3.37 > 1.96 ∴ H0 is rejected.
KCG\S&H 5
21. Mention the various steps involved in testing of hypothesis. [AU 2010]
Solution:
Step 1. State the null hypothesis H0 .
Step 2. Decide the alternate hypothesis H1 .
Step 3. Choose the level of significance α(α = 5% or α = 1%)
t − E(t)
Step 4. Compute the test statistic Z =
S.Eof (t)
Step 5. Compare the computed value of |Z| with the table value of Z and decide
the acceptance or the rejection of H0 .
Step 6. Inference.
KCG\S&H 6
PART B
1. A sample of 100 people during the past year showed an average life span of 71.8 years. If the
standard deviation of the population is 8.9 years, test whether the mean life span today is
greater than 70 years. [AU 2010]
2. A sample of 900 items has mean 3.4 cms and standard deviation 2.61 cms. Can the sample be
regarded as drawn from a population with mean 3.25 cms at 5% level of significance.[AU 2008, 2010]
3. A sample of heights of 6400 Englishmen has a mean of 170 cms and a standard deviation of
6.4 cms, while a sample of heights of 1600 Australians has a mean of 172 cm and standard
deviation of 6.3 cm. Do the data indicate that the Australians are on the average taller than
the Englishmen. [AU 2007]
4. A machine produces 16 imperfect articles in a sample of 500. After it was overhauled, it puts ou
3 imperfect articles in a sample of 100. Has the machine improved in its performance? [AU 2012]
5. A mathematics test was given to 50 girls and 75 boys. The girls made an average grade of 76
with a SD of 6, while boys made an average grade of 82 with a SD of 2. Test whether there is
any significant difference between the performance of boys and girls. [AU 2012]
6. Test whether there is any significant difference between the variances of the populations from
which the following samples are taken: [AU 2012]
Sample I: 20 16 26 27 23 22
.
Sample II: 27 33 42 35 32 34 38
7. A sample of 10 boys had the I.Q’s:70, 120, 110, 101, 88, 83, 95, 98, 100 and 107. Test whether
the population mean I.Q may be 100. [AU 2012]
8. Two independent sample of sizes 9 and 7 from a normal population had the following values of
the variables. [AU 2014]
Sample I: 18 13 12 15 12 14 16 14 15
.
Sample II: 16 19 13 16 18 13 15
9. Out of 8000 graduates in a town 800 are females, out of 1600 graduate employees 120 are
females. Use χ2 to determine if any distinction is made in appointment on the basis of sex.
Value of χ2 at 5% level for one degree of freedom is 3.84. [AU 2010]
10. An automobile company gives you the following information about age groups and the liking
for particular model of car which it plans to introduce. On the basis of this data can it be
concluded that the model appeal is independent of the age group. (χ20.05 (3) = 7.815) [AU 2010]
Age Group
Persons who : Below 20 20 − 39 40 − 59 60 and above
Liked the car : 140 80 40 20 .
disliked the car : 60 50 30 80
KCG\S&H 7
UNIT II
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
PART A
1. State the basic principles of design of Experiments.[2014]
Solution:
The three basic principles of experimental design are 1. Randomisation, 2. Replication and
3. Local control.
2. What is the aim of the design of experiments? [AU 2013]
Solution:
The prime objective of design of experiments is to control the extraneous variables so that
the results could be attributed only to the experimental variables.
3. What do you understand by "Design of Experiment"? [2013]
Solution:
It is defined as the logical construction of the experiment in which the degree of uncertainty
with which the inference is drawn, may be well defined.
4. State the assumptions involved in ANOVA. [2012]
Solution:
1. The samples are drawn from normal populations.
2. The samples are drawn independently from these populations.
3. All the populations have the same variance.
ANOVA should not be used if we cannot make these assumptions.
5. When do you apply ANOVA. [AU 2005]
Solution:
When we have to test the differences between means of more than two samples we use
analysis of variance.
KCG\S&H 8
6. Write down the ANOVA table for one way classification. [2013]
Solution:
One way classification ANOVA table
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean square Variance
Variation squares (SS) freedom (df ) (Ms) ratio
Between SSB M SB
SSB r−1 MSB= F=
samples r−1 M SW
SSW M SW
Within samples SSW N −r MSW= (or)
N −r M SB
(or error)
Total SST N −1
7. Compare one-way classification model with two-way classification model. [AU 2010]
Solution:
1. CRD analysis results in one-way classification, whereas RBD analysis results in two-way
classification.
2. Experimental errors are large in CRD compared to RBD and RBD is popular.
8. State the null and alternate hypothesis for a CRD. [AU 2009]
Solution:
H0 : µ1 = µ2 = · · · = µk = µ i.e., the treatment means are equal.
H1 : not all µ′i s are equal.
9. State any two advantages of a CRD [AU 2014]
Solution:
1. It has a simple layout.
2. There is complete flexibility as the number of replication is not fixed.
KCG\S&H 9
10. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Randomized block design. [2010]
Solution:
Advantages:
1. It has a simple layout but it is more efficient than CRD because of reduction of
experimental error.
2. It is flexible and so any number of treatments and any number of replication may be
used.
Disadvantages:
1. If the number of treatments is large, then the size of the blocks will increase this may
cause heterogeneity within blocks.
2. The shape of the experimental material should be rectangular.
11. Define RBD. [2012]
Solution:
Suppose we want to test the effect of r fertilizers on the yield of paddy. We divide the plots
into h blocks, each block is relatively homogeneous and each block contains r plots. Within
each block the plots are selected at random and the r treatments (i.e., fertilizers) are given.
Thus in each block only one plot receives one fertiliser. This repeated for all the h blocks.
This design is called randomized block design.
12. Write any two differences between RBD and CRD. [2011]
Solution:
1. CRD analysis results in one-way classification, whereas RBD analysis results in two-way
classification.
2. Experimental errors are large in CRD compared to RBD and RBD is popular.
13. What is meant by Latin square? [AU 2010]
Solution:
Latin square design controls variation in two directions of the experimental material as rows
and columns resulting in the reduction of experimental error.
KCG\S&H 10
14. what are the advantages of LSD? [2012]
Solution:
• The analysis of the design results in a three-way classification of analysis of variance.
• The analysis of remains relatively simple even with missing data.
15. Explain the situations in which randomized block design is considered an improvement over a
completely randomized design. [AU 2014]
Solution:
• RBD has a simple layout but it is more efficient than CRD because of reduction of
experimental error.
• The analysis of the design is simple as it results in a two-way classification anaylsis of

variance.
16. What is the purpose of blocking in a randomized block design.[AU 2009]
Solution:
If the variation due to heterogeneity in experimental units is so large then the sensitivity of
detecting treatment differences is reduced because of large value of s2 . A better idea would
be to "block off" variation due to these units and thus reduce the extraneous variation by
smaller homogeneous blocks.
17. State the advantages of a factorial Experiment over a simple experiment. [2010,2014]
Solution:
Factorial design is one of the fruitful advancement in the endevour to improve the logical
foundations of experimental designs. In experiments based on factorial design, the experiment
can evaluate the combined effect of two or more factors when used simultaneously.
18. Define 22 factorial design. [2013]
Solution:
When there are two factors A, B and two levels ’high’ and ’low’ for each factor we have
a 22 factorial design. Inspite of its simplicity, the 22 design is a powerful tool to improve
products and processes.
KCG\S&H 11
19. Define mean square. [AU 2007]
Solution:
corresponding SS
Mean square=
df
20. Why a 2 × 2 Latin square is not - possible? Explain.[AU 2006]
Solution:
Consider a n × n Latin square design, then the degrees of freedom for SSE is
= (n2 − 1) − (n − 1) − (n − 1) − (n − 1)
= n2 − 1 − 3n + 3
= n2 − 3n + 2
= (n − 1)(n − 2)
For n = 2, d.f of SSE= 0 and hence MSE is not defined.
∴ comparisons are not possible. Hence a 2 × 2 Latin Square Design is not possible.
KCG\S&H 12
PART B
1. A set of data involving four "four tropical feed stuffs A, B, C, D" tried on 20 chicks is given
below. All the twenty chicks are treated alike in all respects except the feeding treatments and
each feeding treatment is given to 5 chicks. Analyze the data [AU 2010]
Weight gain baby chicks fed on different feeding materials composed of tropical feed stuffs:
TOTAL Ti
A 55 49 42 21 52 219
B 61 112 30 89 63 355
.
C 42 97 81 95 92 407
D 169 137 169 85 154 714
Total 1695
2. An experiment was planned to study the effect of sulphate of potash and super phosphate on the
yield of potatoes. All the combinations of 2 levels of super phosphate and 2 levels of sulphate
of potash were studied in a randomized block design with 4 replications for each. The yields
(per plot) obtained are given below. [AU 2010]
Block Yields(lbs per plot)

