ISSN 2278-5612

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RRB’s IN INDIA

Kanika, Nancy
Assistant Professor, Rayat Bahra Institute of Management, Hoshiarpur(Punjab),India.
[email protected]
Assistant Professor, Lovely Professional University,Phagwara(Punjab),India
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
The rapid expansion of RRB has helped in reducing substantially the regional disparities in respect of banking facilities in
India. The efforts made by RRB in branch expansion, deposit mobilization, rural development and credit deployment in
weaker section of rural areas are appreciable. RRB successfully achieve its objectives like to take banking to door steps of
rural households particularly in banking deprived rural area, to avail easy and cheaper credit to weaker rural section who
are dependent on private lenders, to encourage rural savings for productive activities, to generate employment in rural
areas and to bring down the cost of purveying credit in rural areas. The increase in the number of NPA’s and the problem
of recovery has necessitated the need to study the financial performance of RRBs. The main objective is to study the
growth-pattern and financial performance of Regional Rural Banks in India. The study conducted is descriptive in nature
and data is collected from published annual reports of RBI and NABARD for the period 2006-2012. The study has
witnessed positive impact on the financial performance of RRB’s due to amalgamation and various other factors.
Keywords: Regional Rural Banks, Deposit Mobilisation, Credit Deployment, RBI, NABARD

Academic Discipline And Sub-Disciplines

Management

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION
Regional Rural Banks

TYPE (METHOD/APPROACH)
Descriptive and data is collected through published annual reports of RBI.

Council for Innovative Research

Peer Review Research Publishing System

Journal: International Journal of Management & Information Technology

Vol.4, No.2
[email protected]
www.cirworld.com, member.cirworld.com

237 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

INTRODUCTION
The history of Regional Rural Banks in India dates back to the year 1975. It’s the Narasimham committee that
conceptualized the foundation of Regional Rural Banks in India. The committee felt the need of regionally oriented rural
banks’ that would address the problems and requirements of the rural people in India. Regional Rural Banks were
established under the provisions of an Ordinance promulgated on the 26thSeptember 1975 and the RRB Act, 1975 with
an objective to ensure sufficient institutional credit for agriculture and other rural sectors. The RRBs mobilize financial
resources from rural/semi-urban areas and grant loans and advances mostly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural
laborers and rural artisans. For the purpose of classification of bank branches, the Reserve bank of India defines rural
area as a place with a population of less than 10,000.RRBs are jointly owned by Government of India, the concerned
State Government and Sponsor Banks; the issued capital of a RRB is shared by the owners in the proportion of50%, 15%
and 35% respectively. The first five RRBs were set up in five States in Haryana, West Bengal, Rajasthan, with one each
and two in Uttar Pradesh, which were sponsored by different commercial banks.
RRBs are commercial banks but they adopt some of the principles of cooperatives such allocation in areas, work for rural
population in a limited area etc. Thus they are hybrid institutes. RRBs operate under the control of two institutions, the
National Agricultural Bank and Rural Development (NABARD) and Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Rural banking in India
started since the establishment of banking sector in India. Rural Banks in those days mainly focussed upon the agro
sector. Regional rural banks in India penetrated every corner of the country and extended a helping hand in the growth
process of the country SBI has 30 Regional Rural Banks in India known as RRBs. The rural banks of SBI are spread in 13
states extending from Kashmir to Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh to North East. The total number of SBIs Regional
Rural Banks in India branches is 2349 (16%). Till date in rural banking in India, there are 14,475 rural banks in the country
of which 2126 (91%) are located in remote rural areas.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

It covers all RRBs working in India. The study covers a specific period from 2006-07 to 2011-12 i.e. after globalization and
amalgamation. There is macro evaluation of performance of all the RRBs in India. This study is an extention of the
previous work done by some research scholars where the time period is taken upto 2010-2011.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To study the growth-pattern of Regional Rural Banks in India.
 To analyze the financial performance of RRBs.
 To know the credit distribution and credit- deposit ratio.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

1. Information from NABARD and RBI was difficult to be obtained.
2. Accuracy of the data cannot be granted because all the data is taken from internet from the site of
NABARD and RBI.
3. Interpretation is subjective, as the different people may interpret the same analysis in different ways.
The study don’t cover all the issues of RRBs because of time constraint but an attempt is made to cover all the important
issues in this study

