Group Leader: Sherry Anne B.
Alenton
Group Members:
Cabag, Shirl Mae
Garcelazo, Jose Walter
Rufo, Krizzia Camille
1. What is Statistics?
Statistics is a form of mathematical analysis that uses quantified models, representations
and synopses for a given set of experimental data or real-life studies. Statistics studies
methodologies to gather, review, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. The data
may be quantitative, with value expressed numerically, or they may be qualitative, with
characteristics such as consumer preferences. Statistics is used in business to help
make better decisions by understanding the sources of variation and by uncovering
patterns and relationships in business data.
Statistics is all about making sense of the data gathered and determine how to put that
data or information to use. Few characteristics about statistics:
• Statistics are the aggregate of facts.
• Are affected by several factors.
• Must be reasonably accurate.
• Must be collected in a systematic manner.
• Should be placed in relation to each other.
2. What questions can statistics answer?
There are two main types of questions that statistics can answer: Statistical questions
and non-statistical questions.
Statistical questions have answers that will probably vary. Usually, a statistical question
will ask about the population of multiple people, events, or things. Statistical questions
are questions that can be answered by gathering data- expected to show variation upon
the gathering of such.
Non-statistical questions are described to have answers with no variability in the data
collected, meaning, the data is in a single value.
3. What is descriptive statistics for and how can you use it?
Descriptive Statistics is like a water filter that separates clean and useful water from the
worthless one. It makes a huge amount of data sensible. An individual can use
descriptive statistics by describing data and making it digestible and providing a simple
summary of the data collated. However descriptive Statistics can only describe and be
used based on the data shown and it does not go beyond that. Measures of Central
Tendency and Measures of Central Spread are two types of Statistic that can be used to
describe data.
4. What is inferential statistics for and how can it help you answer questions?
Inferential Statistics is like a scale of justice that aids a judge in deciding the appropriate
course of action in court hearings. It lets us test a concept and it goes beyond what
descriptive statistics can do. Moreover, Inferential Statistics helps decisionmakers weigh
their choices and make the more appropriate choice in each situation. Since Inferential
statistics acts as a weighing scale, questions relating to decisions that rely on statistical
accuracy and data, can be answered with reliable and relevant data that are filtered and
deduced based on its required possible answers.
5. What are the different types of data and corresponding scales of measurement
add how are they used in statistics?
The different types of data are NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL, and RATIO.
Nominal (Named Variables)
It is also called categorical variables. It doesn't have numerical value, hence cannot be
added, subtracted, multiplied or divided. The best measure of central tendency is
MODE. It is a scale used for labeling variables and there are cases where this scale is
used for the purpose of classification - the numbers associated with variables of this
scale are only tags for categorization or division.
Examples:
• Gender
• Political preferences
• Place of residence
Ordinal (Named + Ordered Variables)
It is easy to remember because it comes from the word "order" and that's the key to
remember it - it is the order that matters, but that's all you really get from these. It simply
depicts the order of variables and not the difference between each of the variables. The
best measure of central tendency is the MEDIAN and MODE.
Example:
A semantic differential scale question:
How satisfied are you with our services?
• Very Unsatisfied - 1
• Unsatisfied - 2
• Neutral - 3
• Satisfied - 4
• Very Satisfied – 5
Interval (Named + Ordered + Proportional Interval between Variables)
It is defined as a numeric scale where the order of the variables is known as well as the
difference between these variables. Mean, median, and mode can be used to calculate
the central tendency in this scale. It is characterized by the fact that the number zero is
an existing variable. If you measure degrees, zero has a temperature.
Example:
• Temperature in degrees Celsius
Ratio (Named + Ordered + Proportionate interval between variables + Can
accommodate absolute zero)
It is defined as a variable measurement scale that not only produces the order of
variables but also makes the difference between variables known along with information
on the value of true zero. This means that the data has no value point. Central tendency
can be measured by mode, median, or mean and measures of dispersion, such as
standard deviation.
Examples:
• Height
• Weight
6. How are the different types of data are used in excel?
Data types in excel are used in four major categories. Namely numbers, strings, date
and boolean. Numbers refer to integers or decimals. Strings on the other hand refer to
non-numerical data. Date simply means the date which could also include time and
boolean refers to the value true or false. Excel is programmed in a way that these data
will not be mixed with one another. For example, if an argument in a cell is a formula
which includes both a number and a string, the result would be an error. So these data
must be segregated properly for them to be measured properly.