I (1) k p kp
23 25 22 38
II p (1) k kp
40 26 36 38 .
III (1) k kp p
29 20 30 20
IV kp k p (1)
34 31 24 28
Analyze the data and comment on your findings. (F0.05 (3, 9) = 3.86, F0.05 (1, 9) = 5.12).
3. Carry out ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) for the following. [AU 2010]
A B C D
1 44 38 47 36
2 46 40 52 43
Workers .
3 34 36 44 32
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39
4. Perform Latin Square Experiment for the following.[AU 2010]
Roam I II III → Three equally spaced

concentrations of poison as
extracted from the scorpion fish.
Arabic 1 2 3 → Three equally spaced body
.
weights for the animals tested.
Latin A B C → Three equally spaced times of
storage of the poison before it is
administered to the animals.
KCG\S&H 13
I II III
1 0.194 0.73 1.187
A B C
2 0.758 0.311 0.589 .
C A B
3 0.369 0.558 0.311
B C A
5. The following are the number of mistakes made in 5 successive days by 4 technicians working
for a photographic laboratory test at a level of significance α = 0.01. Test whether the difference
among the four sample means can be attributed to chance.[2011]
Technician
I II III IV
6 14 10 9
14 9 12 12 .
10 12 7 8
8 10 15 10
6. The following data represent the number of units of production per day turned out by different
workers using 4 different types of machines[AU 2011, 2013]
Machine type
A B C D
1 44 38 47 36
2 46 40 52 43
Workers .
3 34 36 44 32
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39
1. Test whether the five men differ with respect to mean productivity and
2. Test whether the mean productivity is the same for the four different machine types.
7. (a) What are the basic assumptions involved in ANOVA?[2011] [4]
(b) In a Latin square experiment given below are the yields in quintals per acre on the paddy [12]
crop carried out for testing the effect of five fertilizers A, B, C, D, E. Analyze the data for
variations.[AU 2011]
8. The sales of 4 salesmen in 3 seasons are tabulated here. Carry out an analysis of variance.[AU
2012]
Salesmen
Seasons A B C D
Summer 36 36 21 35
.
Winter 28 29 31 32
Monsoon 26 28 29 29
9. A farmer wishes to test the effect of 4 fertilizers A, B, C, D on the yield of wheat. The fertilizers
are used in a LSD and the result are tabulated here. Perform an analysis of variance.[AU 2012]
A 18 C 21 D 25 B 11
D 22 B 12 A 15 C 19
.
B 15 A 20 C 23 D 24
C 22 D 21 B 10 A 17
KCG\S&H 14
10. Four varities A, B, C, D of a fertilizer are tested in RBD with 4 replications. The plot yields in
pounds are as follows:[AU 2012,2013,2014]
A 12 D 20 C 16 B 10
D 18 A 14 B 11 C 14
.
B 12 C 15 D 19 A 13
C 16 B 11 A 15 D 20
Analyse the experimental yield.
11. A variable trial was conducted on wheat with 4 varities in a Latin Square design. The plan of
the experiment and per plot yield are given below:[AU 2012]
C 25 B 23 A 20 D 20
A 19 D 19 C 21 B 18
.
B 19 A 14 D 17 C 20
D 17 C 20 B 21 A 15
12. The following is a Latin square of a design when 4 varieties of seeds are being tested. Set up
the analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You may carry out suitable change of
origin and scale.[AU 2013]
A 105 B 95 C 125 D 115

C 115 D 125 A 105 B 105
.
D 115 C 95 B 105 A 115
B 95 A 135 D 95 C 115
13. Compare and contrast the Latin square Design with the Randomized Block Design. [AU 2013]
14. Analyse the variance in the Latin square of yields in kgs of paddy where P, Q, R, S denote the
different methods of cultivation. [AU 2014]
S 122 P 121 R 123 Q 122

Q 124 R 123 P 122 S 125
.
P 120 Q 119 S 120 R 121
R 122 S 123 Q 121 P 122
Examine whether different method of cultivation have significatly different yields.
15. A company wants to produce cars for its own use. It has to select the make of the car out of
the four makes A, B, C and D available in the market. For this he tries four cars of each make
by assigning the cars to four drivers to run on four different routes. The efficiency of cars is
measured in terms of time in hours. The layout and time consumed is as given below.
Drivers
Routes 1 2 3 4
1 C 18 D 12 A 16 B 20
2 D 26 A 34 B 25 C 31 .
3 B 15 C 22 D 10 A 28
4 A 30 B 20 C 15 D9
Analyze the experimental data and draw conclusions. (F0.05 (3, 5) = 5.41)
KCG\S&H 15
UNIT III
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS
PART A
1. What is the order of convergence of Newton-Raphson method? [AU 2011]
Solution:
The order of convergence is 2.
2. Write down the condition for convergence of Newton-Raphson method

for f (x) = 0. [AU 2007, 2010, 2011]
Solution:
The condition is |f (x).f ′ (x)| < (f ′ (x))2 in a neighbourhood of the root.
3. What are the merits of Newton’s method of iteration?
Solution:
1. It can be used for finding root of both algebraic and transcendental equations.
2. The convergence of Newton’s method is faster and so it is preferred compared to other

methods.
3. It is simple and easy to deal with and it is used to improve the results obtained by
other methods.
4. Using Gauss elimination method solve x + y = 2, 2x + 3y = 5
Solution:
The augmented matrix is
1 1 : 2
[A, B] =
2 3 : 5

1 1 : 2
∼ R2 → R2 − 2R1
0 1 : 1
∴ y = 1, x + y = 2 ⇒ x = 1
∴ x = 1, y = 1
5. Give two direct methods to solve a system of linear equations.
KCG\S&H 16
Solution:
Gauss-elimination method and Gauss-Jordan method are the direct methods.
6. What is the condition for convergence of Gauss-seidel method?
Solution:
The process of iteration will converge if in each equation one coefficient is much larger than
the other two and the largest coefficient must be attached to different coefficients in different
equations.
7. Why Gauss-seidel method is better than Jacobi’s-iterative method?
Solution:
In Jacobi’s method at each iteration the values of the variables in the previous iteration
are used, where as in Gauss-Seidel method in each iteration the latest available values of
the variables are used. Hence the convergence of Gauss-Seidel method is twice faster than
Jacobi’s method.

1 3
8. Find the inverse of A = by Gauss-Jordan method.
2 7
Solution:
The augmented
matrix is
1 3 : 1 0 1 3 : 1 0
[A, B] = ∼ R2 → R2 + (−2)R1
2 7 : 0 1 0 1 : −2 1

1 0 : 7 −3
∼ R1 → R1 + (−3)R2
0 1 : −2 1

−1 7 −3
A = R1 → R1 + (−3)R2
−2 1
9. Write down all possible types of initial vectors to determine the largest eigen value and the
corresponding eigen vector of a matrix size 2 × 2
Solution:

1 1 0
, ,
1 0 1
10. Compare Gauss Jacobi with Gauss Jordan.[AU 2010]
KCG\S&H 17
Solution:
Sl. COMPARISON
No. Gauss Jordan Gauss Jacobi
1 Direct method Itterative method
2 This method produce exact solution This method give a sequence
after a finite number of steps of approximate solutions, which
ultimately approach the actual
solution.
3 Applicable if the coefficient matrix Applicable if the coefficient matrix
is non-singular is diagonally dominant.
11. Compare Gauss elimination with Gauss Jacobi methods.[AU 2012]
Solution:
Sl. COMPARISON
No. Gauss elimination Gauss Jacobi
1 Direct method Itterative method
2 This method produce exact solution This method give a sequence
after a finite number of steps of approximate solutions, which
ultimately approach the actual
solution.
3 Applicable if the coefficient matrix Applicable if the coefficient matrix
is non-singular is diagonally dominant.
12. What is the order of convergence and also state the error term for Newton Raphson method?
[AU 2011]
Solution:
f ”(x) 2
Order of convergence is 2 and the error term is ǫk+1 ≈ ǫ
2f ′ (x) k

1 2
13. Find the dominant eigen value of the matrix by power method. [AU 2011]
3 4
Solution:

1 2 0
Given A = . Take X0 = as the initial vector (II row contains the largest
3 4 1
element and largest
sum)