REVIEW OF LITERATURE :
Robson William B. P., Bergevin Philippe (2012) : This study argues that Canada’s federal government, which
began issuing real-return bonds (RRBs) in 1991, should issue more RRBs of more types than it currently plans to do.
Issuing more RRBs would not only better satisfy existing demand from investors, it has the potential to spur the
development of other price-indexed instruments. Experience elsewhere suggests that more federal RRBs could
encourage other entities to issue price-indexed debt, and would let intermediaries provide such products as inflation-linked
annuities, thus providing more Canadian savers with protection against intentional or accidental inflation.
Soni kumar Anil, Kapre Abhay(2012): have analysed the financial performance of RRBs in India during the period
2006-07 to 2010-2011. The present study is the extention of the work done by them. They had analysed the performance
using various key performance indicators such as number of banks, branches, loans, advances etc. and concluded a
positive impact on the performance of RRBs.
Ibrahim Syed (2010): The study was carried out on the topic “Performance Evaluation of Regional Rural Banks in
India”. In this study, it was concluded that RRBs in India showed a remarkable performance in the post-merger period.
Khankhoje Dilip and Sathye Milind (2008): The study has analysed to measure the variation in the performance in
terms of productive efficiency of RRBs in India and to assess if the efficiency of these institutions has increased post-
restructuring in 1993-94 or not.
Jasvir S. Sura (2008) The study shows that the overall position of RRBs in India is not quite encouraging. The poor
credit-deposit ratio is still making dent on the improval functioning of RRBs. Since the RRB is supposed to be a bank for
poor people, it's presence in all the states of country especially in underdeveloped States can make things better. The
government should spread the branches of RRBs at grass root level to provide such banking service to the really needy

