ASSIGNMENT # 1

Principle of Life
Difference b/w Conventional
&
Modern cell Theory

Submitted by: Omme Habiba

Submitted to: Ms Sana Akhtar
Date: 02/01/2021

Department of environmental sciences

Kinnaird college for women

Principle of Life

Content page
Topics Page number

History of cell theory 2

Robert hook 3

Key contributions 4

Stages of transition 5

Cell as a hereditary material 7

Significance 9

Reference 9

History of cell theory

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Ideas about nature of life started with The Greeks “Thale” idea that everything is made
of water in different forms.

Introduction to microscope made the study of cell possible and made human more
accessible for observation of smaller world, how small living cell is composed of. The
cell was firstly described by Robert Hooke in 1665.He saw strangely similar to cellular
or small rooms which monk’s inhabited thus deriving the name cell. Actually he saw
dead cells of plant (cork) under his hand made microscope, but he did not get
information about nucleus and other organelles present in cell. The alive cell was firstly
seen by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who described algae spirogyra and bacteria in
1674.

Formation of cell theory

In 1838, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann worked together in lab . In

conversation with Schleiden about the description of plant cell with nuclei , this struck in
his mind and Schwan realize that similarities existed between plants and animal tissues
as he observed the same thing in animal tissue .They worked together in lab for tha
formation of classical cell theory. The theory consists of three postulates that are written
bellow:

1. Cell is a basic unit of structure, physiology and organization in living things.

2. Cell retains dual existence as distinct entity and building block in the
construction of organism.

3. Cell arises from pre-existing cells

Robert Hooke 1635-1703

Describing the appearance of thin layer of cork tree, one of the many microscopy
documaentations contained in the 1665 publication Micrographia Robert Hooke is
credited with term cells .Hooke likened the magnification of the cork’s box like pores to
Monk’s living quarters, known as cell; of Latin origin , cella is translated as storeroom r
small container. Hooke did not identify any internal cellular structure only the external

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walls of the dead cork cells .long with the scientists of that era he thought the empty
spaces might transport fluids in plant life.

Detailed illustration of object observed under his crude microscope.

Micrographia brought a fascination to the world of microscopy. He offered descriptions
drawings and copper plate engraving that folded out up to four times the size of book
itself.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

He saw and describe bacteria in 1674;considered the first to observed
single cell organisms known as prokaryotes he examine pond water by microscope to
observed dozen of protists which he called animalcules as well as spirogyra or green

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algae the term animalcules was used for long time the existence of single cell not only
opened an entirely unseen world for biologists but also established the field
microbiology. He also discover existence of sperms in mammals in 1667 something he
considered his most significant discovery . originally he believed that sperms were
parasites found in the male genitals

Barthelemy dumortier

He was a botanist who was the first scientist to observe reproduction by cell division in
plants. In 1832, he published his findings and called the process he saw binary fission

Matthias schleiden

A German botanist discovers all plants were comprised of cells and that an embryonic
plant arose from a single cell. He declared that cell is a basic building block of all plant
matter. This statement of schleiden was the first generalizations concerning cells

Schleiden investigated plants microscopically and convinced that plants were made up
of recognizable units or cells. Although later discoveries proved him wrong about the
role of nucleus in mitosis, his conceptions of the cell as the common structural unit of
plants shifted study from to processes going on in living cells.

Theoder schwann

In 1839 a German biologist reached the same conclusion as schleiden about

animal tissue being composed of cells ending speculations that plants and animals were
different in structure. He later discover the tge sheath that encompasses nerve axon
subsequent experiments qualitatively disproved theories of spontaneous generation.

Rudolf Virchow

In 1855 he published the biogenic law omnis cellula e cellua he also posited all
diseases involved changes to the function and structure of normal cells

Other key contributions of scientists

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Francesco redi

An Italian doctor determined that spoiled meat attracted but did not transform into flies.
In 1668, this simple discovery was antecedent to the concept that cells can only come
from other like cells

John needham

Naturalist from Scotland discovered the presence of micro-organisms in soup left

exposed to air; he opined a life force existed in all matter- and cells can only reproduce
like cells

Louis Pasteur

He performed additional experiments on soup in mid of 1806s employing filtered air and
flask with san neck he discovered air borne microbes were able to infect the both in
regular flasks but bacteria settled at the top of neck leaving soup unaffected

August Watson

In 1880 he proposed amending, biogenic law” to include lining cells can trace
their ancestry back to ancient times.