1 2 0 2 0.5
Then AX0 = = =4 = 4X1
3 4 1 4 1

1 2 0.5 2.5 0.4545
AX1 = = = 5.5 = 5.5X2
3 4 1 5.5 1
KCG\S&H 18

1 2 0.4545 2.4545 0.4576
AX2 = = = 5.3635 = 5.3635X3
3 4 1 5.3635 1

1 2 0.4576 2.4576 0.4574
AX3 = = = 5.3728 = 5.3728X4
3 4 1 5.3728 1

1 2 0.4574 2.4574 0.4574
AX4 = = = 5.3722 = 5.3722X5
3 4 1 5.3722 1
Since X4 = X5 , we stop the iteration and the largest eigen value is 5.3722
√
14. Using Newton-Raphson method, find the iteration formula to compute N .[AU 2010]
Solution:
√
Let x = N , then x2 = N ⇒ x2 − N = 0
Let f (x) = x2 − N, then f ′ (x) = 2x
f (xn )
Newton’s iteration formula is xn+1 = xn − , n = 0, 1, 2, · · ·
f ′ (xn )
x2n − N
∴ xn+1 = xn −
2xn
2x2n − x2n + N
=
2xn
x2n + N
=
2xn

1 N
= xn +
2 xn
15. Explain the power method to determine the eigenvalue of a matrix.[AU 2010]
Solution:
Workingrule
1. Let x0 be the initial which is usually chosen as a vector with all components equal to
1. (i.e., normalised)
2. Form the product AX0 and express it in the form AX0 = λ1 X1 , where X1 is normalized
by taking out the largest component λ1 .
3. Form AX1 = λ2 X2 , where X2 is normalized by taking out the largest component λ2

and continue the process.
4. Thus we have a sequence of equations

AX0 = λ1 X1 , AX1 = λ2 X2 , AX2 = λ3 X3 , · · ·
KCG\S&H 19
We stop at the stage where Xr−1 , Xr are almost same.

Then λr is the largest eigen value and Xr is the corresponding eigen vector.
√
3
16. Arrive a formula to find the value of N , where N 6= 0, using Newton-Raphson method.[AU
2011]
Solution:
√
Let x = 3 N , then x3 = N ⇒ x3 − N = 0
Let f (x) = x3 − N, then f ′ (x) = 3x2
f (xn )
Newton’s iteration formula is xn+1 = xn − , n = 0, 1, 2, · · ·
f ′ (xn )
x3n − N
∴ xn+1 = xn −
3x2n
3x3n − x3n + N
=
3x2n
2x3n + N
=
3x2n

1 N
= 2xn + 2
3 xn
17. Solve the following system of equations, using Gauss-Jordan elimination method 2x + y =
3, x − 2y = −1. [AU 2012]
Solution:
Given 2x + y = 3, x − 2y = −1.
Augmented matrix

2 1 3
[A, B] =
1 −2 −1

1 1/2 3/2 R1
∼ R1 −→
1 −2 −1 2

1 1/2 3/2
∼ R2 −→ R2 − R1
0 −5/2 −5/2

1 1/2 3/2 R2
∼ R1 −→
0 1 1 −5/2

1 0 1
∼ R1 −→ R1 − (1/2)R2
0 1 1
∴ the solution is x = 1, y = 1
KCG\S&H 20
18. Form the divided difference table for the following data:[AU 2012]
x: 5 15 22
y: 7 36 160
Solution:
The Divided difference table
x y ∆y ∆2 y
5 7
36−7
15−5 = 2.6
17.71−2.6
15 36 22−5 = 0.88
160−36
22−15 = 17.71
22 160
19. Find the real positive root of 3x − cos x − 1 = 0 by Newton’s method correct to 6 decimal
places.[2013]
Solution:
Given eqn. is 3x − cos x − 1 = 0.
Let f (x) = 3x − cos x − 1 then f ′ (x) = 3 + sin x
f (0) = −1 < 0,
f (1) = 3 − cos 1 − 1 = 1.4597 > 0
∴ a root lies between 0 and 1.
Now f (0.5) = 3(0.5) − cos 0.5 − 1 = −0.3776, which is closer to 0.
So, the root is indeed between 0.5 and 1 and is nearer to 0.5.
f (xn )
Take x0 = 0.6 Iteration formula is xn+1 = xn − ′ , n = 0, 1, 2, · · ·
f (xn )
I approximation:
f (x0 )
x1 = x0 −
f ′ (x0 )
f (0.6)
= 0.6 − ′
f (0.6)
−0.0253356
= 0.6 −
3.564642
= 0.6 + 0.0071
= 0.6071
II approximation:
f (x1 )
x2 = x1 −
f ′ (x1 )
f (0.6071)
= 0.6071 − ′
f (0.6071)
−0.000006
= 0.6 −
3.570488
= 0.6 + 0.00000168
= 0.60710168
∵ x1 = x2 upto 4 decimal places, the root is 0.6071
KCG\S&H 21
20. Solve the equations A + B + C = 6, 3A + 3B + 4C = 20, 2A + B + 3C = 13 using Gauss

elimination method.[2013]
Solution:
Given A + B + C = 6, 3A + 3B +4C = 20, 2A + 

B + 3C = 13
1 1 1 6
[A, B] =  3 3 4 20 
2 1 3 13
 
1 1 1 6
∼  0 0 1 2  R2 −→ R2 − 3R1
2 1 3 13
 
1 1 1 6
∼ 0 0 1 2  R3 −→ R3 − 2R1
0 −1 1 1
 
1 1 1 6
∼  0 −1 1 1  R3 ←→ R2
0 0 1 2
 
1 1 1 6
∼  0 1 −1 −1  R2 −→ −R2
0 0 1 2
∴ x+y+z =6
y − z = −1
and z = 2,
By back substitution method, we have y = −1 + z = −1 + 2 = 1 and
x=6−y−z =6−1−2=3
∴ the solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 2.
KCG\S&H 22
PART B
Newton-Raphson method
1. Find a positive root of x3 − 5x + 3 = 0. [AU 2007]
2. Find by Newton Raphson method a positive root of the equation 3x−cosx−1 = 0. [AU 2006, 2009]
3. Using Newton’s method, find a real root of xlog10 x = 1.2 correct to 4 decimals.[AU 2004, 2007]
4. Use Newton’s Raphson method to find a root of the equation cosx − xex = 0 correct to 3
decimal places.[AU 2000, 2006]
5. Find a solution of 3x + sinx − ex = 0 correct to four decimal places by Newton’s method.

[AU 2006]
√
√ formula to find N , where N is
6. Find an iterative a positive integer, using Newton’s method
and hence find 11 [AU 2006]
√
7. Find an iterative
√ formula to find N , where N is a positive integer, using Newton’s method
and hence find 142 [AU 2006, 2005, 2009]
√
√ formula to find N , where N is a positive integer, using Newton’s method
and hence find 5 [AU 2000, 2006]
9. Find the iterative formula for finding the value of N1 where N is a real number, using
1
Newton-Raphson method. Hence evaluate 26 correct to 4 decimal places. [AU 2006]
1
10. Find the Newton’s iterative formula for the reciprocal of N and hence find the value of 23 ,
correct to 5 decimal places. [AU 2006, 2012]
√
√ formula for 3 N , where N is a positive integer, using Newton’s method and
√
hence find 3 24, 3 41
1 √1 ,
12. Find the iterative formula by Newton’s formula for (i) N (ii) N
where N is a positive integer.
1 √1
Hence find 31 and 15
13. Solve for a positive root of the equation x4 −x−10 = 0 using Newton’s Raphson’s method.[AU 2010]
14. Find a root of 3x3 − 9x2 + 8 = 0 using Newton Raphson method. [AU 2003]
15. Find a root of x3 − 6x + 4 = 0 between 0 and 1 to 5 places of decimals. [AU 2000, 2008]
16. Find a root of 2x3 − 3x − 6 = 0 between 1 and 2 to five places of decimals. [AU 2008]
17. Using Newton’s method, solve x log10 x = 12.34 taking the initial value x0 as 10 . [AU 2004, 2012, 2014]
Gauss Elimination Method
1. Solve by Gauss elimination method the equations

x + y + z = 9, 2x − 3y + 4z = 13; 3x + 4y + 5z = 40.[AU 2012]

2x + y + z = 10, 3x + 2y + 3z = 10; x + 4y + 9z = 16.[AU 2010]
KCG\S&H 23

2x − y + 8z = 13, 3x + 4y + 5z = 18; 5x − 2y + 7z = 20.[AU 2013]

x + 2y + z = 4, 3x − y + 2z = −3; x + 2y + 4z = 7.