238 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

rural people. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the bank management and the sponsored bank to take corrective
measures to raise the credit-deposit ratio of the bank that would make RRBs relevant in the rural India.
Nitin and Thorat (2004)The study has provided a penetrating analysis as to how constraints in the institutional
dimension have seriously impraied the governess of the RRBs. They have argued that perverse institutional arrangements
that gave rise to incompatible incentive structures for key shareholders such as political leaders, policy makers, bank staff
and clients have acted as constraints on their performance. The lackluster performance of RRBs during the last two
decades, according to the authors can be largely attributed to their lack of commercial orientation. An appropriate
restructuring stategy would require identifying the problems leading to the non- satisfactory performance of the RRBs.
Chavan and Pallavi (2004) The study has examined the growth and regional distribution of rural banking over the
period 1975-2002. Chavan’s paper documents the gains made by historical underprivileged region of east, northeast and
central part of India during the period of social and development banking. These gains were reversed in the 1990s:
cutbacks in rural branches in rural credit deposits ratios were the steepest in the eastern and northeastern states of India.
Policies of financial liberalization have unmistakably worsened regional inequalities in rural banking in India.
Goddard et al. (2004)The study has given the nature of banking business, the need for risk management is of crucial
importance for a bank’s financial health. Risk management is a reflection of the quality of the assets with a bank and
availability of liquidity with it. During periods of uncertainty and economic slowdown, banks may prefer a more diversified
portfolio to avoid adverse selection and may also raise their liquid holdings in order to reduce risk.
Sinha (2003)The study of 5 RRBs have found that non-priority sector advances increased sharply in the second -half of
the 1990s for all the sample banks. Of these 4 banks have a significant 25 percent of their portfolio invested in non-priority
sector loans. The interviewed RRB managers aggree that this was a deliberate strategy to improve viability. Non-priority
sector advances are mostly collaterlized and therefore carry low risk, they are generally market-based and of a higher
value extended to higher incom clients or a low income clients through deposit and jewelry linked loans.
NABARD (2002)Study has shown RRBs viability, which was conducted by Agriculture Finance Corporation in 1986 on
behalf of NABARD. The study revealed that viability of Regional Rural Banks was essentially dependent upon the fund
management straregy, margin between resource mobility and their deployment and on the control exercised on current
and future cost with advances. The study further concluded that RRBs incurred losses due th defects in their systems and
as such, there was no need to rectify these and make them viable. The main suggestions of the study included
improvement in infrastructure facilities and opening of branches by commercial bank in such area where regional rural
banks are already in operations.
Malhotra (2002) The issue whether location matters for the performance has been addressed in some detail by
Considering 22 different parameters that impact on the functioning of RRBs for the year 2000, Malhotra asserts that
geographical location of RRBs is not the limiting factor for their performance. He further finds that ‘it is the specific
nourishment which each RRB receives from its sponsor bank, is cardinal to its performance’. In other words, the umbilical
cord had its effect on the performance of RRBs. The limitation of the study is that the financial health of the sponsor bank
was not considered directly to infer about the umbilical cord hypothesis.
Naidu L. K. (1998),This study on Regional Rural Banks taking a sample of 48 beneficiaries as rural artisans in
Cuddapah districh of Andhra Pardesh under Royal Seen Gramin Bank. In this study, it was conducted that the
beneficiaries were able to find an increase in their income because of the finance provided by bank.
(Millerand Noulas, 1997). According to this study credit risk is found to have a negative impact on profitability. This
result may be explained by taking into account the fact that more the financial institutions are exposed to high-risk loans;
the higher is the accumulation of unpaid loans implying that these loan losses have produced lower returns to many
commercial banks.
Prakash A. K. Jai (1996) A study with the objective of analyzing the role of RRBs in Economic Development and
revealed that RRBs have been playing a vital role in the field of rural development. Moreover, RRBs were more efficient in
disbursal of loans to the rural borrowers as compared to the commercial banks. Support from the state Governments, local
participation, and proper supervision of loans and opening urban branches were some steps recommended to make RRBs
further efficient.
Kumar Raj (1993)The study has carried out on the topic “Growth and Performance of RRBs in Haryana”. On the basis
of the study of RRBs of Haryana, it is found that there was an enormous increase in deposits and outstanding advances.
The researcher felt the need to increase the share capital and to ensure efficient us of distribution channels of finance to
beneficiaries.
The Committee on Financial Systems, 1991 (Narasimham Committee) The study has shown stress on the
poor financial health of the RRBs to the exclusion of every other performance indicator. 172 of the 196 RRBs were
recorded unprofitable with an aggregate loan recovery performance of 40.8 percent. (June 1993). The low equity base of
these banks (paid up capital of Rs. 25 lakhs) didn't cover for the loan losses of most RRBs. In the case of a few RRBs,
there had also been an erosion of public deposits, besides capital. In order to impart viability to the operations of RRBs,
the Narasimham Committee suggested that the RRBs should be permitted to engage in all types of banking business and
should not be forced to restrict their operations to the target groups, a proposal which was readily accepted. This
recommendation marked a major turning point in the functioning of RRBs.
Kalkundarickars (1990), A study has been conducted on performance and growth of Regional Rural Banks in
Karnataka found that these banks had benefied the beneficiaries in raising their income , productivity, employments, and
use of modern practices and rehabilitate the rural artisans.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

239 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

A research methodology has a specified framework for collecting the data in an effective manner. Research methodology
means a “defining a problem, defining the research objectives, developing the research plan, collecting the information,
analyzing the information and presentation of findings.”
Problem Definition:
Importance of defining a problem can be judged from the fact that unless a problem has been defined, it is very difficult to
point out/decide whether or not the research work has been useful in helping the researcher understand all the nuances of
the situation resulting in a hazy understanding of the situation.
The problem for present study can be clearly and precisely stated as follows:
“Financial Performance Evaluation of RRBs in India”
Research design:
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to
combine relevance research purpose with economy in procedure.
Research design is Descriptive in nature. The aim of the study is to find out the financial performance Evaluation
of Regional Rural banks in India. The study has been taken up for the period 2006-2012.
Data collection method:
Data for this study is gathered mainly from secondary sources, that is from the published annual reports of RBI for the
financial year ended 2006 to 2012
Statistical Tools & Techniques
Various tools are used to analyze the data tools like charts, percentage method, ratio analysis etc. is used to find out the
results.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Table No. 1: Growth of RRBs in India
(As at end-March)
Years No. Of RRBs No. Of Branches No. Of District Covered
1980 85 3279 144
1981 107 4795 182
1982 124 6191 214
1983 150 7795 265
1984 173 10245 307
1985 188 12606 333
1986 194 12838 351
1987 196 13353 363
1988 196 13920 369
1989 196 14079 369
1990 196 14443 372
1991 196 14527 381
1992 196 14539 392
1993 196 14543 398
1994 196 14542 408
1995 196 14509 425
1996 196 14497 427
1997 196 14461 427
1998 196 14475 451
1999 196 14499 454
2000 196 14301 457
2001 196 14311 476
2002 196 14350 487
2003 196 14311 495
2004 196 14446 518
2005 196 14446 523
2006 133 14446 524
2007 96 14526 534
2008 91 14761 594

