CHAPTER 7: SAFETY PRACTICES IN INJURY

SPORTS AND EXERCISE Ligaments Stabilize Sprain

Joints
CAUSES OF SPORTS INJURIES Tendons Attaches Strain
 Sports and Exercise have a higher risk of Muscles to
Bones
getting injured.
Muscles Creates Strain
 Most of the injuries are preventable and
Movements
awareness of the risk factors. Bones Anchor or Fracture
 Vigilance and Safety Measures can reduce Muscles
the occurrence of injuries. Joints Fulcrum for Dislocation
 Injuries – damage tissues or organs w/c Movement
occur when it encounters trauma or physical
force.
 Overuse Injuries – training for a long
 Factors influencing the ability of our tissues
period of time.
Inherent Abnormality, Age, Technique,
- include stress fracture
Fitness Level, Equipment and
(bone), tendinopathy
Environmental Aspects.
(muscle-tendon unit),
 Tensile Forces – act away from the center
osteoarthritis (joint) and
of the, causing a pull or stretch.
Bursitis (fluid filled sac)
 Compressive Forces – impact the center
causing it to bend or fold. 3 TYPES OF OVERUSE INJURIES
 Shear Forces – opposing forces toward the
 Stage I – pain only after the activity, game,
diff. ends of the structure causing it to twist.
or training session.
 Bones – strong in resisting compressive
 Stage II – during and after activity but do
strength.
not feel it during rest.
 Muscle Tendon – units are strong at
 Stage III – feels pain whenever at rest or
resisting tensile forces.
play.
 Acute Injuries – chronic or overuse after a
long period of exposure to the force.
Ex. Sprains, strains, fractures,
dislocation, and wounds
 Non-modifiable – age, gender
 Excessive Stretching – can cause the fibers
 Modifiable – tournament rules, apparel
of the ligament, muscle, or tendon to break.
 Overstretched Ligament – called sprain,  Intrinsic – individual factor (muscle
mild, moderate or severe depending on the imbalance between muscle pair)
loss of function and number of torn fibers.  Extrinsic – environmental factors
 Strain – causes tears in the muscle-tendon  Inflammatory Response – removes the
unit. damage tissue by increasing blood flow.
 Fracture – breaks in the continuity of the  Repair Phase – can last for several days or
bone. months depending on type of injury.
 Dislocation – bone that are pushed out from
their joint capsule.

INJURY TYPES OF COMMON

STRUCTURE FUNCTION ACUTE INJURY CAUSE OF
 INJURY  Stress Fracture – w/o adequate rest periods.
Sprain Acute Twisting or - more than 65 km a week
pulling force have a higher risk to stress
Strain Acute Pulling force fracture.
during rapid - Microtrauma – it creates
acceleration when repetitive workload as
Fracture Acute Falling or thick as a strand of hair-in the
breaking a fall
bone and gets bigger over
Dislocation Acute Falling or
time.
breaking a fall
Stress Fracture Overuse Repetitive high  Tendinopathy/Tendinitis – muscle
impact stress imbalance between muscle pairs.
Tendinopathy Overuse Repetitive  Osteoarthritis – wear and tear of a joint that
movement result to its deterioration.
using poor - the friction deteriorates the
technique cartilage that protects the
Osteoarthritis Overuse Repetitive high bones from rubbing against
impact stress each other.
Bursitis Overuse Repetitive  Bursitis – bursa, sac-like musculoskeletal
movement structure that provides support and
using poor
cushioning to the joint.
technique
- it protects the shoulders and knee
from repetitive mechanical stress.
COMMON SPORTS INJURIES - common in swimmers and runners.
 Sprain – overstretched ligaments.
 Anterior Cruciate – commonly sprained
 Heat Illness – cramp and stroke, due to
ligament, connective tissues that helps
excessive dehydration and high body
stabilize the knee every time.
temperature.
 Surgery – recommended for individuals
who suffer a complete ACL rupture. SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION
 Strain – twist, pull or tear of muscle or
 Dizziness
tendon.
 Fatigue
- sometimes a muscle would contract
and generate a force that is  Weakness
significantly higher than what it  Dry Mouth
usually does.  Flushed Skin
 Fracture – more common in growing bones  Headache
because it is less dense.  Blurred Vision
 Dislocation – when an individual uses  Difficulty Swallowing
his/her hand to support his/her weights when  Dry Skin
he/she falls.  Hot Skin
 Concussion – life-threatening, they disrupt  Rapid Pulse
the normal function of the brain.  Frequent need to urinate

