Lecture Notes On Basic Physics: Compiled By: Chibuikem N. Okeke
Lecture Notes On Basic Physics: Compiled By: Chibuikem N. Okeke
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE 3
1.0. Introduction to Physics 3
1.1. Branches of Physics 4
1.2. Scientific Methods 4
CHAPTER TWO 6
2.0. MEASUREMENTS 6
2.1. Fundamental quantities and fundamental units 6
2.2. Derived quantities and derived units 6
2.3. Scalar quantities 7
2.4. Vector quantities 7
CHAPTER THREE 8
3.0. MOTION 8
3.1. Position, Distance and Displacement 8
3.2. Speed and Velocity 8
3.3. Acceleration 8
3.4. Force (F) 9
3.5. Friction 9
3.6. Work (W) 9
3.7. Energy 10
3.8. Newton's Laws of Motion 10
3.9. Power (P) 10
CHAPTER FOUR 11
4.0. Wave and Types 11
4.1. Classification of Waves 11
4.2. Wave Terms 11
4.3. Properties of waves 12
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
CHAPTER ONE
Physics is a science that deals with the structure of matter and the
interactions between the fundamental constituents of the observable
universe. In the broadest sense, physics (from the Greek physikos) is
concerned with all aspects of nature on both the macroscopic and
submicroscopic levels. Its scope of study encompasses not only the behaviour
of objects under the action of given forces but also the nature and origin of
gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields Physics, science that
deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between the
fundamental constituents of the observable universe. In the broadest sense,
physics (from the Greek physikos) is concerned with all aspects of nature on
both the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels. Its scope of study
encompasses not only the behaviour of objects under the action of given
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
forces but also the nature and origin of gravitational, electromagnetic, and
nuclear force fields.
Classical physics are the fundamental areas of physics upon which other
phenomena in physics were built. They are the background areas of physics.
Examples of such areas of physics are: Mechanics, Principles of
Electromagnetism, Thermodynamics, Electricity, Magnetism, etc.
Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck
in quantum theory and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. It is a
development from the classical branch of Physics. Modern physics covers such
areas as: Astrophysics, Nuclear physics, Geophysics, Neurophysics, etc.
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
CHAPTER TWO
2.0. MEASUREMENTS
Fundamental quantities are the basic quantities that are independent of the
other quantities. Fundamental units are units upon which other units are
formed. The seven basic fundamental quantities with their corresponding
units are:
Time (second)
Length (metre)
Mass (kilogram)
Electric current (ampere)
Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)
Amount of substance (mole)
Luminous intensity (candela)
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
Physical quantities are further divided into two when considering magnitude
and direction. They are: Scalar and vector quantities.
A quantity that has magnitude but no particular direction is described as
scalar. A quantity that has magnitude and acts in a particular direction is
described as vector.
Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. For example, 11 m east
and 15 ms-1 at 30° to the horizontal are both vector quantities.
Vector qualities include: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight,
momentum.
Vector quantities change when:
Their magnitude changes
Their direction changes
Their magnitude and direction both change
The difference between scalar and vector quantities is an important one
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. MOTION
3.3. Acceleration
This is the rate of change of velocity with time. The S.I. unit of acceleration is
Meters per square second
Acceleration (a) = (v - u)/t
Where v = final velocity, u = initial velocity
When velocity increases with time, it is known as Acceleration while when it
decreases with time, it is known as Deceleration.
Example
A car moves from a velocity of 20ms-1 to a velocity of 30ms-1 in 5 seconds.
What is the average acceleration? Ans = 2ms-2
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
Examples:
1. A naval ship travelling at 15m/s accelerates uniformly at 2m/s2 for 15s.
Find the distance travelled in this time. Ans = 450m
2. A car travels with a velocity of 5m/s. It then accelerates uniformly and
travels a distance of 50 m. If the velocity reached is 15m/s, find the
acceleration and the time to travel this distance. Ans = 2m/s2.
There are two types of forces - contact force and force feild
Contact forces require a touch or contact with the body to which they are
applied eg. Friction push, pull
Force fields do not require contact with the body to which they are applied eg.
Gravitation, electric and magnetic force.
3.5. Friction
Friction is a force which acts at the surface of separation between two objects
in contact and tends to oppose the motion of one over the other.
Walking is only possible through friction, car wheels move freely on the road
by the principle of friction also.
Friction leads to wear and tear on moving parts of machines, loss of energy in
machines and heating of engines.
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
3.7. Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work. Unit is Joule. There are many forms of
energy such as mechanical, heat, light, atomic energy, etc. Under mechanics,
we focus on Mechanical energy.
Mechanical energy is classified into two - Potential and Kinetic energy
Examples
1. Find the potential energy of a boy of mass 10kg standing on a building floor
10m above the ground level. Ans = 1000J
2. An object of mass 5kg is moving at a constant velocity of 15m/s. Calculate
its kinetic energy.
Ans = 562.5J
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
CHAPTER FOUR
Medium of propagation
Mechanical waves eg. Sound and water waves require a medium through
which to travel, while electromagnetic waves eg. light, radio and x-rays do
not require a medium and can be propagated through a vacuum.
Direction of travel
Transverse waves eg. Water, light and radio waves are waves which travel
perpendicularly to the direction of the vibrations producing the waves while
Longitudinal waves eg. Sound waves travel in a direction parallel to the
vibrations of the medium.
The high point of a transverse wave is a called the crest, and the low point is
called the trough. For longitudinal waves, the compressions and rarefactions
are analogous to the crests and troughs of transverse waves. The distance
between successive crests or troughs is called the wavelength. The height of a
wave is the amplitude. How many crests or troughs pass a specific point
during a unit of time is called the frequency. The velocity or speed of a wave
can be expressed as the wavelength multiplied by the frequency
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Lecture Notes on Basic Physics C. N. OKEKE
Reflection: This is the change in the direction of waves when they hit an
obstacle. All waves undergo reflection.
Refraction: This is the change in the speed and direction of waves as they
cross the boundary between two media of different densities. A refracted
wave makes two angles – angle of incidence (i) and angle of refraction (r).
Interference: This is the effect produced when two waves of same frequency,
amplitude and wavelength, travelling in the same direction in a medium are
superposed as they simultaneously pass through a given point. Interference
can either be constructive or destructive.
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