ELACTRICAL PROTECTION: EPRT101

Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Power Engineering: EPEWE1

Department of Electrical Power Engineering

PRACTICAL SIMULATION ASSIGNMENT

SYSTEMATIC POWER SYSTEM FAULT ANALYSIS USING NODE VOLTAGE

METHOD AND POWERWORLD

I know and understand that plagiarism is using another person’s work and pretending it is one’s own, which is wrong. This report is my
own work. I have appropriately referenced the work of other people I have used. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy
my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Name (in capital letters) Student Number Signature

REPORT SUBMISSION: ONLINE, MOODLE

(DO NOT EMAIL YOUR REPORT).
SOFT COPY TO TURNITIN, AS A DETERRENT TO PLAGIARISM.
REPORT SUBMISSION GUIDE IN TURNITIN: TBA.

On or B4: FRIDAY: 8th January 2021, 11:00 am.

DO NOT EMAIL YOUR REPORT.

Revised: JULY 2020, By Moketjema Clarence Leoaneka

Abstract

The purpose of this simulation practical is to provide the student with experience using a commercial grade power system
analysis package known as PowerWorld and Matlab. In this assignment, the student will model and simulate a small power
system to demonstrate his/her understanding of computer methods of power system fault analysis. This simulation practical
offers hands-on experiences with modelling, simulation and fault analysis techniques and tools. The student will also see
the advantages of using computer methods over hand calculation methods.

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Table of Contents

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................... iii
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Pre-practical Requirements.............................................................................................................................. 1
2.1 Network topology of the power system ................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Determine Sequence Impedances............................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Single Line-to-Ground Fault Analysis ..................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Calculation of Sequence Bus Voltages Using node voltage method ....................................................... 3
2.5 Calculation of Sequence Fault Current Distribution Using Sequence Bus Voltages ............................... 3
2.6 Calculation of Buses Phase Voltages and Branch Phase Fault Currents Distribution in the Network .... 3
3. Modeling and Simulation ................................................................................................................................ 4
4. Report writing .................................................................................................................................................. 4
5. Plagiarism ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
6. Report Submission........................................................................................................................................... 5
7. Assessment Rubric .......................................................................................................................................... 6
References ............................................................................................................................................................... 6

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1. Introduction

As electrical utilities have grown in size and the number of interconnections has increased, planning for future expansion
has become increasingly complex. Electrical power systems use transmission lines to deliver electrical power around the
world. Electrical utilities such as Eskom use computer simulation methods to simulate these systems to facilitate economical
stable delivery of electrical power. To assist the engineer in this power system planning, digital computers and highly
developed computer programs are used. Such programs include power-flow studies, stability studies; short-circuit analysis,
and transients analysis.

PowerWorld Simulator version 21 Glover, Overbye & Sarma is a commercial-grade power system analysis and simulation
package that accompanies Power System Analysis and Design textbook by J. Duncan Glover, and Mulukutla S. Sarma. The
purposes of integrating PowerWorld with the textbook are to provide computer solutions to examples in the textbook, to
extend the examples, to demonstrate topics covered in the textbook, to provide a software tool for more realistic design
projects, and to provide the readers with experience using a commercial grade power system analysis package. To use this
software package, you must first install PowerWorld, along with all of the necessary case files onto your computer. The
PowerWorld software and case files can be downloaded by going to the www.powerworld.com/GloverSarmaOverbye
webpage, and clicking on the DownLoad PowerWorld Software and Cases for the 6th Edition button. [1]

Short-circuits programs are used to compute three-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line and double-line-to-ground faults in
power system networks in order to select circuit breakers for fault interruption, select relays that detect faults and control
circuit breakers, and determine relay settings. Short-circuit currents are computed for each relay and circuit-breaker location,
and for various system-operating conditions such as lines or generating units out of service, in order to determine minimum
and maximum fault currents.

In this assignment, the student will simulate a small power system to demonstrate your understanding of computer methods
of power system fault analysis. The student will also see the advantages of using computer methods over hand calculation
methods.

2. Pre-practical Requirements

This practical simulation assignment requires knowledge of the per-unit system, symmetrical components, and circuit
analysis techniques ets. PowerWorld uses per-unit when specifying impedances for a power system on a common base.