 Heat Stroke – most life-threatening case of

heat illness.
COMMON CHRONIC INJURIES
 - likely to occur in athlete  Injury Evaluation – not the same as
trains outdoors for several diagnosis. The doctor is the only person
hours. allowed to diagnose the condition of the
- sweat will not evaporate patient.
when the relative humidity is  Evaluation – happens in the field.
high.  Diagnostic Process – occurs in the doctor’s
SPORTS INJURY PREVENTION clinic.
- accounts all the information
1. Adopt a Comprehensive Training Program needed to see a holistic
2. Use protective equipment and practice picture of the cause and
correct technique. severity of the injury.
3. Incorporate recovery strategies in the  Coach/Athletic Trainer – should have a
training program. background on injury evaluation and
4. Follow rules and decorum during management to bridge the gap between
competition. playing field and the hospital.
POSSIBILITY OF GETTING INJURED  Primary Survey – first part of the
WHILE TRAINING evaluation process, a quick evaluation if
there are life-threatening injuries present.
1. Proper Attire  Concussion/Traumatic Brain Injury – one
2. Proper Technique of the life-threatening sports injury, caused
3. Gym Etiquette by a strong blow to the head.
 Ask for a spotter when lifting loads close to  Unconsciousness and Not Breathing – two
1RM. tell-tale signs.
 Do not drop the barbell at the end of the set.  CPR – Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
 Put weight and dumbbells on designated - incorporates chest compression and rescue
racks. breaths to facilitates blood flow to the brain.
 Be aware of the exercise area for each - should compress the chest at a rate of 100
equipment. times a minute.
 Do not use mobile phone inside the gym. - if the first responder is willing to give
 On a track, inner lane is for walking while rescue breaths, he/she may do so after every
outer lane is for running. 30 compressions.
 Do not engage in horseplay nor talk in a  American Heart Association (AHA) –
loud voice. recommends the first responder to
 Do not wear loose jewelry while working administer CPR as soon as possible to
out. increase the survival rate.
4. Proper Environmental Conditions  Secondary Survey – to determine the
5. Adequate Recovery primary injury, severity, muscle function
and joint stability.
HOW TO CHOOSE RIGHT KIND OF SHOES?
QUESTIONS THAT CAN HELP WHEN
1. Choose a shoe specific to the sports or
PERFORMING INSPECTION
activity.
2. Determine appropriate size. 1. How is the athlete positioned?
3. Evaluate foot movement pattern. 2. Is there an obvious deformity, bleeding, skin
dislocation, etc.?
3. Are there unusual bumps or bruises?
CHAPTER 8: SPORTS INJURY 4. Does the athlete complain of more pain
MANAGEMENT when more pressure is applied?
QUESTIONS THAT CAN HELP IN movement is another body part of the
IDENTIFYING THE LOCATION AND injured athlete.
MECHANISM OF INJURY
PRINCIPLE OF IMMOBILIZATION
1. What body part of the athlete needs support?
1. Immobilize the limb in the position that is
2. What body part can he/she not move?
least painful or in the position it was found.
3. Did the athlete feel or hear any popping or
2. Take note of any charges in skin color,
snapping sound?
temperature and sensation.
4. Was there a contact before the athlete
3. Include the joint above and below the
complained for pain?
fractured bone in the splint.
5. What was the athlete doing before he/she
4. Leaves fingers and toes uncovered.
complained of pain?
5. Apply it firmly w/o discomfort.
6. When using an elastic bandage, apply
consistent tension.
 Gross Motor Movement – the active
 Cervical Arm Sling – provides support
component of the secondary survey and it
for forearm, wrist and hand injuries.
checks muscle weakness and joint stability.
- bandage placed
QUESTIONS THAT CAN HELP WHEN around neck and
PERFORMING A GROSS MOTOR SKILLS under bent arm to be
supported.
1. Can the athlete move the injured limb on
 Inflammation – first step of the healing
his/her own?
process, increases blood flow to the
