BERAÑA, MCLEAN JOSHUA S

ELET-3101

1.Define PLC in your own views and understanding, include sample applications.

PLC makes machinery and systems work automatically. Without

such a system, Transportation, manufacturing to amusement rides or movie-making
process can’t be done. PLC has replaced the hard-wired logic controls. If you
want to change the logic, that can be done in a few moments and most important
the complicated logic by hard wired are very simple with the help of PLC.

2. How Plc is important in your field of specialization.

PLC technology can satisfy the operation demand of modern electrical technology
because the application of PLC technology is closely related to people’s life and
industrial production so that it has strong practicability. The application of PLC
technology in mechanic equipment can build a more harmonious environment laying a
solid foundation for strengthening man-machine interaction. Because of this feasibility,
comprehensiveness, and practicability can be seen as the major features of PLC
technology to lay a solid foundation for better and faster development in my field of
specialization.

3. Discuss the origin, sizes, and general parts of plc system.

PLCs were invented by Dick Morley in 1964. Since then PLC has revolutionized the
industrial and manufacturing sectors. There is a wide range of PLC functions like timing,
counting, calculating, comparing, and processing various analog signals.
The main advantage of PLC over a “hard-wired”
control system is that you can go back and change a PLC after you’ve programmed
it, at little cost (just
the cost of the programmer’s time).
In a hard-wired control system, you’re essentially having to rip out wires and
start from scratch (which is more expensive and takes longer).
4. List the major symbols uses in plc ladder diagram programming language and explain
the operation of each.
Timer - is a PLC instruction measuring the amount of time elapsed following an event.
Both "on-delay" and "off-delay" timer instructions have single inputs triggering the timed
function. An "on-delay" timer activates an output only when the input has been active for
a minimum amount of time. Latch - circuit is used for the circuit used to carry out such
an operation. It is a
self-maint training circuit in that, after being energized. it maintains that state until
another input is received. Unlatched - instruction is often called o RES(reset),
OTU(output unlatch) or RST(reset). The diagram below shows how to use them in a
program. NO CONTACT - contacts allow current when the relay or contactor is
energized. In other words, when voltage is applied to the relay/contactor terminals, this
contact closes. NC CONTACT - is true (closed) when the input or output status bit
controlling the contact is 1. The normally closed contact (NC) is true (closed) when the
input or output status bit controlling the contact is to them. Coil - You use it to set a bit.
That bit could either be just an internal memory bit
or an output you want to set. In ladder logic a coil will take the RLO (result of logic
operation) from the rung and assign it to the address.
5. Provide examples of systems using plc operation crate ladder diagram and explain
how it function based on the given systems or operation.
There are four basic steps in the operation of all PLCs: Input Scan Program Scan.
Output Scan, and Housekeeping. These steps continually take place in a repeating
loop. The programmable logic controller receives information from connected input
devices and sensors, processes the received data and triggers required outputs as per
its pre-programmed parameters. Based on its inputs and outputs, a PLC can easily
monitor and record runtime data like operating temperature, machine
productivity, and generation of alarms when a machine fails. automatic start and
stop processes and more. PHASE 1 - Input Status scan a PLC Scan cycle begins with
the CPU reading the
status of its inputs. PHASE 2- Logic Solve/Program Execution
The application program is executed using the status of the inputs
PHASE 3- Logic Solve/Program Execution Once the program is executed, the CPU
performs diagnostics and communication tasks PHASE 4 - Output Status Scan
An output status scan is then performed, whereby the store output values are sent to
actuators and other field output devices. The cycle ends by updating the outputs.
1. How will you create and read ladder diagram from start until the end of the program?
At the very first. I am going to read my finished ladder diagram starting from left side to
the opposite side of the diagram. And from the top make it drop to the bottom part of the
diagram which you can easily process the opening symbol that is the input if it is
normally open or normally closed. This device shows how to control the particular
output which is presented in the diagram. Those input devices/symbols must in the left
side of the diagram and those output will be supposedly placed at the opposite aero
which is the right side of the diagram.