240 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

2009 86 15158 617

2010 82 15480 618
2011 82 16001 620
2012 82 16914 N.A.
N.A.: Not Available
Sources: RRBs key statistics 2011-12, NABARD, Mumbai
Table 1. depicts a sharp increase in the number of banks which went up to 107, covering 182 districts with a branch
network of 4795 in the year 1981.it is also cleared from the table that in each successive year, the number of RRBs
districts covered and number of branches had significantly increased. As on 31 march 2004, 196 RRBs were operating in
India with 518 districts covered and 14446 number of branches.
Till in 2007 the total number of RRBs bringing down in the country from 133 to 96 only. And at the end of 31 march, 2012,
the number of RRBs are 82, with 16914 branches.
Table No. 2 Geographical Distribution of RRBs
Sr. No. Name of State No. Of RRBs
1 Andhra Pradesh 5
2 Arunachal Pradesh 1
3 Assam 2
4 Bihar 4
5 Chhattisgarh 3
6 Gujarat 3
7 Haryana 2
8 Himachal Pradesh 2
9 Jammu & Kashmir 2
10 Jharkhand 2
11 Karnataka 6
12 Kerala 2
13 Madhya Pradesh 8
14 Maharashtra 3
15 Manipur 1
16 Meghalaya 1
17 Mizoram 1
18 Nagaland 1
19 Orissa 5
20 Punjab 3
21 Rajasthan 6
22 Tamil Nadu 2
23 Tripura 1
24 Uttar Pradesh 10
25 Uttaranchal 2
26 West Bengal 3
27 Pondicherry 1
All India 82
Sources: RRBs key statistics, NABARD, Mumbai(31 March, 2012)
It is clear from the table 2 that there are 82 RRBs in India as on 31 March, 2012. However many districts in the country are
yet to be covered. As per table, Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of 10 RRBs followed by Madhya Pradesh with 8.
While Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Pondicherry has minimum number of RRBs

Table No.3 Purpose wise outstanding loans and advances of RRBs

(in crores)
Sr. Purpose 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
No.

241 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

1 Short term (crop loans) 13877 18707 22748 26652 33643 40663 474
2 Term loans for 7632 3745 10468 10715 12619 14404 167
agriculture and allied
activities
1 Total agriculture (1 to 2) 21509 27452 33216 37367 46282 55067 641
(54.2) (56.6) (56.3) (55.1) (55.9) (54.9) (53.2)
3 Rural artisans 748 736 671 772 810 881 11
4 Other industries 757 880 1227 1656 1598 2625 36
5 Retail trade etc. 3452 3677 4531 4690 5234 5082 66
6 Other purposes 13246 15748 19339 23317 28895 36643 452
11 Total non- agriculture (3 18204 21041 25768 30435 36537 45231 564
to 6) (45.8) (43.4) (43.9) (44.8) (44.1) (45.1) (46.8)
Total (1to 11) 39712 48493 58984 67802 82819 100298 1206
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
2006-07 : The share of agricultural loans (Rs.27,964 crore in 2006-07) increased to 57.7 percent at end-March 2007 from
54.2 per cent at end-March 2006.
2007-08: The share of agricultural loans declined marginally to 55.4 per cent at end-March 2008 from 56.6 per cent a year
ago.
2008-09: The share of agricultural loans declined marginally to 52.8 percent as at the end of March 2009 from 56.3 per
cent a year ago.
2009-10: Importantly, however, the share of agricultural credit in total credit from RRBs was on a declining trend in the
recent years.
2010-11: It is important to note that more than 80 per cent of the total credit of RRBs belonged to the priority sector in
2010-11. A little more than half of the credit was bagged by the agricultural sector in 2010-11, though the share of
agricultural credit in total credit witnessed a marginal decline in 2010-11 over the previous year. Within agriculture, crop
loans constituted almost 74 per cent of the volume of lending. Within the non-agricultural sector, majority of the credit was
for other purposes in 2010-11.
2011-12: As at end-March 2012, priority sector advances comprised of more than 80 per cent of the total credit of RRBs.
Purpose-wise composition of credit disbursed by RRBs remained broadly unchanged during 2011-12, with more than half
of total credit going to the agricultural sector.
Table No. 4: Credit deposit and investment deposit ratio (in %age)
Year Credit- Deposit Ratio Investment- Deposit Ratio
2005-06 55.7 57.6
2006-07 58.5 45.8
2007-08 59.5 49.0
2008-09 56.4 54.8
2009-10 57.1 32.6
2010-11 59.5 52.0
2011-12 63.3 49.8
Sources: compiled from report on trend and progress of banking in India (2006-2012)
Chart 1