2. Can the athlete move his/her limb
injured area.
throughout its entire range or motion?
3. Can the athlete sustain the movement when PRICE PRINCIPLE
resistance is applied?
- swelling and other symptoms of
4. Does the athlete limp when he/she talks?
inflammation can be controlled using the
5. Does the athlete have a problem balancing
Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression and
his/her weight?
Elevation.
 Protect – the injured body part as
 Passive Component – secondary survey aggravation will increase the
will be able to rule out if there are injuries to inflammation.
the hard tissues.  Rest – recommended to give the body
 Active Component – will be able to identify part enough time to heal.
if there are injuries to the soft tissues.  Ice or Cryotherapy – has an analgesic
 Soft Tissues Injuries – muscle tendon, or pain relieving effect.
ligaments (immediate care is controlling - can reduce blood flow and swelling to
inflammation). injured area.
 Fraction and Dislocations – limit - applied during the first 24 – 48 hours
movement. of injury for about 15 to 20 minutes.
 Rigid Splint – made of tough materials such o Crushed ice – most
as wood, plastic and plaster or parries. convenient and practical
 Soft Splint – newspaper, pillows, and air method.
splints.
 Anatomical Splint – immobilization
technique wherein the object that restricts  Compression – using an elastic bandage.
 o Elastic bandage – spiral and CAN A PERSON DIE FROM LOSING TOO
spice or figure of eight. MUCH BLOOD?
GUIDELINES: - the average blood volume of a person is five liters.
1. Position the initial layers at the far end of the - a person who loses more than 20% of his/her
injury and move upward. blood volume would be weak and has a high risk of
2. Apply the bandage in a way that the limb is infection
pulled towards the opposite direction of how
- a person who loses more than 30% of the total
the limb was injured.
blood volume is at risk of developing shock.
3. Body part should be wrapped in the position
of largest girth.  Shock – wherein the heart continuously
4. It is best to apply more turns w/ moderate pumps but blood does not flow properly due
tension. to a low blood pressure.
5. Standardize the tension and overlap each
turn by half of the previous layer. Illness Signs Symptoms
Cramps Exhaustion Stroke
6. Keep the toes and fingers visible in order to
Muscle spasm Dizziness Fever above
check if blood flow is restricted.
40’c
 Elevating – the injured limb than the level Fatigue Weakness Weal pulse
of the heart. Thirst Cool skin Dry, hot skin
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC INJURIES Profuse Dark urine Rapid
sweating breathing
- differ from acute injuries because inset of swelling
and pain is different.
 Heat Stroke – most severe form of health
- acute injuries have a sudden onset of pain while illness.
overuse injuries have gradual onset of pain.
GUIDELINES:
 Stage I – managed by reducing the
workload and performing corrective 1. Seek shelter that is cold and away from the
exercises. sun.
2. Replenish fluids and electrolytes by making
 Stage II – complain when pain becomes
the person drink one cup every 30 mins.
intolerable and worsens during the activity.
3. Stretch the muscle tendon unit that is
WHICH ONE SHOULD BE ADDRESSED experiencing cramps to relieve tension.
FIRST IN WOUND CARE? 4. Decrease body temperature by loosening
clothing, wiping the body w/ cool towel, or
 Control Bleeding – the priority care for
putting an ice pack over the head or neck.
wounds.
5. Check body temperature and pulse rate
 Infection Prevention – second aspect of regularly.
wound care. 6. Bring to the closest medical facility for
 Tourniquets – effective in controlling blood intravenous fluid replacement when
loss but it is only performed as a last resort temperature is above 40 degrees Celsius.
when bleeding has not stopped through 7. Do not give anti-fever medications or
conservative strategies. caffeinated drinks to the person.

 Wound cleaning – important to prevent

infection.