10x − 2y + 3z = 23, 2x + 10y − 5z = −33; 3x − 4y + 10z = 41.
Gauss Jordan Method
1. Solve by Gauss-Jordan method the equations

x + 2y + z = 3, 2x + 3y + 3z = 10; 3x − y + 2z = 13. [AU 2004]

x + 3y + 3z = 16, x + 4y + 3z = 18; x + 3y + 4z = 19. [AU 2005]

10x + y + z = 12, 2x + 10y + z = 13; x + y + 5z = 7. [AU 2004, 2008, 2010]

2x − y + 3z = 8, −x + 2y + z = 4; 3x + y − 4z = 0. [AU 2007]

2x + y + z = 10, 3x + 2y + 3z = 18; x + 4y + 9z = 16. [AU 2006]

x + y + z = 9, 2x − 3y + 4z = 13; 3x + 4y + 5z = 40. [AU 2011]
Gauss Jacobi method
1. Solve by Gauss Jacobi method the equations

x + 17y − 2z = 48, 30x − 2y + 3z = 75; 2x + 2y + 18z = 30.

8x − y + z = 18, x + y − 3z = −6; 2x + 5y − 2z = 3.

5x + 2y + z = 12, x + 4y + 2z = 15; x + 2y + 5z = 20.

4x1 + x2 + x3 = 6, x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 6; x1 + x2 + 4x3 = 6. [AU 2007]
Gauss - Seidel method
1. Solve by Gauss - Seidel method the equations

10x + 2y + z = 9,
x + 10y − z = −22,
−2x + y − 10z = −22 [AU 2012]

27x + 6y − z = 85, x + y + 54z = 110; 6x + 15y + 2z = 72. [AU 2006, 2011, 2012]

20x + y − 2z = 17, 3x + 20y − z = −18; 2x − 3y + 20z = 25. [AU 2008, 2009]
KCG\S&H 24

28x + 4y − z = 32, x + 3y + 10z = 24; 2x + 17y + 4z = 35. [AU 2007]
5. Solve by Gauss - Seidel method the equations starting with (0,0,0,0) as solution. Do 5
iterations only.
4x1 − x2 − x3 = 2
−x1 + 4x2 − x4 = 2
−x1 + 4x3 − x4 = 2
−x2 − x3 + 4x4 = 1 [AU 2008]
6. Use Gauss - Seidel method to obtain the solution of the equations

9x − y + 2z = 9, x + 10y − 2z = 15; 2x − 2y − 3z = −17. [AU 2010]

4x + 2y + z = 14, x + 5y − z = 10; x + y + 8z = 20. [AU 2005]

x + 3y + 52z = 173.61, x − 27y + 2z = 71.31; 41x − 2y + 3z = 65.46 starting with x = 1, y =
−2, z = 3 [AU 2004]

10x − 5y − 2z = 3,
4x − 10y − 3z = −3,
x + 6y + 10z = −3 [AU 2006, 2008]

6x − 3y + z = 11,
x − 7y + z = 10,
2x + y − 8z = −15 [AU 2009]

6x + 3y + 12z = 35,
8x − 3y + 12z = 20,
4x + 11y − z = 33 [AU 2007, 2010]

5x − y + z = 10,
2x + 4y = 12,
x + y + 5z = −1 [AU 2010]
Matrix inversion by Gauss Jordan Method

 
1 2 6
1. Using Gauss Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix A=  2 5 15  [AU 2012]
6 15 46
 
1 1 3
2. Using Gauss Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix A=  1 3 −3 
−2 −4 −4
[AU 2001, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2012]
 
4 1 2
3. Using Gauss Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix A=  2 3 −1  [AU 2007, 2011]
1 −2 2
KCG\S&H 25
 
2 6 6
2 6 8
 
2 2 3
1 3 5
 
0 1 2
3 1 1
 
0 1 1
3 −1 −4
 
1 1 1
3 5 3
Eigen value of a square matrix using Power method

 
25 1 2
1. Find the numerically largest eigen value of A=  1 3 0  and the corresponding eigen
2 0 −4
vector. [AU 2006, 2008, 2011]
 
1 6 1
2. Find the dominant eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of  1 2 0  [AU 2007, 2008, 2010]
0 0 3
 
5 0 1
3. Using power method, find all the eigen values of  0 −2 0  [AU 2006, 2009, 2013, 2014]
1 0 5
4. Find the numerically
 largest eigen
 value and the corresponding eigen vector using power
1 −3 2
method, given A= 4 4 −1 . [AU 2012, 2014]
6 3 5
KCG\S&H 26
UNIT IV
INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
PART A
1. Write down the Lagrange’s interpolating formula. [AU 2010, 2014]
Solution:
(x−x1 )(x−x2 )···(x−xn )
y = f (x) = (x0 −x1 )(x0 −x2 )···(x0 −xn ) y0
+ (x(x−x
1 −x
0 )(x−x2 )···(x−xn )
0 )(x1 −x2 )···(x1 −xn )
y1
+ (x(x−x 0 )(x−x1 )···(x−xn )

2 −x0 )(x2 −x1 )···(x2 −xn )
y2
(x−x0 )(x−x2 )···(x−xn−1 )

+ ... + (xn −x0 )(xn −x2 )···(xn −xn−1 ) yn
2. Use Lagrange’s formula to fit a polynomial to the data and find y at x = 1. [2013]
X −1 0 2 3
Y −8 3 1 12
Solution:
Given x0 = −1 x1 = 0 x2 = 2 x3 = 3
and y0 = −8 y1 = 3 y2 = 1 y3 = 12
(1−0)(1−2)(1−3) (1+1)(1−2)(1−3) (1+1)(1−0)(1−3)
y = f (x) = (−1−0)(−1−2)(−1−3) (−8) + (0+1)(0−2)(0−3) (3) + (2+1)(2−0)(2−3) (1)
+ (1+1)(1−0)(1−2)
(3+1)(3−0)(3−2) (12)
(1)(−1)(−2) ✟2
✟ ✟
(2)(✟
−3)(−2) (2)(1)(−2) (2)(1)(−1)
✚
= (−1)(−3)(✟✟✟ (−8) + ✟ (3)
(1)(−2)(✟ + (3)(2)(−1) (1) + ✘✘ ✘ (✚
12)
−4) −3) ✘
(4)(3)(1)
2 −4 −4 8 + 36 + 4 − 12 36
= 2+ 3+ −2= = =6
3 −2 −6 6 6
3. Write down the Simpson’s 1/3 Rule in numerical integration.[AU 2010]
Solution:
x
Rn h
f (x)dx = 3 [(y0 + yn ) + 4(y1 + y3 + y5 + . . . + yn−1 ) + 2(y2 + y4 + . . . + yn−2 )]
x0
xn −x0
where h = n and n = even no. of sub intervals.
KCG\S&H 27
R1 dx
4. Using Trapezoidal rule, evaluate with h = 0.2. Hence obtain an approximate value of
0 1 + x2
π. [AU 2011]
Solution:
Given h=0.2
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

1
y= 1 0.96 0.86 0.74 0.61 0.50
1 + x2
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5
R1 h
∴ ydx = 2 [(y0 + y5 ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 )]
0
= 0.2
2 [(1 + 0.5) + 2(0.96 + 0.86 + 0.74 + 0.61 + 0.50)]
= 0.1 [(1.5) + 2(3.67)]
= 0.1 [(1.5) + 7.34]
= 0.884
5. State the formula to find the second order derivative using the forward differences. [AU 2011]
Solution:
h i
1 2u−1 3u2 −6u+2 4u3 −18u2 +22u−6
∆2 y ∆3 y ∆4 y