70

60

50
Percentage

40
Credit- Deposit Ratio
30
Investment- Deposit Ratio
20

10

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

242 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

In the year 2005-06 the credit deposit ratio was 55.7 while the investment deposit ratio was 57.6. and at the year end
march 2007 the credit deposit ratio was increased to 58.5 while credit investment ratio decrease to 45.8.
The table shows that in 2009-10 the credit deposit ratio increased to 57.1 existing of 56.4 in last year. While the
investment deposit ratio decreased to 32.6
And in 2011-12, the credit deposit ratio was 63.3 and investment deposit ratio was 49.8.
Table 5.Financial Performance of RRBs (2006-07)
( in crores)

Sr.No. Items 2006 2007 variation Percentage variation

2054
1 Income 5599 7653 36.69%
1968
2 Expenditure 5089 7057 38.67%
3 Operating profit/loss 787 1232 445 56.54%
4 Net profit/loss 510 596 86 16.86%

5 Total assets 88652 105768 17116 19.31%

6 Operating ratio to total assets 0.89 1.16 - -

7 Net profit ratio to total assets 0.58 0.56 - -
Increase in interest and other income of RRBs during 2006-07 did not keep pace with the increased expenditure on
account of sharp growth in provisions and contingencies and wage bill. Consequently, net profits of RRBs declined from
Rs.617 crore during 2005-06 to Rs.596 crore during 2006-07.
Table 6. Financial Performance of RRBs (2007-08)
( in crores)

Sr.No. Items 2007 2008 Variation Percentage variation

1 Income 7653 9406 1753 22.90%
2 Expenditure 7057 8379 1322 18.73%
3 Operating profit/loss 1232 1859 627 50.89%
4 Net profit/loss 596 1027 431 72.32%
5 Total assets 105768 125194 19426 18.36%
6 Operating ratio to total assets 1.16 1.48 - -
7 Net profit ratio to total assets 0.56 0.82 - -

Aggregate income of RRBs during 2007-08 grew by 20.0 per cent on account of higher interest as well as non-interest
income. Growth in expenditure during the year was relatively subdued on account of lower increase in interest expenditure
and wage bill. As a result, profitability of RRBs improved significantly during 2007-08. Out of 90 RRBs, 82 RRBs earned a
combined profit of Rs. 1,429 crore, whereas 8 RRBs incurred a combined loss of Rs. 55 crore in 2007-08. Thus, RRBs, as
a group, earned net profits of Rs. 1,374 crore during 2007-08 as compared with Rs. 625 crore in the previous year. The
improvement in the financial performance of RRBs is also reflected in the decline in NPAs ratios (both gross and net)
during 2007-08. While gross NPAs to total assets ratio declined to 5.9 per cent at end- March 2008 from 6.6 per cent a
year ago, the net NPAs to assets ratio declined to 3.0 per cent from 3.5 per cent a year ago.
Table 7 .Financial Performance of RRBs (2008-09) (in crores)

Sr. No. Items 2008 2009 Variation Percentage variation

1 Income 9406 11388 1982 21.07%
2 Expenditure 8379 10053 1674 19.98%
3 Operating profit/loss 1859 2123 264 14.20%
4 Net profit/loss 1027 1335 308 29.99%
5 Total assets 125194 150654 25460 20.34%
6 Operating ratio to total assets 1.48 1.41 - -
7 Net profit ratio to total assets 0.82 0.89 - -
The growth rate of aggregate income of RRBs decelerated to 19.5 per cent as at end- March 2009 from 20.0 per cent last
year. This deceleration was mainly on account of slowdown in ‘other income’. The expenditure of RRBs, however, rose
sharply mainly on account of increase in interest expended and rise in provision and contingencies. Out of 86 RRBs, 80

