Edexcel Chemistry A-level

Topic 1 - Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

Flashcards

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What was stated in Dalton’s
atomic theory? (4)

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What was stated in Dalton’s atomic theory?

● Atoms are tiny particles made of elements

● Atoms cannot be divided
● All the atoms in a element are the same
● Atoms of one element are different to those of
other elements

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What did Thompson discover
about electrons? (3)

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What did Thompson discover about electrons?

● They have a negative charge

● They can be deflected by electromagnetic
fields
● They have very small mass

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Explain the current model of
the atom.

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Explain the current model of the atom

● Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus

● Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells
● The nucleus is tiny compared to the total volume of
atom
● Most of atom’s mass is in the nucleus
● Most of the atom is empty space between the nucleus
and the electrons
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What is the charge of a proton
and an electron?

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What is the charge of a proton and an electron?

Proton = +1
Electron = -1

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Which particle has the same
mass as proton?

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Which particle has the same mass as proton?

Neutron

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Which two particles make up
most of an atom’s mass?

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Which two particles make up most of atom’s mass?

Protons and neutrons

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What does the atomic number
show about an element?

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What does the atomic number tell about an element?

Atomic number = number of protons in

an atom

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How is mass number
calculated?

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How is mass number calculated?

Mass number = number of protons +

number of neutrons

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How to calculate the number
of neutrons?

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How to calculate the number of neutrons?

Number of neutrons = mass number -

atomic number

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Define the term, isotope.

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Define the term, isotope.

Atoms of the same element with different

number of neutrons and therefore
different mass number

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 Why do different isotopes of
the same element react in the
same way? (2)

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Why do different isotopes of the same element react in the same
way?

● Neutrons have no impact on the chemical

reactivity
● Reactions involve electrons, isotopes have
the same number of electrons in the same
arrangement
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Define relative atomic mass.

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Define relative atomic mass.

The weighted mean mass of an atom of

an element compared with one twelfth of
the mass of an atom of carbon -12

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Define relative isotopic mass.

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Define relative isotopic mass

The mass of an atom of an isotope

compared with one twelfth of the mass of
an atom of carbon-12

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The relative isotopic mass is
same as which number?

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The relative isotopic mass is same as which number?

Mass number

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 What two assumptions are
made when calculating mass
number?

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What two assumptions are made when calculating mass number?

1. Contribution of the electron is neglected

2. Mass of both proton and neutron is taken
as 1.0 u

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How to calculate the relative
molecular mass and relative
formula mass?

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How to calculate the relative molecular mass and relative formula
mass?

Both can be calculated by adding the

relative atomic masses of each of the
atom making up the molecule or the
formula
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What are the uses of mass
spectrometry? (3)

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What are the uses of mass spectrometry?

● Identify unknown compounds

● Find relative abundance of each isotope of an
element
● Determine structural information

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 +
What is the m/z value of the M ion

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What is the m/z value of the M+ ion

The m/z value of the M+ ion is the value of the

last peak - 72

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Complete this question...

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 What does the principal
quantum number indicate?

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What does the principal quantum number indicate?

The shell occupied by the electrons

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What is a shell?

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What is a shell?

A group of orbitals with the same

principal quantum number

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How many electrons can the
1st shell hold?

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How many electrons can the 1st shell hold?

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How many electrons can the
2nd shell hold?

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How many electrons can the 2nd shell hold?

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How many electrons can the
3rd shell hold?

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How many electrons can the 3rd shell hold?

18

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How many electrons can the
4th shell hold?

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How many electrons can the 4th shell hold?

32

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What is an orbital?

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What is an orbital?

A region around the nucleus that can

hold up to two electrons with opposite
spins

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How many electrons can an
orbital hold?

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How many electrons can an orbital hold?

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What are the 4 types of
orbitals?

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What are the 4 types of orbitals?

● s orbital
● p orbital
● d orbital
● f orbital

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What is the shape of a
s-orbital?

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What is the shape of a s-orbital?

Spherical

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What is the shape of a
p-orbital?

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What is the shape of a p-orbital?

Dumb-bell shape

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How many orbitals are found
in a S subshell?

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How many orbitals are found in a S subshell?

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How many electrons can be
held in a S subshell?

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How many electrons can be held in a S subshell?

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How many orbitals does P
subshell have?

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How many orbitals does P subshell have?

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How many electrons can be
held in a P subshell?

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How many electrons can be held in a P subshell?

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How many orbitals are present
in a D subshell?

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How many orbitals are present in a D subshell?

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How many electrons can be
held in a D subshell?

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How many electrons can be held in a d-sub shell?

10

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How many orbitals are found
in a F subshell?

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How many orbitals are found in a F subshell?

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How many electrons can fill F
subshell?

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How many electrons can fill F subshell?

14

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When using ‘electrons in box’
representation, what shape is
used to represent the
electrons?
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When using ‘electrons in box’ representation, what shape is used
to represent the electrons?

Arrows Image courtesy of wikibooks

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What letter used to represent
shell number?

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What letter is used to represent the shell number?

