Phil.

Lit - Syllabus

Week 1

Grading system
And intros and such

Week 2

intro of study of phil lit

def and importance of phil lit
figures of speech
literary forms
folk songs in the phil
- rich in folk songs (ating ku pung singsing, pamulinawen)
poetry (Biag [Buhay] ni Lam-Ang)

PRE-LIM EXAM (WRITTEN TEST)

Performance Task: Gonna dance folk dances and use of folk songs (2-3 groups)

Selections (Poem)

The Return
Validiction sa Hillcrest
What is Emotion
Legend of Mayon Volcano
How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife (Adaptation to a new environment)
Footnote to Youth (Early Marriage)

MIDTERM EXAM (WRITTEN TEST) [Can bargain to a short film - biag ni lam-ang in modern context] (3
groups)

Performance Task - Speech Choir – Hillcrest

~~~~

Chief Test Mourner – Kabet

Faith, Love, Time, and Doctor Lazaro - City Doctor who spends most of his time with the poor
Early Harvest - Japanese Invasion
Law in the corn husks

FINAL EXAM (TOEIC)

Peformance Task (Culmination Activity) - Variety Show that can invite audience in AVR/Gym

Tatlong Taon Walang Dyos - time during the japanese <- remind sir
Arts When a book or a certain kind of book reaches a certain
intensity of artistic performance, it becomes literature. It
 Highest expression done in an extra-ordinary way presents a high human condition and it has an enabling
 Anything that has beauty and creativity quality.
 Has style
 Has life Amador Daguio

Two Forms: Is the beautiful expression of man’s personal interpretation of

some aspect of human life, or a wording out of unique,
Natural Arts beautiful and personal manner.
 Anything that is part of nature Virginia Woolf (feminist)
 Anything made by God
 Possesses natural beauty It is strewn with the wreckage of men who have minded
beyond reason the opinion of others.
Artificial Arts
C.S. Lewis
 Anything done by man
It adds to reality. It does not simply describe (realism).
Examples:
Francisco O. Javines
Painting is the combination of brush strokes and hues.
Architecture deals with geometric designs and figures Develops a keener sensitiveness to life.
Sculpture is the use of chisel in carving
Roger Don S.J
Music is combinations of music, tone, and lyrics
Literature Can escape from reality, liberation from political oppression,
social injustice and economic inequality.
Literature
Ester Lombardi
 Comes from the word LITERA which means letter
 Mirror of one’s culture Creative writing -> technical writing -> scientific writing
 Collection of significant human experience (SHE)
Teofilo del Castillo & Buenaventura Medina
Qualities of a “Good Literature”:
Eternally burning flame
 Timeless – appreciate an old work
 Universal – written in other places Poetry
 Priceless – no equal amount could alter the quality
Aristotle
 Original
 Possesses Positive Values – (case-to-case basis) Poetry is finer and more philosophical than history

Divisions of Literature Edmund Burke

Prose – written in sentences and paragraph forms It is the art of substantiating shadows, and of lending
existence to nothing
Elements:
T.S. Eliot
 Character
 Characterization – creation and development Not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion
 Setting – where and when it takes place
 Theme – central idea/lesson Robert Frost
 Plot – events that occur in a story
When an emotion has found its thought and the thought has
 Conflict – struggle of the chara
found words
 Climax – point wherein the conflict peaked
 Imagery – author’s attempt to create a pic Khalil Gibran
 POV – if told by a chara/outsider
 Moral Lesson/Values Is a deal of joy and pain and wonder, with a dash of the
dictionary
Poetry – written in verse and stanzas form
John F. Kennedy
Introduction to Literature
When power corrupts, poetry cleanses
Raymond Chadler
James Russell Lowell
Something to make us wiser and better  Character
 Setting
Plato  Theme
Near to the vital truth than history  Point of View

Edgar Allan Poe Novel – a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically
representing character and action with degree of realism
The rhythmical creation of beauty in words
Novella – normally longer than a short story but shorter than
William Wordsworth a novel

Spontaneous overflow of a powerful feeling recollected in Non-Fiction – based from real life stories/reality
tranquility (history, news, journals, diaries, essay, editorial, character
sketch, biography, character sketches, autobiography)
Anonymous
Poetry – lines/verses and stanzas (either lyric, narrative,
an attempt of an author’s emotional and philosophical dramatic)
responses to himself and to his environment.
Elements:
Importance of Literature
Lyric Poetry – intended to/can be sung (Ibong
1. Helps us grow both personally and intellectually. Adarna, Florante at Laura, Bible(s), songs)
2. Links us with the world of which we are a part.
3. Enables us to transcend our immediate time, place, Song - a short poem set to music or meant
and culture. to be sung
4. Encourages us to build mature empathy with all forms
of life—human, animals, plants Sonnet – poem of 14 lines using any of a
5. Sharpens the sense of moral judgement number of formal rhyme schemes
6. Stimulates imagination and ingenuity. Elegy – poem of serious reflection, typically
7. Significance of irony, paradox, oxymoron, a lament for the dead
ambivalence
8. Allows to us to see the world in different vantage Ode – in a form of an address to a particular