1. y ′ (x)∆y0 +
= h 0+ 2 0+ 6 24 0 + ...
h 2 i
′′ 1 2 3 6u −18u+11 4
2. y (x) = h2 ∆ y0 + (u − 1) ∆ y0 + 12 ∆ y0 + . . .
R1 dx
6. Evaluate x by Trapezoidal rule, dividing the range into equal 4 parts.[AU 2012]
0.5
Solution:
1 − 0.5
Here n=4 ∴ h = = 0.125
4
x 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1
1
y= 2 1.6 1.33 1.14 1
x
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4
Trapezoidal rule is
R1
f (x)dx = h2 [(y0 + y4 ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 )]
0.5
0.125
= 2 [(2 + 1) + 2(1.6 + 1.33 + 1.14)]
0.125
= 2 [(3) + 2(4.08)]
= 0.697
KCG\S&H 28
7. Find the area under the curve passing through the points (0,0),(1,2),(2,2.5),(3,2.3),(4,2),(5,1.7)
and (6,1.5).
Solution:
Given
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 0 2 2.5 2.3 2 1.7 1.5
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
6−0
Here n=6 ∴ h = =1
6
Trapezoidal rule is
R6
ydx = h2 [(y0 + y6 ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 )]
0
1
= 2 [(0 + 1.5) + 2(2 + 2.5 + 2.3 + 2 + 1.7 + 1.5)]
1
= 2 [(1.5) + 2(12)]
= 12.75
8. State any two properties of divided differences.[2014]
Solution:
1. The divided differences are symmetrical in all their arguments, that is, the value of
any difference is independent of the order of the arguments.
2. The divided difference of the product of a constant and a functions is equal to the
product of the constant and the divided difference of the function.
R2 dx
9. Evaluate 1+x2
by Trapezoidal rule, taking h = 0.5.[AU 2013]
1
Solution:
Given h = 0.5
x 1 1.5 2
1
y= 0.5 0.31 0.2
1 + x2
y0 y1 y2
R2 h 0.5 0.5
∴ ydx = 2 [(y0 + y2 ) + 2(y1 )] = 2 [(0.5 + 0.2) + 2(0.31)] = 2 [(0.7) + 0.62] = 0.33
1
10. What is inverse interpolation?[AU 2014]
KCG\S&H 29
Solution:
It is the process of finding a value of x for the corresponding value of y and we use Lagrange’s
interpolation formula by taking the independent variable as y and the dependent variable
as x. It is the inverse process of direct interpolation in which we find the values of y
corresponding to a value of x, not present in the table.
11. What is the need of Newton’s and Lagrange’s interpolation formulae?
Solution:
The process of computing intermediate values of a function from a given set of tabular
values of the function.
Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formula can be used only when the values
of the independent variable x are equally spaced and also be when the differences of the
dependent variable y become smaller finally. But Lagrange’s interpolation formula can be
used whether the values of x, the independent variable, are equally spaced or not,whether
the differences of y becomes smaller or not.
12. Find the parabola of the form y = ax2 + bx + c passing through the points (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 20).
[AU 2011]
Solution:
Given
x0 x1 x2
x 0 1 2
y 0 1 20
y0 y1 y2
(x − x1 )(x − x2 )
∴ y = f (x) = y0
(x0 − x1 )(x0 − x2 )
(x − x0 )(x − x2 )
+ y1
(x1 − x0 )(x1 − x2 )
(x − x0 )(x − x1 )
+ y2
(x2 − x0 )(x2 − x1 )
(x − 1)(x − 2) (x − 0)(x − 2) (x − 0)(x − 1)

= 0+ 1+ 20
(0 − 1)(0 − 2) (1 − 0)(1 − 2) (2 − 0)(2 − 1)
x2 −2x 2
x −x ✚10
=0+ + (2)(1)
✚
20 = −x2 + 2x + 10x2 − 10x = 9x2 − 7x
✚
(1)(−1) ✚
R1
13. Write down trapezoidal rule to evaluate f (x)dx with h = 0.5, function f (x) is unknown.[AU
6
2005]
KCG\S&H 30
Solution:
6−1
Here h=0.5 ∴ n = = 10 x0 = 1
0.5
x 1 1.15 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
f (x) f (1) f (1.5) f (2) f (2.5) f (3) f (3.5) f (4) f (4.5) f (5) f (5.5) f (6)
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8 y9 y10
Trapezoidal rule is
R6
f (x)dx = h2 [(y0 + y10 ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 + y7 + y8 + y9 )]
1
0.5
= 2 [(f (1) + f (6)) + 2(f (1.5) + f (2) + f (2.5) + f (3) + f (3.5)
+f (4) + f (4.5) + f (5) + f (5.5))]
14. What are the errors in trapezoidal and simpson’s rule of numerical integration.[AU 2005]
Solution:
Rb (b − a)2 2
When evaluating f (x)dx, the error in the trapezoidal rule is < h M, where
a 12
b−a
h= , n is the number of subintervals of (a, b), and
n ′′ |}, y ′′ = f ′′ (x )
M = max{|y0′′ |, |y1′′ |, · · · , |yn−1 r r
(b − a) 4 b−a
The error in Simpson’s rule is < h M, where h = , 2n is the number of
180 2n
subintervals of (a, b), and
(1) (4) (4) (4)
M = max{|y0 |, |y1 |, · · · , |yn−1 |}, yr = f (4) (xr )
1
15. What is the order of error in Simpson’s rule?
3
Solution:
Total error in Simpson’s forumula is of order h4 where h is the length of the subintervals.
16. State the local error term in Trapezoidal rule.
Solution:
−h2 ′′
The local error term in the interval (x0 , x1 ) is y
12 0
17. When does Simpson’s rule give exact result?[AU 2006]
KCG\S&H 31
Solution:
Rb
If the integrand f(x) in f (x)dx is a second degree polynomial, then Simpson’s formula will
a
give exact result.
18. State Newton’s backward formula for interpolation [AU 2007]
Solution:
y = f (xn + hv)
v(v+1) 2 v(v+1)(v+2) 3 v(v+1)(v+2)...(v+(n−1)) n

= y0 + v∇yn + 2! ∇ yn + 3! ∇ yn + ··· + n! ∇ yn
where v = x−x
h
n
19. State Newton’s forward formula for interpolation [AU 2008]
Solution:
y = f (x0 + hu)
u(u−1) 2 u(u−1)(u−2) 3 u(u−1)(u−2)...(u−(n−1)) n

= y0 + u∆y0 + 2! ∆ y0 + 3! ∆ y0 + ··· + n! ∆ y0
where u = x−x
h
0
Rb
20. In order to evaluate f (x)dx by Trapezoidal and simpson’s rule. What is the restriction on
a
the number of intervals?
Solution:
In trapezoidal rule number of intervals can be any positive integer, where as in Simpson’s
rule the number of intervals is even.
KCG\S&H 32
PART B
Newton’s forward and backward difference method
1. Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula find the cubic polynomial which takes the
following values:
x 0 1 2 3
[AU 2000, 2009]
y 1 2 1 10
2. A third degree polynomial passes through the points (0, −1), (1, 1), (2, 1) and (3, −2). Using
Newton’s forward formula, find the polynomial. Hence find the value at 15. [AU 2000].
3. Construct Newton’s forward interpolating polynomial for the following data
x 4 6 8 10
y 1 3 8 16
Hence find y when x = 5. [AU 2006, 2012].
4. Find a polynomial of degree two for the data by Newton’s forward difference method.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
[AU 2007].
y 1 2 4 7 11 16 22 29
5. The population of a city in a Census taken once in 10 years is given below. Estimate the
population in the year 1955.
Year 1951 1961 1971 1981

[AU 2008].
Population in thousands 35 42 58 84
6. Find y(1976) from the following [AU 2010].
x 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991

y 20 24 29 36 46 51
7. From the data given below find the number of students whose weight is between 60 to 70.
Weight in lbs: 0 − 40 40 − 60 60 − 80 80 − 100 100 − 120

[AU 2003].
No. of students 250 120 100 70 50
8. The following are data from the steam table.
Temperature ◦ C 140 150 160 170 180

No. of students 3.685 4.854 6.302 8.076 10.225
Find t he pressure at temperature 142◦ and 175◦ [AU 2008].
9. From the following table of half yearly premium for policies maturing at different ages estimate
the premium for policies maturing at age 46 and 63. [AU 2006, 2008, 2011].
KCG\S&H 33
Age x 45 50 55 60 65
Premium y 114.84 96.16 83.32 74.48 68.48
Lagrange’s interpolation formula
1. Find f (x) as a polynomial in x from the given data and find f(8).
x 3 7 9 10
[AU 2008].
f(x) 168 120 72 63
2. Find the polynomial f (x) by using Lagrange’s formula and hence f (3) for the following values
of x and y.
x 0 1 2 5
y 2 3 12 147
and hence find f(3). [AU 2005, 2012].
3. Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula find y(10) from the following table:
x 5 6 9 11
[AU 2008, 2011].
y 12 13 14 16
4. Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula to fit a polynomial to the following data hence find
y(1).
x −1 0 2 3
[AU 2010].
y -8 3 1 12
5. Given the values
x 5 7 11 13 17
y 150 392 1452 2366 5202
Evaluate f (9) using Lagrange’s formula. [AU 2009, 2011].
6. Use Lagrange’s method to find log10 656, given that log10 654 = 2.8156, log10 658 = 2.8182,
log10 659 = 2.8189 and log10 661 = 2.8202 [AU 2012].
Newton’s Divided Difference Method
1. By using Newton’s divided difference formula find f (8), given
x 4 5 7 10 11 13
f(x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028
Also find f (6), f (9), f (15) [AU 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013].
2. Use Newton’s divided difference formula to calculate f (8), f ′ (3) f ′′ (3) from the following table
[AU 2010].
x 0 1 2 4 5 6
f(x) 1 14 15 5 6 19
KCG\S&H 34
3. If f (0) = 0, f (1) = 0, f (2) = −12, f (4) = 0, f (5) = 600, f (7) = 7308, find a polynomial that
satisfies this data using Newton’s divided difference formula. Hence find f (6). [AU 2007].
4. From the following table f (x) and hence f (6) using Newton’s divided difference formula.
x 1 2 7 8
[AU 2007].
y 1 5 5 4
5. Determine f (x) as a polynomial in x for the following data:
x −4 −1 0 2 5
[AU 2004].
y 1245 33 5 9 1335
6. Using Newton’s divided difference formula, find f (x) from the following table and hence f (4).
x 0 1 2 5
[AU 2012].
f(x) 2 3 12 147
Derivative using Newton’s forward & backward difference interpolating formula
1. Find sec 31◦ , from the following data:
θ◦ 31 32 33 34
[AU 2004, 2011].
tanθ 0.6008 0.6249 0.6494 0.6745
2. Find the value of cos 1.74. Using the values given in the table below:
x 1.70 1.74 1.78 1.82 1.86