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From which shell onwards is S
orbital present?

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From which shell onwards is S orbital present?

n=1

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From which shell onwards is
P-orbital present?

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From which shell onwards is P orbital present?

n=2

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From which shell onwards is
D-orbital present?

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From which shell onwards is D orbital present?

n=3

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From which shell onwards is
F-orbital present?

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From which shell onwards is F orbital present?

n=4

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What are the rules by which
electrons are arranged in the
shell? (5)

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What are the rules by which electrons are arranged in a shell?

● Electrons are added one at a time

● Lowest available energy level is filled first
● Each energy level must be filled before the
next one can fill
● Each orbital is filled singly before pairing
● 4s is filled before 3d
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Why does 4s orbital fill before
3d orbital?

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Why does 4s orbital fill before 3d orbital?

4s orbital has a lower energy than 3d

before it is filled

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 What is the electron
configuration of krypton?

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What is the electron configuration of krypton?

2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p

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 How can the electron
configuration be written in
short?

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How can the electron configuration be written in short?

The noble gas before the element is

used to abbreviate
E.g Li → 1s22s1 ; Li → [He] 2s1

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 How are the elements
arranged in a periodic table?

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How is the group number related to the number of electrons?

Group number = number of electrons in

the outer shell

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What is a period on a periodic
table?

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What is a period on a periodic table?

The horizontal rows

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What is a group on a periodic
table?

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What is a group on a periodic table?

The vertical columns

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How is the group number
related to the number of
electrons?

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How are the elements arranged in a periodic table?

They are arranged in the order of

increasing atomic numbers

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 Does the group number
indicate horizontal or vertical
columns in the periodic table?

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Does the group number indicate horizontal or vertical columns in
the periodic table?

Vertical column

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What is meant by periodicity?

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What is meant by periodicity?

The repeating trends in chemical and

physical properties

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What change happens across
each period?

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What change happens across each period?

Elements change from metals to

non-metals

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Define first ionisation energy.

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Define first ionisation energy.

The energy required to remove a mole of

electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms
to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions
under standard conditions

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Write an equation for the first
ionisation energy of
magnesium.

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Write an equation for the first ionisation energy of magnesium

+ -
Mg(g) → Mg (g)
+e

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What are the factors that affect
ionisation energy?

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What are the factors that affect ionisation energy?

● Atomic radius
● Nuclear charge
● Electron shielding or screening

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Explain the trend on this graph.

Image courtesy of Creative Chemistry

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Explain the trend on this graph.
● First Ionisation energy increases across period 3 because of:
○ Increased nuclear charge
○ Decreased atomic radius
○ Same electron shielding
● This means more energy is needed to remove the first electron.
● Dips at Al because: outer electron is in a 3p orbital, higher energy than 3s
orbital → less energy needed to remove electron
● Dips at S because one 3p orbital contains two electrons → repulsion between
paired electrons → less energy needed to remove one
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 Why does first ionisation
energy decrease between
group 2 to 3?

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Why does first ionisation energy decrease between group 2 to 3 ?

● Decreases between 2 to 3 because in group 3

the outermost electrons are in p orbitals.
● Whereas in group 2 they are in s orbital, so
the electrons are easier to be removed.

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 Why does first ionisation
energy decrease between
group 5 to 6?

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Why does first ionisation energy decrease between group 5 to 6?

● The decrease between 5 to 6 is due to the

group 5 electrons in p orbital which are single
electrons.
● In group 6 the outermost electrons are spin
paired, with some repulsion.
● Therefore the electrons are slightly easier to
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Does first ionisation increase
or decrease between the end
of one period and the start of
next? Why?
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Does first ionisation increase or decrease between the end of one
period and the start of next? Why?

● Decrease
● There is increase in atomic radius
● Increase in electron shielding

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Does first ionisation increase
or decrease down a group?
Why?

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Does first ionisation increase or decrease down a group? Why?

● Decrease
● Shielding increases → weaker attraction
● Atomic radius increases → distance between the outer
electrons and nucleus increases → weaker attraction
● Increase in number of protons is outweighed by increase
in distance and shielding

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Describe the structure, forces
and bonding in every element
across period 2.

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Describe the structure, forces and bonding in every element across period 2

● Li & Be → giant metallic ; strong attraction between

positive ions and delocalised electrons ; metallic bonding
● B & C → giant covalent ; strong forces between atoms ;
covalent
● N2 ,O2 ,F2 ,Ne → simple molecular ; weak intermolecular
forces between molecules ; covalent bonding within
molecules and intermolecular forces between molecules

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Describe the structure, forces
and bonding in every element
across period 3.

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Describe the structure, forces and bonding in every element across period 3

● Na, Mg, Al → giant metallic ; strong attraction between

positive ions and delocalised electrons ; metallic bonding
● Si → giant covalent ; strong forces between atoms ;
covalent
● P4 , S8 , Cl2 , Ar → simple molecular ; weak intermolecular
forces between molecules ; covalent bonding within
molecules and intermolecular forces between molecules

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