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2.1 Network topology of the power system

The single-line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in Figure 1. The generators 1, 2 and 3 could each be
combinations of several generators. Alternatively, they could represent the equivalent of a complex electrical network up to
the bus. The equipment ratings are tabulated in Table 1 to 3. The inductor connected to Generator 3 neutral has a reactance
of 0.05 per unit using generator 3 ratings as a base.

Table 1: Synchronous generators

Power (MVA) Voltage (kV) X0 (pu) X1 (pu) X2 (pu)
G1 1000 15 0.07 0.18 0.18
G2 1000 15 0.10 0.20 0.20
G3 500 13.8 0.05 0.15 0.15
G4 750 13.8 0.10 0.30 0.4

Table 2: Transformers
Power (MVA) Voltage (kV) X0 (pu) X1 (pu) X2 (pu)
T1 1000 15 kV Δ/765 kV Y 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 1000 15 kV Δ/765 kV Y 0.10 0.10 0.10
T3 500 15 kV Y/765 kV Y 0.12 0.12 0.12
T4 750 15 kV Y/765 kV Y 0.11 0.11 0.11

Table 3: Transmission lines

Voltage (kV) X0 (Ω) X1 (Ω) X2 (Ω)
1-2 765 150 50 50
1-3 765 100 40 40
2-3 765 100 40 40

Figure 1: Single line diagram for a typical electrical power system

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2.2 Determine Sequence Impedances

Draw the three sequence networks (positive-sequence, negative-sequence and zero-sequence network) and calculate
Thevenin’s equivalent positive-sequence, negative-sequence and zero-sequence impedance at bus 2. Find the per-unit
impedance of all components using a voltage base of 15 kV in the zone of G1 and a power base of 1000 MVA.

2.3 Single Line-to-Ground Fault Analysis

Determine the per-unit zero-sequence, positive-sequence and negative-sequence currents for single line-to-ground fault at
bus 2 through a fault impedance, 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢.

2.4 Calculation of Sequence Bus Voltages Using node voltage method

Determine the per-unit zero-sequence, positive-sequence and negative-sequence bus voltages for single line-to-ground fault
at bus 2 through a fault impedance, 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢.

2.5 Calculation of Sequence Fault Current Distribution Using Sequence Bus Voltages

Determine the per-unit zero-sequence, positive-sequence and negative-sequence branch currents for single line-to-ground
fault at bus 2 through a fault impedance, 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢.

Determine the per-unit zero-sequence, positive-sequence and negative-sequence currents contributions from G1, G2, G3
and G4 for single line-to-ground fault at bus 2 through a fault impedance, 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢.

2.6 Calculation of Buses Phase Voltages and Branch Phase Fault Currents Distribution in the Network

Calculate the phase fault currents (Ia, Ib, and Ic) in per-unit and in kA for single line-to-ground fault at bus 2 through a fault
impedance, 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢.

Compute all buses phase voltages (Van, Vbn and Vcn) in per-unit and in kV during single line-to-ground fault at bus 2 through
a fault impedance, 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢.

Calculate the line fault currents (Ia, Ib, and Ic) in per-unit and in kA for single line-to-ground fault at bus 2 through a fault
impedance, 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢.

Compute the fault currents contributions from each generator (Ia, Ib, and Ic) in per-unit and in kA for single line-to-ground
fault at bus 2 through a fault impedance, 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢.

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3. Modeling and Simulation

Then using PowerWorld Simulator, create buses, the generators, transmission lines, and transformers using input data files
you prepared in Section 2. Next, run the program to compute subtransient fault currents for a single line-to-ground fault, a
line-to-line fault, double line-to-ground fault and a three-phase fault at bus 2. Assume 1.0 per-unit prefault voltage. Neglect
prefault load currents and all losses.