[AU 2000].
sinx 0.9916 0.9857 0.9781 0.9691 0.9584
3. Compute f ′ (0) and f ′ (4) from the following data.
x 0 1 2 3 4
[AU 2012].
y 1 2.718 7.381 20.086 54.598
4. Find the first and second derivatives of y w.r.to x at x=10 from the data given below.
x 3 5 7 9 11
[AU 2008].
y 31 43 57 41 27
5. A jet fighter’s position on an aircraft carrier’s runway was timed during landing.
t, sec 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

y, m 7.989 8.403 8.781 9.129 9.451 9.750 10.031
dy
where y is the distance from the end of the carrier. Estimate velocity dydt and acceleration dt2
at (i) t=1.1, (ii) t=1.6 using numerical differentiation. [AU 2007, 2008, 2010].
KCG\S&H 35
Derivative using Newton’s divided difference formula
1. Find f’(10) from the following data:
x 3 5 11 27 34
[AU 2011].
f(x) −13 23 899 17315 35606
2. Using the following data, f ′ (1), f ′ (5) and f ′ (6) [AU 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012].
x 0 2 3 4 7 9
f(x) 4 26 58 112 466 922
Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule
Rπ
1. Dividing the range into 10 equal parts, find the approximate value of sinxdx
0
by (i) Trapezoidal rule, (ii) Simpson’s rule. [AU 2006, 2010, 2012]
R2 dx
2. Evaluate x2 +4
using trapezoidal rule taking h = 0.25 [AU 2007] .
0
R2 dx
3. Evaluate x2 +x+1
to three decimal places, dividing the range of integration into 8 equal parts
0
using Simpson’s rule [AU 2012] .
4. A rocket is launched from the ground. Its acceleration is registered during the first 80 seconds
and it is in the table below. Using trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s 31 rule, find the velocity of
the rocket at t = 80secs. [AU 2010] .
t secs 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
f: cm/sec 30 31.63 33.34 35.47 37.75 40.33 43.25 46.69 40.67
5. Evaluate the length of the curve 3y = x3 from (0, 0) to (0, 13 ) rule and using 8 sub intervals
[AU 2010] .
R6 1
6. Evaluate 1+x2
dx using Trapezoidal rule. Verify the answer with direct integration.[AU 2010] .
0
7. The velocity v of a particle at a distance s from a point on its path is given by the table
s ft: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
v: ft/sec: 47 58 64 65 61 52 38
1
Estimate the time taken to travel 60ft by using Simpson’s 3 rule. Compare the result with
Simpson’s 38 rule.[AU 2003] .
8. The following table gives the velocity v of a particle at time t:
t sec : 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
v : m/sec : 4 6 16 34 60 94 136
KCG\S&H 36
Find the distance moved by the particle in 12 sec and also the acceleration at t = 2 sec.[AU 2003, 2011] .
Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule for double integration
R2 R2
1. Evaluate f (x, y)dxdy by Trapezoidal rule for the following data:
0 0
❍❍ x
❍❍ 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y ❍
❍
0 2 3 4 5 5 [AU 2005] .
1 3 4 6 9 11
2 4 6 8 11 14
R2 R2 dxdy
2. Use trapezoidal rule to evaluate x+y taking 4 subintervals [AU 2004, 2007] .
1 1
R1 R1 1
3. Evaluate 1+x+y dxdy by Trapezoidal rule [AU 2009, 2011] .
0 0
R 1.4
1.2
1
R
4. Use trapezoidal rule to evaluate x+y dxdy by taking h = k = 0.1 [AU 2010] .
1 1
R1 R2 2xy
5. Evaluate (1+x2 )(1+y 2 )
dxdy by Trapezoidal rule with h = k = 0.25 [AU 2004, 2009] .
0 1
R2 R2 dxdy
6. Evaluate x+y by using Trapezoidal rule with h=k=0.5 and h=k=0.25. Improve the
1 1
estimate by Romberg’s formula[AU 2007] .
1
R1 R1 1
7. Using Simpson’s 3 rule, evaluate 1+x+y dxdy by taking h = k = 0.5. [AU 2004, 2009, 2013] .
0 0
R 4.4
2.4 R
8. Evaluate xydxdy using Simpson rule, given h = k = 0.1 [AU 2008, 2010] .
2 4
KCG\S&H 37
UNIT V
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART A
1. Using Euler’s method, solve the following differential equation y ′ = −y subject to

y(0) = 1. [AU 2010]
Solution:
Given y ′ = f (x, y) = −y
x0 = 0, y0 = 1
By Euler’s method,
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= y0 + h(−y0 )
= 1 − h(1)
=1−h
2. Write down the Milne’s predictor-corrector formula for solving initial value problem in first
order differential equation. [AU 2010,2011]
Solution:
Milne’s Predictor Formula is
4h
′ ′

yn+1 = yn−3 + 3 2yn−2 − yn−1 + 2yn′
Milne’s Corrector Formula is
h
′

yn+1 = yn−1 + 3 yn−1 + 4yn′ + yn+1
′
3. Given y ′ = −y and y(0) = 1, determine the value of y(0.01) by Euler’s method.[AU 2011]
Solution:
Given y ′ = f (x, y) = −y
x0 = 0, y0 = 1 h = 0.01
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + 0.01(−1)
= 1 − 0.01
= 0.99
∴ y(0.01) = 0.99
KCG\S&H 38
4. State Runge-kutta 4th order formula.
Solution:
k1 = hf (xn , yn )
k1
k2 = hf (xn + h2 , yn + 2 )
k2
k3 = hf (xn + h2 , yn + 2 )
k4 = hf (xn + h, yn + k3 )
[k1 +2k2 +2k3 +k4 ]
∆y = 6
yn+1 = yn + ∆y n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
dy
5. Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order to find the value of y when x=1, given that =
dx
y−x
with y(0) = 1 [AU 2014]
y+x
Solution:
dy y−x
Given = f (x, y) = , y(0) = 1. Take h = 1
dx y+x
Fourth order Runge-Kutta formula are
k1 = hf (xn , yn )
k1
k2 = hf (xn + h2 , yn + 2 )
k2
k3 = hf (xn + h2 , yn + 2 )
k4 = hf (xn + h, yn + k3 )
[k1 +2k2 +2k3 +k4 ]
∆y = 6
yn+1 = yn + ∆y n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Put n = 0 to find y1= y(1)
1−0
k1 = hf (x0 , y0 ) = 1 =1
1+0
!
3 1
k1 2 − 2
k2 = hf (x0 + h2 , y0 + 2 ) = 1f (0 + 12 , 1 + 21 ) = f ( 12 , 32 ) = 3 1 = 12
2 + 2
!
5 1
k2 4 − 2
k3 = hf (x0 + h2 , y0 + 2 ) = 1f (0 + 12 , 1 + 41 ) = f ( 12 , 54 ) = 5 1 = 37
4 + 2
!
10 3
7 −1
k4 = hf (x0 + h, y0 + k3 ) = 1f (0 + 1, 1 + 73 ) = f (1, 10
7 )= 10 = 17 7
= 3
17
7 +1 7
KCG\S&H 39
[k1 +2k2 +2k3 +k4 ] [1+2 12 +2 73 + 17