243 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

RRBs earned profit amounting to Rs.1,405 crore, whereas 6 RRBs incurred loss amounting to Rs.36 crore for the year
2008-09. Thus, RRBs together earned net profits of Rs.1,369 crore during the year 2008-09 as compared to Rs.1,027
crore during the previous year. The improvement in the performance of RRBs is also reflected in the decline of NPAs (both
gross and net)during 2008-09. While gross NPAs to total loan assets ratio declined to 4.2 per cent as at the end of March
2009 from 6.1 per cent a year ago, the net NPAs to loan assets ratio declined to 1.8 per cent from 3.4 per cent for the
same period.

Table 8.Financial Performance of RRBs (2009-10)

(in crores)
Sr. No. Items 2009 2010 Variation Percentage variation
1 Income 11388 13835 2447 21.49%
2 Expenditure 10053 11951 1898 18.89%
3 Operating profit/loss 2123 2913 790 37.21%
4 Net profit/loss 1335 1884 549 41.12%
5 Total assets 150654 184093 33439 22.20%
6 Operating ratio to total assets 1.41 1.58 - -
7 Net profit ratio to total assets 0.89 1.02 - -
Out of 82 RRBs, 79 RRBs were in profits during 2009-10 indicating an increase in the share of profit-making RRBs to 96.3
per cent during this year as compared to 93.0 per cent in the previous year. On the whole, all RRBs taken together
reported a net profit of `1,884 crore showing a growth of 41.1 per cent in 2009-10. As a result, there was a marginal rise in
the Return on Assets (RoA) of RRBs from 1.0 per cent in 2008-09 to 1.1 per cent in 2009-10.
Table 9.Financial Performance of RRBs (2010-11)
(in crores)

Percentage variation
Sr. No. Items 2010 2011 Variation

1 Income 13835 16220 2385 17.24%

2 Expenditure 11951 14232 2281 19.09%
3 Operating profit/loss 2913 2703 -210 -7.21%
4 Net profit/loss 1884 1988 104 5.52%
5 Total assets 184093 215359 31266 16.98%
6 Operating ratio to total assets 1.58 1.25 - -
7 Net profit ratio to total assets 1.02 0.92 - -

The net profits of RRBs increased in 2010-11 over the previous year. Despite a decline in operating profits, net profits
registered an increase owing to the decline in provisions and contingencies. However, even with the increase in net profits
in absolute terms, the return on assets recorded a decline in 2010-11 over the previous year. The per branch profitability
as well as per employee profitability of RRBs witnessed an increase in 2010-11 over the previous year.

Table 10.Financial Performance of RRBs (2011-12)

(in crores)
Sr. No. Items 2011 2012 variation Percentage variation
1 Income 16220 20100 3880 23.92%
2 Expenditure 14232 18100 3868 27.17%
3 Operating profit/loss 2703 3300 597 22.09%
4 Net profit/loss 1988 2000 12 0.60%
5 Total assets 215359 242500 27141 12.60%
6 Operating ratio to total assets 1.25 1.36 - -
7 Net profit ratio to total assets 0.92 0.82 - -

During 2011-12, out of total 82 RRBs operating in the country, 79 made profit whereas the remaining three RRBs incurred
loss. Though net profits of RRBs witnessed improvement in recent years, their net margin exhibited a mixed trend .

244 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

Chart 2. Net profit of RRBs

Net Profit
2500

2000
net profit (in crores)

1500

net profit
1000

500

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

FINDINGS:
1. Though the growth in credit when seen in isolation gives an impression of the impressive strides made by RRBs in
disbursing credit, they account for a very small proportion (around 3 per cent) of the total assets of the Indian
banking sector, despite their significant branch network.
2. At the end of the last fiscal 2011-12, the number of branches reached 16,914 as against 14,489 in 2005-06.
Amalgamation and reduction of number resulted in rationalization to a great extent. This helped merge the weak
RRBs with the stronger ones
3. Lack of a single owner with clear ownership and control, and no prospects for profits, diffused accountability and
weakened oversight of the RRBs.
4. RRBs were established “with a view to developing the rural economy by providing, for the purpose of development
of agriculture, trade, commerce, industry and other productive activities in the rural areas, credit and other facilities,
particularly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans and small entrepreneurs, and for matters
connected therewith and incidental thereto”(RRBs Act, 1976).