2. Explain each part of the ladder diagram.

Rails - There are two rails in a ladder diagram which are drawn as vertical lines running
down the far most ends of the page. If they were in a relay logic circuit they would
represent the active and zero volt connections of the power supply where the power
flow goes from the left hand side to the right hand side.
Inputs- The inputs are external control actions such as a push button being pressed or a
limit switch being triggered. The inputs are actually hardwired to the PLC terminals and
represented in the ladder diagram by a normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC)
contact symbol.
Rungs - The rungs are drawn as horizontal lines and connect the rails to the logic
expressions. If they were in a relay logic circuit they would represent the wires that
connect the power supply to the switching and relay components. Outputs - The outputs
are external devices that being are turned on and off such as an electric motor or a
solenoid valve. The outputs are also hardwired to the PLC terminals and are
represented in the ladder diagram by a relay coil symbol. Logic Expressions - The logic
expressions are used in combination with the inputs and outputs to formulate the
desired control operations.

3. Give conclusion and observation in each of the 7 activities.

• Exercise number one - When I turn on the Input 1 it will energized Output 1 is
energized and latching to the input 1 Then when we press the Input 2 the Output 2 is
energized but the Output 1 is de energized and its interlock below in Input 2 and my
observation in this diagram is the output has never in the same time when
they are energized.
• Exercise number two - when the Input o is energized the output 0 and output 1 and the
time will start to energized its has a latching connection with input one the timer will
trigger the Timer 1 with open contact to closed contact and the Output 2 will energized
same with timer 2. When the timer 2 is done the open contact of timer to will be closed
to trigger the output 3 and timer 3 its all the same process until to the output 6 and its
timer but one by one energized when its come to bottom it will be go up and reset the
program and start again and my observation in this diagram is for example those output
is a tank then they finish first to fill up the first tank before the second tank will start to
energized. • Exercise number three - the Input will be our sensor and the counter will be
count the product passes to the sensor when it reach the 10 counts the channeled will
be changed to the second Input 2 or sensor to in this time it will be count 20 to
change or back again to the sensor 1. • Exercise number four- Input one will be the
sensor to check the height of product posses when its failed to get the right measure the
counter will count twice to energized the pneumatic blower which is open contact C1
that connect in the
reset button to reset the program and check the faulty measure again. • Exercise
number five - the Input 1 assume it's the base of gripper in the machine. In our program
its has a timer that indicate second duration to move X-to X+ when the Timer 1 is done
output 7 will energized and it's the gripper that hold the product and its has a timer of 2
seconds before our base of machine rotates 180 degree and its has a timer with 5s and
the output 6 energized to loose the grip of a machine then the output 8 will be rotate the
base to -180 so that the pick and place operation may be repeated.
• Exercise number Six - The input 1 and input 2 they manage the bottle if there's a
cap when its done checking it will pass to the input 3 to print the ink jet wherein Output
10 and a timer 1 with value of 5 seconds then it passes to the Input 5 that uses a
counter 1 with a value of 3 palletizing and trigger the Output 2 and timer 2 will energize
to transfer the 3 cans to input 6 to plastic wrapping over them with the output of C1 and
output 3. • Exercise number seven - The Input 1 is start and input 2 is Stop button and
input 3 is overload relay and we have a output with M1 the M1 has a interlock with the
input 1. There's a Open contact of M1 that connected in the close contact of timer 1 and
close contact of Delta connection and output of star connection
and there's a branch in a M1 open contact with a timer1 but it's a open contact
and close contact with star connection with output of Delta connection. This
sequence is a changing connection what is needed to the M1 which is motor.
4. Discuss the similarities and difference of relay control system and PLC. There are
many similarities between Relay Control System and PLC were
relays are electromechanical switches that have coil and two types of contacts that is
NO & NC. But a Programmable Logic Controller, PLC is a mini computer which can take
decision based on the programmed and its input & output. While the difference between
a PLC and Relay control system logic is that a PLC is a programmable device whereas
relay logic is a network of hardwired electrical devices! Both a PLC and relay logic can
perform logical computation. but a PLC does it using a microprocessor and relay logic
does it using electric circuits.