points. subject
9. Relives history.
10. Reminds us that we are human beings. Narrative Poetry – intended to be told to people,
like a story
Literary Types and Forms
Ballad – narrating a story in short stanzas,
Forms: Oral/Spoken and Written Types: Prose, Poetry, Drama passed orally

Prose – written in sentences and paragraphs Metrical Romance – another term for
chivalric romance
Fiction – based on imagination (short stories,
legends, fairytales, parables, myths) Epic – a long poem, narrating the deeds and
adventures of heroic or legendary figures or
Myths – a traditional story, especially one concerning the the history of a nation
early history of a people or explaining some natural or social
phenomenon, typically involving supernatural beings or events. Dramatic Poetry – drama

Legends – a traditional story sometimes popularly regarded Dramatic Monologue - a poem in the form of a speech or
as historical but unauthenticated narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker
inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while
Parable – a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual describing a particular situation or series of events.
lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels
Soliloquy – an act of speaking one’s thought aloud
Fable – a short story, typically with animals as characters,
conveying a moral Drama – presentation acted on stage (tragedy, tragicomedy,
melodrama)
Fairy Tale – a children’s story about magical and imaginary
beings and lands Elements:

Short Story – a story with a fully developed theme but  Dialogue

significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novel  Plot
 Character
Elements:
Comedy (satirical, the comedy of manners, romantic,
 Plot
black, farce)
 Example: “Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I
need you to…”

5. Assonance – identity of similarity in sound between

Critical Approaches in Studying Literature internal vowels in neighboring sounds.
Reader-response Approach – establishes the interaction Example: How now, brown cow?
between the reader and the piece of literature
6. Euphemism – the substitution of an inoffensive term for
Marxism – focuses on class conflicts as well as class one considered offensively explicit.
distinctions by emphasizing social, economic, and political
inequalities as exemplified by the characters in a literary work Example: You’re an idiot. = You have an interesting
point of view.
Feminism – examines the subjugation of women in the
society and how they were personified in literature whether 7. Hyperbole – an extravagant statement; use of
independent or dependent, superior or inferior, strong or exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis.
weak, liberated or conservative, assertive or submissive,
uncompromising or accommodating, expressive or timid Example: You’re talking me to death.

Queer Theory – scrutinizes, problematizes, and criticizes the 8. Irony – use of words to convey the opposite of their
role of gender in literature literal meaning.

Formalism – focuses on the inherent features of a text Example: A pilot has fear of heights.

Historical-Biographical Approach – embraces the idea that 9. Metaphor – implied comparison between dissimilar things
text and author are inseparable, thus, in order to make sense that have something in common.
of the text, the reader must dig the author’s life history to Example: The girl was her light.
know what compelled him from writing the text
10. Onomatopoeia – words that imitate sounds.
Deconstruction – strives to exhibit that any text is not a
disconnected whole but contains numerous conflicting Example: The pitter patter of the drizzling rain calmed
meanings my nerves.

Moral/Intellectual Approach – concerns itself with the 11. Oxymoron – incongruous and/or contradictory terms
content and values of the text, that is, to determine if the text appear side by side.
is significant in the reader’s well-being—making them become
better persons and helping them understand the world Example: She let out a silent scream when her friend
surprised her inside the theater.
Seven Literary Standards
12, Paradox – statement that appears to contradict itself.
1. Artistry
2. Intellectual Value Example: This is the beginning of the end.
3. Suggestiveness
13. Personification – an inanimate object or abstraction is
4. Spiritual Value
endowed with human qualities or abilities.
5. Universality
6. Style Example: He closed his eyes as the gentle morning
7. Nobelty breeze brushes his face.

Figures of Speech 14. Pun – a play on words.

1. Alliteration – the repetition of an initial consonant sound. Example: The horse was very “stable”.

Example: She sells seashells by the seashore. 15. Simile – stated comparison (formed with like or as) with
fundamentally dissimilar things.
2. Anaphora – the repetition of the same word or phrase at
the beginning of successive clauses or verses Example: Ponkan was white as sheet when she left
the haunted house.
Example: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at
the wrong time on the wrong day. 16. Understatement – writer/speaker deliberately makes a
situation seem less important or serious than it is.
3. Antithesis – juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in
balanced phrases. Example: As she saw the flood was until her waist,
she deadpanned. “Looks like it rained a bit last night.”