4. Report writing

Write a formal report showing all cases. Using suitable diagrams, graphs, and tables, present your findings of this
practical simulation assignment in a report of not more than 20, A4 pages, using a format acceptable for the
BEngTech level as shown in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1: Arrangement of material in a report [2]

Headings Page Comments
Numbers
Title. i Use Roman numerals up to but not including Section 1. Do not show I
on this first title page.
Abstract ii Heading bold,
Table of Contents iii Heading bold
List of Symbols iv Heading bold
1. Introduction. 1 Main Heading bold, number each page sequentially from 1
2. Power System Fault Analysis 2 Main Heading bold
2.1 Network topology of the power system 3 Main Heading bold
2.2 Sequence networks 4 Subheading not bold
2.3 Single Line-to-Ground Fault Calculation 5 Subheading not bold
2.4 Sequence Bus Voltages calculations 6 Subheading not bold
2.5 Sequence Fault Current Distribution 7 Subheading not bold
2.5 Phase Buses Voltages and Phase Fault Currents
3. Modeling and Simulation 7 Main Heading bold
: Suitable subheadings 8 Subheading not bold
4. Analysis of Results 9 Main Heading bold, This Section should analyse the results,
: Suitable subheadings comparing the theoretical predictions with the simulated results.
5. Conclusion 10 Main Heading bold
References 11 Main Heading bold, Note that the Reference heading is not numbered.
Appendix 1 A1 Main Heading bold, Number each page sequentially from A1

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5. Plagiarism

You are responsible for not plagiarizing even if you don't know what it is. It is your responsibility to know. If the person
marking your assignment believes that you have plagiarized some or part of your assignment you will be penalized and be
given a mark which may be as low as zero.

Plagiarism includes copying work directly out of textbooks or borrowing somebody else’s assignment and copying because
you ‘did not have time to do it’, or some other excuse. What if you say you didn't plagiarize and you have been penalized
for it?

This is an extract (with suitable editing to make it relevant to DUT) from the following website:
http://www.georgetown.edu/honor/plagiarism.html.
Any uncertainty you may have about this must be cleared up BEFORE you submit the final assignment.

6. Report Submission

The final report along with PowerWorld simulation files namely PowerWorld Binary format, YourStudentNo.pwb (*.pwb)
and PowerWorld Display format, YourStudentNo.pwd (*.pwd) must be submitted on or before the deadline. NO
SUBMISSIONS will be accepted after the deadline. You are expected to plan PRO-ACTIVELY in case of work
commitments, sickness etc.

SOFT COPY TO TURNITIN, AS A DETERRENT TO PLAGIARISM.

REPORT SUBMISSION GUIDE TO TURNITIN: TBA.

On or B4: Friday: 8th Januarry 2021, 11:00 am.

Submission: Online, Learning Management System, Moodle.

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7. Assessment Rubric

OUTCOME CRITERIA 0-4

Layout, Presentation, The report is well laid out, the presentation is excellent, and the spelling and grammar are of high standard. See
Spelling & Grammar Appendix of Study Guide.
Logic of Information Layout The reader finds it easy to follow the logic of the information; Report is Consistently clear and focused.

Abstract All the following words describe the abstract: informative, concise, Statement of the work performed its
objectives and scope, and the major conclusions reached.

Introduction The introduction does all of the following: gives an overview of the practical; the limitations of the practical;
discusses the benefits of the practical; has a broad plan that leads the reader through the simulation practical
process.
Technical Content (Theory) The main body text deals with all of the following: significance of the practical; validity and reliability of the
work done in the practical; evaluation of the practical with theory; problems encountered and solutions found;
evaluation of the effectiveness of the methods used to carry out the practical.
Calculations Calculations are all: relevant; accurate; well laid out

Figures & Tables Diagrams Figures, Diagrams & Tables are all: clearly drawn; relevant to the text; meaningful.
Conclusion The conclusion deals with all of the following: key-points; decisions made;
outcomes; observations; etc
Referencing A comprehensive reference list is given indicating that the student has done adequate research. All references
are referred to in the text in a consistent manner.

Appendices Appendices are referred to in the main text; play an important role; the report would be incomplete without
them

TOTAL / 40

TOTAL %

Assessor Comments:

4 = All components are included and outcome is fully achieved.

3 = Most components are included and outcome is mostly achieved.
2 = Most components are included and outcome is only partly achieved.
1 = Little if any components are included and outcome is NOT achieved.
0 = Item omitted entirely or is of unacceptably low standard.

References

[1] J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma and Thomas J. Overbye, Power System Analysis and Design, 5th Ed.,
Cengage Learning, 2012
[2] http://www.ee.und.ac.za/School Information 2002/Report Writting.htm, “Guidelines to Report Writing”, 20
February 2003.