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Buenasher Learning Academy Inc.: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

This document contains information about heredity and genetics. It discusses DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, and genetic disorders caused by chromosomal abnormalities. The key concepts covered include the central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, the three main types of RNA, and genetic disorders resulting from gains or losses of chromosome material like Down's syndrome and Turner's syndrome.

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Maam Elle Cruz
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65 views4 pages

Buenasher Learning Academy Inc.: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

This document contains information about heredity and genetics. It discusses DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, and genetic disorders caused by chromosomal abnormalities. The key concepts covered include the central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, the three main types of RNA, and genetic disorders resulting from gains or losses of chromosome material like Down's syndrome and Turner's syndrome.

Uploaded by

Maam Elle Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BUENASHER LEARNING ACADEMY INC.

Km.39 Cityland Ave., Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Name of Learner: ____________________________ Grade/Section: _________


Date: __________________ Quarter: _________

HEREDITY: INHERITANCE and VARIATION


You learned in Grade 9 that many genes in plants and animals behave differently than the
genes that Mendel studied in peas, where traits are not entirely controlled by dominant and
recessive genes. You also learned how the genes in your deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) influence
your characteristics.

Now, you will work on activities to assess your understanding on the structure of the DNA,
explain how DNA replication takes place, how ribonucleic acid (RNA) is made using the
information from DNA, how information in some genes is translated into proteins, and explain
how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.

Many investigations of how the genes control cells were done even before scientists first
knew that genes were made of DNA. The American geneticists George Beadle and Edward
Tatum established the connection between genes and enzymes. The experiments of Beadle and
Tatum linked genes to actual products of cells and showed the importance of genes to cellular
activity. In other words, a gene is a portion of DNA that contains the instructions for the synthesis
of specific RNA or protein.

Building a house usually requires a blueprint, or a plan of the structure of the house to
determine how it would look like after construction. Organisms have blueprints which contain
information that will determine their physical and chemical characteristics. This blueprint is DNA.

Component molecules
1. The DNA molecule is composed of three
types of component molecule: phosphate
group, the sugar deoxyribose, and the bases
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine (A, T, C,
G).

Nucleotides
2. There are three molecules that form the
basic building block of DNA, the nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is composed of one
phosphate group, one sugar molecule, and
one of the four bases – in the example. Across
the strands of the helix, A always pairs with T, Figure 1. DNA Structure
and G with C.

Ribonucleic Acid, like DNA, is a nucleic acid.


However, RNA structure differs from DNA
structure in three ways, shown in Figure 2.
First, RNA is single stranded – whereas DNA
is double stranded. Second, the sugar in RNA
is ribose; DNA has deoxyribose. Finally, both
DNA and RNA contain four nitrogenous bases,
but instead of thymine, RNA contains a similar
base called uracil (U). The uracil pairs with
adenine. The major types of RNA include:
messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA
(rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
Figure 2. RNA Structure
KEY CONCEPTS:
• A DNA is a double helix molecule composed of complementary strands of
deoxyribonucleotides units. The complementary base pairs of the DNA are held by
hydrogen bonds.
• RNA is single stranded.
• Examples of RNA types include: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
• In DNA, adenine always bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine. In RNA,
adenine bonds with uracil, and cytosine bonds with guanine.

• Replication

• In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick worked out that DNA is double helix like a twisted
staircase. The two sugar-phosphate backbones make up the sides and the base pairs make
up the rungs or steps of the twisted staircase.
•
• Deoxyribonucleic acid is copied during interphase prior to mitosis and meiosis. It is important
that new copies are exactly like the original molecule. The structure of the DNA provides a
mechanism for making accurate copies of the molecule. The process of making copies of
DNA is called replication. When DNA replicates, two identical copies of DNA molecules are
produced, which are exactly the same as the original.

KEY CONCEPTS:
• The sequence of nucleotides in DNA directs the order of nucleotides in messenger RNA in
a process called transcription.
• There are three major types of RNA that help build proteins: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
• The mRNA carries the information in DNA to the ribosomes found in the cytoplasm.

TRANSLATION

The DNA directs the production of proteins and determines the formation of mRNA. The
order of bases of mRNA determines the protein synthesized.

Proteins control the activities of the cell, as well as so the life of the entire organism. But
how does DNA make a unique protein that will perform a special function? Would you like to
find out how the message of the mRNA is translated to proteins?

Work on the next activity to demonstrate the process of translation.


Abnormalities in chromosomal structure may occur during meiosis. The normal process
of crossing-over and recombination may be affected, such that chromosomes break and
reunite the wrong segments. If there is a loss or gain of chromosomal material, there can be
significant clinical consequences.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Changes that affect the structure of chromosomes can cause problems with growth,
development, and function of the body’s systems. These changes can affect many genes along
the chromosome and disrupt the proteins made from these genes. Structural changes can
occur during the formation of egg or sperm cells in fetal development, or in any cell after birth.
Pieces of DNA can be rearranged within one chromosome or transferred between two or more
chromosomes.

The effects of structural changes depend on their size and location, and whether any
genetic material is gained or lost. Some changes cause medical problems, while others may
have no effect on a person’s health.
The gain or loss of chromosome material can lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Human
examples are the following on the next page:
Identify the following disorders in chromosomes:

1. “Cri du chat” is caused by


2. Down’s syndrome is usually caused by

3. Edwards syndrome

4. Jacobsen syndrome

5. Klinefelter’s syndrome

6. Turner’s syndrome

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the genetic material of organisms. A DNA is a double helix molecule composed of two
complementary strands of deoxyribonucleotides units. The complementary base pairs of the DNA are held by hydrogen
bonds.

• The central dogma of the transfer of genetic information states that the sequence involved in the expression of hereditary
characteristics is from DNA to RNA to proteins.

• Genes are segments of DNA that may code for RNA or proteins.

• Most sequences of three bases in the DNA of a gene code for a single amino acid in a protein.

• Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
(mRNA).
•
There are three major types of RNA in the cell and their functions:

The mRNA carries the information from DNA to the ribosomes.


The tRNA translates the genetic message carried by the mRNA through protein synthesis.
The rRNA forms the structural component of the ribosome.

REFERENCES: EXPERIENCING SCIENCE 10

Chapter 6: GENETICS pages 155-169

Jason S. Madamba (Author)

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