3
] [2+ 67 + 17
3
]
∆y = 6 = 6 = 6 = 0.4342
y1 = y0 + ∆y = 1 + 0.43 = 1.4342
∴ y(1) = 1.4342
6. Given that y ′ = y + x2 , y(0) = 1 find y(0.02) using modified Euler’s method. [AU 2014]
Solution:
Given h = 0.02 x0 = 0 y0 = 1
We have, MODIFIED EULER’S METHOD:
yn+1 = yn + hf xn + h2 , yn + h2 f (xn , yn ) ,

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
To find y(0.02) put n = 0, we get

y1 = y0 + hf x0 + h2 , y0 + h2 f (x0 , y0 )

= 1 + (0.02)f 0 + 0.02 0.02

2 , 1 + 2 f (0, 1)
= 1 + (0.02)f [0.01, 1.01)]
= 1 + (0.02)f 1.01 + 0.012

= 1.0202
7. State the merits of RK-method over Taylor series method. [AU 2012]
Solution:
Runge-kutta method is a single step method. This method does not require prior calculation
of higher derivatives likes Taylor’s series method. To find the value of y at x = xr+1 we
need the value of y at xr only.
dy d2 y
8. Write the central difference approximations for , .[AU 2012]
dx dx2
Solution:
yi+1 −yi
• yi′ = h
yi+1 −2yi +yi−1
• yi′′ = h2
KCG\S&H 40
9. Bring out the merits and demerits of Taylor series method. [AU 2012]
Solution:
• Taylor series method is a powerful single step method if we are able to get the
successive derivatives easily. This method is useful to give some initial values for
powerful numerical methods like Runge-kutta method.
• The disadvantage is that it became tedious if the higher derivatives are complicated.
dy
10. Find y(0.1) by Euler’s method, if = x2 + y 2 , y(0) = 1. [AU 2012]
dx
Solution:
Given y ′ = f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , y(0) = 1. Take h = 0.1, x0 = 0, x1 = 1

y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + 0.1(x20 + y02 )
= 1 + 0.1(0 + 1)
= 1.1
∴ y(0.1) = 1.1
dy
11. Using Taylor’s series method, find y at x = 0.1 given = x2 −y, y(0) = 1. [AU 2000,2006,2013]
dx
Solution:
Given y ′ = x2 − y, y(0) = 1
i.e., x0 = 0 and y0 = 1
Taylor’s series is
h ′ h2 ′′ h3 ′′′
yr+1 = yr + 1! yr + 2! yr + 3! yr + ... r = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . − − − − − − − (1)
At (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 1)
∵ y ′ = x2 − y y ′ = 02 − 1 = 0 − 1 = −1
∴ y ′′ = 2x − y ′ y ′′ = 2(0) − (−1) = 1
y ′′′ = 2 − y ′′ y ′′′ = 2 − 1 = 1
Putting r = 0 in (1), we get
h ′ 2 3
y1 = y0 + 1! y0 + h2! y0′′ + h3! y0′′′ + . . .
0.1 (0.1)2 (0.1)3

∴ y1 = y(0.1) = 1 + 1! (−1) + 2! (1) + 3! (1)
= 1 − 0.1 + 0.005 + 0.0001666 = 0.905
∴ y(0.1) = 0.905
KCG\S&H 41
12. Compute y at x = 0.25 by Modified Euler method given y ′ = 2xy, y(0) = 1. [AU 2013]
Solution:
Given h = 0.25 x0 = 0 y0 = 1

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
To find y(0.25) put n = 0, we get

y1 = y0 + hf x0 + h2 , y0 + h2 f (x0 , y0 )

= 1 + (0.25)f 0 + 0.25 0.25

2 , 1 + 2 f (0, 1)
= 1 + (0.25)f [0.125, 1]
= 1 + (0.25)(2 (0.125) (1))
= 1.0625
dy
13. Using Taylor’s method, find y at x=1.1 given = x3 + y, Y (1) = 1. [AU 2013]
dx
Solution:
Given y ′ = x3 + y, y(1) = 1 h = 0.1

i.e., x0 = 1 and y0 = 1
Taylor’s series is
h ′ h2 ′′ h3 ′′′
yr+1 = yr + 1! yr + 2! yr + 3! yr + ... r = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . − − − − − − − (1)
At (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1)
∵ y ′ = x3 + y y ′ = 12 + 1 = 2
∴ y ′′ = 3x2 + y ′ y ′′ = 3(1) + (1) = 4
y ′′′ = 6x + y ′′ y ′′′ = 6 + 4 = 10
Putting r = 0 in (1), we get
h ′ h2 ′′ h3 ′′′
y 1 = y0 + 1! y0 + 2! y0 + 3! y0 + ...
0.1 (0.1)2 (0.1)3

∴ y1 = y(1.1) = 1 + 1! (2) + 2! (4) + 3! (10)
= 1 + 0.2 + 0.02 + 0.001666 = 1.2217

∴ y(1.1) = 1.2217
KCG\S&H 42
d2 y
14. Obtain the finite difference scheme for differential equation 2 2 + y = 5[AU 2013]
dx
Solution:
1
Given 2y ′′ + y = 5 ⇒ y ′′ = (5 − y)
2
1
⇒ yi+1 −2y
h2
i +yi−1
= (5 − yi )
2
h2
⇒ yi+1 − 2yi + yi−1 = (5 − yi )
2 2
h2

h
⇒ yi+1 + − 2 yi + yi−1 = 5
2 2
15. Convert the differential equation y ′′ (x) + y ′ (x) + y = 0 into finite difference equivalent form.
Solution:
Given y ′′ (x) + y ′ (x) + y = 0

⇒ y ′′ + y ′ + y = 0
yi+1 −2yi +yi−1 yi+1 −yi
⇒ h2
+ h + yi = 0
16. How many pairs of prior values are required to predict the next value in Milne’s method?
Solution:
Four pairs of prior values are required to apply Milne’s Predictor formula.
17. State the Taylor’s series formula to find y(x1 ) for solving y ′ = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0 [AU 2007]
Solution:
h ′ h2 ′′ h3 ′′′
y1 = y(x1 ) = y0 + 1! y0 + 2! y0 + 3! y0 + ...
18. Write down the modified Euler’s method for ordinary differential equations. [AU 2007]
Solution:

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
where xn = x0 + nh, y(xn ) = yn
19. State the difference between single step and multi step methods in solving ODE numerically?
KCG\S&H 43
Solution:
Euler and RK methods are single step methods, because they use only information from
the last step computed. But multistep methods use more than one past values to compute
the next value of y i.e., two or more step values are required for computation of the next.
dy
20. Write down the Euler algorithm to solve differential equation = f (x, y)
dx
Solution:
If x0 is the starting value,