5. RRBs alone have organized roughly 12 lakh self-help groups, 45 per cent of the total self-help groups in the
country. RRBs have also issued over 40 lakh Kisan Credit Cards to the farmers and organized over 5,000 out of
11,000 farmers’ clubs under NABARD scheme.
6. Specifically, the sponsor bank contributes thirty-five per cent of issued capital of a RRB, appoints its chairman,
advises on decisions regarding investments, monitor its progress and suggest corrective measures to be taken by
the RRB.
7. After amalgamation, RRBs transformation has resulted in a 200 per cent increase in net profits, a 100 per cent
increase in business, a gradual reduction in the number of loss-making banks and addition of 1,000 outlets. All this
has been because of consolidation among RRBs. The Central government initiated the process of amalgamating
RRBs in September, 2005. Then there were 196 RRBs.
8. RRBs are extending loans to non-agricultural sector in rural areas also. They are broad-basing their credit pattern.
Malaprabha Grameen Bank went ahead to finance vehicles for rural transport system. Financing of vehicles for
rural transportation helped villagers, as they sold their produce in urban areas.
9. The reduction in number of RRBs has not resulted in any sudden reduction in staff strength since there was no
termination of services of employees after amalgamation. Unlike commercial banks no voluntary retirement
schemes were introduced in RRBs.
10. The amalgamation of different RRBs of the same sponsor bank in a State helped the combined entity increase
business and profits and also RRBs were permitted to open branches at talk headquarters.
11. RRBs seem to have better Non-Performing Assets (NPA) management with net NPA coming down every year after
the amalgamation. In 2005-06, the net NPA stood at 3.96 per cent. It declined to 1.98 per in 2008-09.
12. It is proved that being the bankers for the villagers has helped RRBs garner more CASA than the commercial
banks.

245 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

SUGGESTIONS
1. Cooperative societies may be allowed to sponsor or co-sponsor with commercial banks in the establishment of the
RRB Government should encourage and support banks to take appropriate steps in rural development.
2. Efforts should be made to ensure that the non-interest cost of credit to small borrowers is kept as low as possible.
3. Policy should be made by government for opening more branches in weaker and remote areas of state.
4. To participation cost, subsidy should be adjusted towards the end of the transaction for which loan assistance is
sanctioned.
5. The RRBs have to make an important change in their decision making with regard to their investments.
6. The RRBs have to be very careful and reduce the operating expenses, because it has been found from our study
that these expenses have increased the total expenditure of the banks.
7. The RRBs have to give due preference to the micro-credit scheme and encourage in the formation of self help
group.
8. Productivity can be improved by controlling the costs and increasing the income.
9. Government should take firm action against the defaulters and shouldn’t make popular announcements like waiving
of loans.
10. A uniform pattern of interest rate structure should be devised for the rural financial agencies.
11. The RRB must strengthen effective credit administration by way of credit appraisal, monitoring the progress of
loans and their efficient recovery.
12. The credit policy of the RRB should be based on the group approach of financing rural activities.
13. The RRB may relax their procedure for lending and make them easier for village borrowers.

CONCLUSION
To conclude, the expansion of RRB at a rapid rate has helped in reducing substantially the regional disparities in respect
of banking facilities in India. The efforts made by RRB in deposit mobilization, rural development, branch expansion, and
credit deployment in weaker section of rural areas are appreciable. RRB successfully achieve its objectives like to take
banking to door steps of rural households particularly in banking deprived rural area, to avail easy and cheaper credit to
weaker rural section who are dependent on private lenders, to encourage rural savings for productive activities, to
generate employment in rural areas and to bring down the cost of purveying credit in rural areas. Thus RRB is providing
the strongest banking network. Government should take some effective remedial steps to make Rural Banks profitable by
concentrating on qualitative, secure and speedy banking services .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
[1] Malhotra .N.K. (2007) “Marketing Research An Applied Orientation,” 5th Edition, Pearson Publication, New Delhi
Journals & research papers:
[1] Avkiran, N.K. (1999). The Evidence of Efficiency Gains: The role of mergers and the benefits to the public.
Journal of Banking and Finance 23, 991-1013.