Example: Many are called, but few are chosen.
17. Allusion – is a brief and indirect reference to a person,
4. Apostrophe – directly addressing a non-existent person
place, thing or idea
or an inanimate object as though it were a living being.
 Example: “Don’t act like a Romeo in front of me.” There was a young woman named Ines Kannoyan whom Lam-
ang wanted to woo.  She lived in Calanutian and he brought
18. Ellipses – is the omission of a word/words (prevents along his white rooster and gray dog to visit her. On the way,
redundancy). Lam-ang met his enemy Sumarang, another suitor of Ines
whom he fought and readily defeated.
Example: John can speak seven languages, but Ron
can only speak two (languages).
Lam-ang found the house of Ines surrounded by many suitors
19. Metonymy – use of a linked term to stand in for an object all of whom were trying to catch her attention.  He had his
or concept. rooster crow, which caused a nearby house to fall.  This made
Ines look out. He had his dog bark and in an instant, the fallen
Example: Pen is mightier than the sword.
house rose up again. The girl’s parents witnessed this and
. called for him. The rooster expressed the love of Lam-ang. The
parents agreed to a marriage with their daughter if Lam-ang
Epic – is a narrative poetry that was spread through mouth would give them a dowry valued at double their wealth. Lam-
ang had no problem fulfilling this condition and he and Ines
Biag ni Lam-ang were married.

A long narrative poetry written by Pedro Bucaneg

It was a tradition to have a newly married man swim in the
Manuel Arsemo attributed the epic to Father Herardo Blanco. river for the rarang fish. Unfortunately, Lam-ang dove straight
Publicist – Isabelo de los Reyes, friend of Father. into the mouth of the water monster Berkakan. Ines had
Marcos get his bones, which she covered with a piece of cloth.
More or less 2,000 verse. His rooster crowed and his dog barked and slowly the bones
started to move. Back alive, Lam-ang and his wife lived happily
Crisologo Houses (the huge space on the first floor) – Palayok
ever after with his white rooster and gray dog.
<- their main product once, they make it there and receive
guests too.

Traditions in this story:

 When the father was decapitated and showed his

head (it’s said that this was a sign of respect).
 The search for his father and bring back the remains
when his father was found dead (a sign of bravery).
 The giving of dowry (the payment of the husband to
their wife’s parents).

Summary:

Don Juan and his wife Namongan lived in Nalbuan, now part of
La Union in the northern part of the Philippines. They had a
son named Lam-ang. Before Lam-ang was born, Don Juan
went to the mountains in order to punish a group of their
Igorot enemies. While he was away, his son Lam-ang was
born. It took four people to help Namongan give birth. As soon
as the baby boy popped out, he spoke and asked that he be
given the name Lam-ang. He also chose his godparents and
asked where his father was.

After nine months of waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang

decided he would go look for him. Namongan thought Lam-
ang was up to the challenge but she was sad to let him go.

During his exhausting journey, he decided to rest for a while.

He fell asleep and had a dream about his father’s head being
stuck on a pole by the Igorot. Lam-ang was furious when he
learned what had happened to his father. He rushed to their
village and killed them all, except for one whom he let go so
that he could tell other people about Lam-ang’s greatness.

Upon returning to Nalbuan in triumph, he was bathed by

women in the Amburayan river. All the fish died because of the
dirt and odor from Lam-ang’s body.
 The Return
(Edith Tiempo)

(Youthful)

If the dead years could shake their skinny legs and run;
As once he had circled this house in thirty counts;
He would go through this door among these old friends and
they would not shun;
Him and the tales he would tell, tales that would bear more
than the spare;
Testimony of willed wit and his grey hairs;
He would enter among them, the fatted meat about his mouth,
As he told of how he had lived on strange boats on strange
waters;
Of stratagems with lean sly winds,
Of the times death went coughing like a sick man on the
motors,
Their breaths would rise hot and pungent as the lemon rinds,
In their cups and sniff at the odors,
Of his past like dogs at dried bones behind a hedge,
And he would live in the whispers and locked heads.

(childhood)

Wheeling around and around and turning back was where he

started;
The turn to the pasture, a swift streak under a boy’s running;
The swing, up a few times and he had all the earth he wanted;
The tower trees, and not so tall as he had imagined;

(Old Age)

The rocking chair on the porch, you pushed it and it started

rocking;
Rocking, and abruptly stopped. He, too, stopped in the
doorway, chagrined
He would go among them but he would not tell, he could be
smart.
He, an old man cracking bones of his embarrassment apart.

What is Emotion
(Tita Lacambra-Ayala)

Swoop – to descend quickly and suddenly with a sweeping

movement

Fiercely – aggressively

Carrion – something that is decaying or disgusting

Impassive – expressionless; showing no outward sign or

emotion, especially on the face

Grudge – to allow, to do something reluctantly

Wily – skilled at using clever tricks