Discovery of nucleus

In 1831 while investigating the fertilization mechanism of plants in

Orchidaceae family he noted the existence of structure within a cell of Orchid as
well as many other plants which he called Nucleus of the cell. In 1835 Robert
Brown discovered the cytoplasm .originally as a synonym of protoplasm but later
it has come to mean the cell substance and organelles outside the nucleus.

Stages of transitions

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Cell cycle

The cell ordered sequence of events that occur in preparation for cell division.
The cell cycle is four stage process in which the cell increases, copies its DNA , prepare
to divide and divide

o Interphase

Cell cycle just forms as mother cell divides it also called gap phae as cell grows
larger physically copied organelles and building block molecules form that need later

o Mitotic phase

in mitosis the nucleuar DNA of cell turns to visible chromosome and pull apart spindle to
make microtubules. Mitosis take place in four stages .

G not phase

Other cells may divide or not and enter in Gnot phase.

Organelles found in animal cells include

1. mitochondria
2. golgi apparatus
3. endoplasmic reticulum

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4. ribosome
5. vacule

Modern postulates

Since the formation of classical theory technology has improved,

allow more detailed observation that led to the discoveries about cells .These findings
led to the formation of Modern Cell Theory. The modern cell theory has the addition of
two postulates in classical cell theory of Schwann and Schleiden which are as follow:

1: DNA is passed between cells during division.

2: Cells of all organisms within a similar species are mostly same, both structurally and
chemIcally.

3: The energy flow occurs within a cell.

Cell as heredity material

At the turn of century, attention began to shift toward cytogenetics which aimed
to link the study of cell to the study of genetics .In 1880s Walter Sutton and Theodor
Boveri were responsible to identifying the chromosome as hub for heredity .Later the
discoveries confirm the role of the cell in heredity.

Discovery of DNA

In 1869,by Swiss researchers Fransic who was originally trying to study the
composition of lymphoid he isolated a new molecule he called nuclein. DNA with
associated protein .the model of DNA was composed and studied Watson and Crick.

This discovery of cell continued to the impact science 100 years later with the discovery
of cell, undifferentiated cells that have developed into more specialized cells .

Major discoveries

Scientists began deriving embryonic cells from mice in 1980 and in 1998 James
Thomson isolated human embryonic stem cells

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Modern interpretation of cell theory

There is some modern interpretation of cell which generally accepted parts are
as follow

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells

2. The cell is fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms
3. Energy flow occurs throughout the cells (metabolism and biochemical
reactions occur in cell)
4. All living cells arise from ore existing cells
5. Activity of organism depends on total activity of independent cell
6. Cell contains DNA which is found specifically in chromosomes and RNA found
in cell nucleus and cytoplasm

7. All cells are basically same in chemical composition in organism of similar

species

Modern version of cell theory

1 Cells are basic structural , functional and organizational unit of both single
celled and multicellular organism

2 Cell divide and pass hereditary material

3 Energy flow within cell

Brief description about current interpretation of cell theory

People are jumble of 37.2 trillion cells .But every life began as a single cell
organism some organism contain only one cell while other are multicellular .they are
classify as eukaryotes and prokaryotes .

Euokaryotes

Cells or organisms without prominent nucleus and DNA and are cell membrane
bounded organelles

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Prokaryotes

Cells or organisms that have prominent nucleus and DNA .

Cell division

Cells gives birth to other cells by pre-existing cell division into daughter cells . While
mitosis occurs after sexual reproduction as embryo develops and grow.

As cells have DNA are carriers of genetic data. DNA provides blueprint for final
development of cell.

Multiple biochemical occurs inside the cell makes up cell metabolism, exergonic
reactions occurs when cells releases energy to its surroundings forms stronger bonds

Significance
Knowing that all living things are add up of cells allow to understand how organisms are
created, grow and die. That information helps us to understand how new life is created

How organism takes formation. How cancer cells spread , manage and many more.

Reference

1. http:/www.microscope mater.com / cell theory.html

2. http:/study.com/ lesson/anton van leeuwenhook cell theory
3. nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/cell-theory
4. Discovery of cell and mitosis.pdf
5. Brittania.com/science/cellcycle