[2] Ellinger, P. (1994). Potential Gains from Efficiency Analysis of Agricultural Banks. American Journal of
Agricultural Economics, 76 (3) pp.652-654.
[3] Government of India Report of the Committee on Rural Banks, (Chairman-M, Narasimhan), New Delhi, 1975.
[4] Gupta, R.V. (1998). Report of the High-Level Committee on Agricultural Credit through Commercial Banks.
Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai.
[5] IBA (Indian Banks’ Association), (1999). Performance Highlights of Banks, 1997-98, Indian Banks Association,
Mumbai.
[6] Karam Pal and Jasvir Singh. (2006). “Efficacy of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) In India: A Conventional
Analysis”, JIMS-8M, Indian Journals.com.
[7] Mester, L.J. (1996). “A Study of Bank Efficiency taking into account Risk Preferences”, Journal of Banking and
Finance, Vol.20, No.6, 1025-45.
[8] Misra, B. (2006). The Performance of Regional rural banks (RRBs) in India: Has past Anything to Suggest for
future? Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers, 27 (1), Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai. Narasimhan
Committee. (1991). Report of the Committee on the Financial System,
[9] Government of India. Parliament of India (Loksabha), (2004). Motion for consideration of ‘The Regional Rural
Banks (Amendment) Bill, 2004.
[10] Professor Dilip Khankhoje and Dr. Milind Sathye, 2008. “Efficiency of Rural Banks: The Case of India”,
International Business Research-CCSE, Vol-1, No.2.
[11] Rangarajan, C. 1995. “Inaugural address at the 18th Bank Economists’ Conference’, Reserve Bank of India
Bulletin, December, XLIX (12), Reserve bank of India, Mumbai.
[12] Report on the Trend and Progress of Banking in India 1995-96, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, March 1007, 34-
35.
[13] Sathye, M. (1997). ‘Lending Costs, Margins and Financial Viability of Rural Lending Institutions in South Korea’,
Spellbound Publications, Rohtak, India.
[14] Sathye, M. (2001). “X-efficiency in Australian Banking: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Banking and
Finance, 25,613-630.

246 | P a g e July, 2013

 ISSN 2278-5612

[15] Second Narasimhan Committee. (1997). Committee on Banking Sector Reform, Gazette of India-Extraordinary
Notification, Part II, Sec 3 (ii), Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
[16] Subramanyam G. (1993). “Productivity Growth in India’s Public Sector Banks: 1979-89”, Journal of Quantitative
Economics, 9, 209-223.
[17] Thakur, S. (1990). Two Decades of Indian Banking: The Service Sector Scenario, Chanakya Publications New
Delhi, India.
[18] Tyagarajan, M. (1975). “Expansion of Commercial Banking- An Assessment”, Economic and Political Weekly, 10,
1819-1824.
[19] Jasvir S. Sura(2008) “The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 4-12, October-
December 2006”

Online resources:
[1] http://www.nabard.org/databank/statistics.asp
[2] http://www.nabard.org/databank/pdf/statistical%20statements%202007-08.pdf
[3] http://www.nabard.org/databank/pdf/statistical%20statements%202008-09.pdf
[4] http://www.nabard.org/databank/pdf/statistical%20statements%202009-10.pdf
[5] http://www.nabard.org/databank/pdf/statistical%20statements%202010-11.pdf
[6] http://www.nabard.org/databank/pdf/statistical%20statements%202011-12.pdf

Author’ Biography
Author 1: KANIKA, Assistant Professor at Rayat and Bahra Institute of Management is an MBA(Finance), UGC Net
qualified. She has over three years experience of teaching in postgraduate and undergraduate education programmes.

Author 2: NANCY, Assistant Professor at Lovely Professional university is an M-Ecom(Finance), UGC Net qualified. She
has over five years experience of teaching in postgraduate and undergraduate and executive education programmes. She
has taught more than 20 subjects in her teaching career. She has been appointed as a member of several committees at
university level.

247 | P a g e July, 2013