y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
.. ..
. .
yn+1 = yn + hf (xn , yn )
KCG\S&H 44
PART B
Taylor series method
dy
1. Given = 1 + y 2 , y(0) = 0 by Taylor series method. Find the values of y at x = 0.2, x = 0.4
dx
and x = 0.6 [AU 2010]
2. Solve y ′ = x + y, y(0) = 1 by Taylor series method. Find the values of y at x = 0.1 and
x = 0.2 [AU 2005, 2006, 2010]
dy
3. Solve dx = x + y, y(0) = 1 by Taylor series method. Find y(1.1) and y(1.2) by Taylor series
method [AU 2010]
dy
4. Using Taylor series method, find y at x = 0.1 given dx = x2 − y, y(0) = 1 correct to 4 decimal
places.[AU 2000, 2006]
dy
5. Using Taylor method, find y(0.2) and y(0.4) given dx = 1 − 2xy, and y(0) = 1 by taking
h = 0.2 [AU 2011]
dy
6. Using Taylor series method solve dx = x2 − y, y(0) = 1 at x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 Also compare the
values with exact solution. correct to 4 decimal places.[AU 2012]
dy
7. Using Taylor series method find y at x = 0, if dx = x2 y − 1, y(0) = 1. [AU 2006, 2008]
8. Using Taylor series method find y(1.1) and y(1.2) correct to four places given y ′ = xy 1/3
[AU 2006]
9. Given y ′ = xy + y 2 , y(0) = 1, use Taylor series method to get the values of y(0.1), y(0.2) and
y(0.3). [AU 2009]
dy
10. Use Taylor series method to find y(0.1), y(0.2), given that dx = 3ex + 2y, y(0) = 0 correct to
4 decimal accuracy. [AU 2008, 2010]
Euler’s method and Modified Euler method
dy
1. Using Euler’s method, find y(0.2) and y(0.4) from dx = x + y, y(0) = 1 with h = 0.2
[AU 2001, 2010, 2012]
2. Apply modified Euler’s method to find y(0.2) and y(0.4) given y ′ = x2 + y 2 , y(0) = 1 by
taking h = 0.2 [AU 2007, 2010]
dy
3. Using modified Euler method find y(0.1) and y(0.2) given dx = x2 + y 2 , y(0) = 1 by taking
h = 0.2 [AU 2010, 2011]
dy
4. Solve dx = log10 (x + y), y(0) = 2 by Euler’s modified method and find the values of y(0.2),
y(0.4), and y(0.6) by taking h = 0.2 [AU 2007]
5. Using modified Euler’s method solve given that y ′ = y − x2 + 1, y(0) = 0.5 find y(0.2)
[AU 2003, 2006, 2012]
dy √
6. Given that dx = 2 + xy and y = 1 when x = 1. Find approximate value of y at x = 2 in
steps of 0.2, using Euler’s modified method. [AU 2004]
KCG\S&H 45
2x
7. Using Eulers modified method compute y(0.1) with h = 0.1 from y ′ = y − y , y(0) = 1.
[AU 2011]
8. Using modified Euler method solve, given that y ′ = 1 − y, y(0) = 0 find y(0.1), y(0.2) and
y(0.3). [AU 2005]
dy
9. Using Modified Euler’s method, find y(4.1) and y(4.2) if 5x dx +y 2 −2 = 0; y(4) = 1. [AU 2012]
R-K method
1. Given y ′′ + xy ′ + y = 0, y(0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 0 find the value of y(0.1) by R.K method of fourth
order.[AU 2007, 2013]
2. Consider the second order initial value problem y ′′ − 2y ′ + 2y = e2t sin t with y(0) = −0.4 and
y ′ (0) = −0.6. Using fourth order Runge-Kutta method, find y(0.2) [AU 2003]
3. Compute y(0.1) and y(0.2) by Runge-Kutta method of 4th order for the differential equation
dy 2
dx = xy + y , y(0) = 1 [AU 2006, 2011]
dy dz
4. Solve for y(0.1) and z(0.1) from the simultaneous differential equations dx = 2y+z; dx = y−3z;
y(0) = 0, z(0) = 0.5 using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order. [AU 2012]
5. Solve y ′′ = xy ′ − y given y(0) = 3, y ′ (0) = 0 to find the value of y(0.1), using RK-method of
order 4. [AU 2012]
dy y 2 −x2
6. Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order solve dx = y 2 +x2
with y(0) = 1 at x = 0.2, 0.4
[AU 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013]
7. Apply Runge-Kutta method to find approximate value of y for x = 0.2 in steps of 0.1 if
dy 2
dx = x + y given that y = 1 when x = 0. [AU 2008, 2010]
8. Find y(0.8) given that y ′ = y − x2 , y(0.6) = 1.739 by using Runge-Kutta method of fourth
order. Take h = 0.1 [AU 2000, 2012]
dy
9. Given that dx = x3 + y, y(0) = 2. Compute y(0.2), y(0.4), y(0.6) by Runge-Kutta method of
fourth order. [AU 2004]
dy y 2 −2x
10. Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order solve dx = y 2 +x
with y(0) = 1 find y at x = 0.2
taking h = 0.2 [AU 2009]
dy
11. Apply 4th order Runge-Kutta method to determine y(0.2) with h = 0.1 from dx = x2 + y 2 ,
y(0) = 1. [AU 2000]
Milne’s Predictor−Corrector Method
1. Solve y ′ = 21 (1 + x2 )y 2 , y(0) = 1, y(0.1) = 1.06, y(0.2) = 1.12, y(0.3) = 1.21. Compute y(0.4),
using Milne’s Predictor Corrector formula. [AU 2006, 2010]
2. Given 5xy ′ + y 2 = 2, y(4) = 1, y(4.1) = 1.0049, y(4.2) = 1.0097, y(4.3) = 1.0143 Compute
y(4.4) using Miline’s method. [AU 2004, 2007, 2010, 2011]
3. Solve y ′ = x − y 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, y(0) = 0, y(0.2) = 0.02, y(0.4) = 0.0795, y(0.6) = 0.1762 by

Milne’s method to find y(0.8) and y(1). [AU 1990, 2005, 2010]
KCG\S&H 46
4. Given y ′ = xy + y 2 , y(0) = 1, find y(0.1) by Taylor’s method, y(0.2) by Euler’s method, y(0.3)
by Runge-Kutta method and y(0.4) by Milne’s method. [AU 2003, 2006, 2008]
dy
5. Given dx = x3 + y, y(0) = 2. y(0.2) = 2.073, y(0.4) = 2.452, y(0.6) = 3.023. Compute y(0.8)
by Milne’s predictor-corrector method taking h = 0.2 [AU 2004, 2006]
dy
6. Given dx = x2 (1 + y) and y(1) = 1, y(1.1) = 1.233, y(1.2) = 1.548, y(1.3) = 1.979, evaluate
y(1.4) by Milne’s predictor corrector method. [AU 2009]
7. Using Milne’s predictor-corrector method, find y(0.2) given y ′ = xy(1 + y) given y(−0.2) =
1.0412, y(0) = 1.0108 and y(−0.1) = 1.0108 [AU 2009]
dy
8. Given the initial value problem dx = 21 (x + y), y(0) = 2, y(0.5) = 2.636, y(1) = 3.595,
y(1.5) = 4.968 find y(2) by Milne method. [AU 2000, 2009]
9. Given y ′ = x(x2 + y 2 )e−x , y(0) = 1, find y at x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 by Taylors series method
and compute y(0.4) by Milne’s method. [AU 2007]
Finite differences
1. Using finite differences solve the boundary value problem y ′′ + 3y ′ − 2y = 2x + 3,

y(0) = 2, y(1) = 1 with h = 2[2010]
2. Solve un+2 − 4un+1 + 4un = 2n .[2010]

d2 y
3. Solve the BVP − y = 0 with y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1, using finite difference method with
dx2
h = 0.2[2012]
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗∗
KCG\S&H 47

Syllabus Ma 8452 - Statistics and Numerical Methods

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SYLLABUS

MA 8452 - STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS

Sampling distributions - Estimation of parameters - Statistical hypothesis - Large sample tests

1. What you mean by test of hypothesis?

2. State the difference between parameter and statistic. [AU 2010]

3. Define power of a statistical test?

4. Define level of significance.

5. Define Type I error [2012, 2014]

6. Define Type II error [2012, 2014]

7. Define critical region.

8. Define statistical hypothesis

9. Define null hypothesis [AU 2012]

10. Define alternate hypothesis [AU 2012]

11. Define One tailed and Two-tailed test.

12. Define Large and small samples

13. State the application of t test

14. State the application of F test

15. State the application of Chi-square test [AU 2010]

1. It is used to test the goodness of fit.

2. It is used to test the independence of attributes.

3. To test the homogeneity of a given data.

2. The sample size should be reasonably large, ≥ 50.

3. The theoretical cell frequency should be atleast 5. If it is less than 5, it is combined

17. Define attribute

18. Define 2 × 2 contigency table.

Given n = 200, x̄ = 4.95, s2 = 0.21 and µ = 5

∴ |z| = 3.37 > 1.96 ∴ H0 is rejected.

Step 1. State the null hypothesis H0 .

Step 2. Decide the alternate hypothesis H1 .

Step 3. Choose the level of significance α(α = 5% or α = 1%)

1. State the basic principles of design of Experiments.[2014]

2. What is the aim of the design of experiments? [AU 2013]

3. What do you understand by "Design of Experiment"? [2013]

4. State the assumptions involved in ANOVA. [2012]

5. When do you apply ANOVA. [AU 2005]

9. State any two advantages of a CRD [AU 2014]

1. It has a simple layout.

2. There is complete flexibility as the number of replication is not fixed.

2. The shape of the experimental material should be rectangular.

11. Define RBD. [2012]

13. What is meant by Latin square? [AU 2010]

14. what are the advantages of LSD? [2012]

• The analysis of the design results in a three-way classification of analysis of variance.

• The analysis of remains relatively simple even with missing data.

• The analysis of the design is simple as it results in a two-way classification anaylsis of

16. What is the purpose of blocking in a randomized block design.[AU 2009]

18. Define 22 factorial design. [2013]

19. Define mean square. [AU 2007]

20. Why a 2 × 2 Latin square is not - possible? Explain.[AU 2006]

Block Yields(lbs per plot)

3. Carry out ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) for the following. [AU 2010]

4. Perform Latin Square Experiment for the following.[AU 2010]

Roam I II III → Three equally spaced

Analyse the experimental yield.

A 105 B 95 C 125 D 115

S 122 P 121 R 123 Q 122

Examine whether different method of cultivation have significatly different yields.

1. What is the order of convergence of Newton-Raphson method? [AU 2011]

2. Write down the condition for convergence of Newton-Raphson method