Calculus and Vectors 12 McGraw-Hill Ryerson

Preface
Chapter 1 Rates of Change
Prerequisite Skills
1.1 Rates of Change and the Slope of a Curve
1.2 Rates of Change Using Equations
1.3 Limits
1.4 Limits and Continuity
1.5 Introduction to Derivatives
Extension: Use a Computer Algebra System to Determine Derivatives Review
Practice Test
Task: The Water Skier: Where’s the Dock?
Chapter 2 Derivatives
Prerequisite Skills
2.1 Derivative of a Polynomial Function Extension: Problem Solving With a Computer
Algebra System
2.2 The Product Rule
2.3 Velocity, Acceleration, and Second Derivatives 2.4 The Chain Rule
2.5 Derivatives of Quotients
Extension: The Quotient Rule
2.6 Rate of Change Problems
Review
Practice Test
Task: The Disappearing Lollipop
Chapter 3 Curve Sketching
Prerequisite Skills
3.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
3.2 Maxima and Minima
3.3 Concavity and the Second Derivative Test 3.4 Simple Rational Functions
3.5 Putting It All Together
3.6 Optimization Problems
Review
Practice Test
Chapters 1 to 3 Review
Task: An Intense Source of Light
Chapter 4 Derivatives of Sinusoidal Functions
Prerequisite Skills
4.1 Instantaneous Rates of Change of Sinusoidal Functions
4.2 Derivatives of the Sine and Cosine Functions
4.3 Differentiation Rules for Sinusoidal Functions
4.4 Applications of Sinusoidal Functions and Their Derivatives Review
Practice Test
Task: Double Ferris Wheel
Chapter 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prerequisite Skills
5.1 Rates of Change and the Number e
5.2 The Natural Logarithm
5.3 Derivatives of Exponential Functions
5.4 Differentiation Rules for Exponential Functions 5.5 Making Connections: Exponential
Models Review
Practice Test
Chapters 4 and 5 Review
Task: Headache Relief? Be Careful!
Chapter 6 Geometric Vectors
Prerequisite Skills
6.1 Introduction to Vectors
6.2 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
6.3 Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
6.4 Applications of Vector Addition
6.5 Resolution of Vectors Into Rectangular Components Review
Practice Test
Task: Taxi Cab Vectors
Chapter 7 Cartesian Vectors
Prerequisite Skills
7.1 Cartesian Vectors
7.2 Dot Product
7.3 Applications of the Dot Product
7.4 Vectors in Three-Space
7.5 The Cross Product and Its Properties
7.6 Applications of the Dot Product and Cross Product Review
Practice Test
Task: The Cube Puzzle
Chapter 8 Lines and Planes

Prerequisite Skills
8.1 Equations of Lines in Two-Space and Three-Space 8.2 Equations of Planes
8.3 Properties of Planes
8.4 Intersections of Lines in Two-Space and Three-Space 8.5 Intersections of Lines and
Planes
8.6 Intersections of Planes
Extension: Solve Systems of Equations Using Matrices Review
Practice Test
Chapters 6 to 8 Review
Task: Simulating 3-D Motion on a Television Screen Chapters 1 to 8 Course Review
Prerequisite Skills Appendix Technology Appendix Answers
Glossary
Index Credits

Chapter 1
Rates of Change
Our world is in a constant state of change. Understanding the
nature of change and the rate at which it takes place enables
us to make important predictions and decisions. For example,
climatologists monitoring a hurricane measure atmospheric
pressure, humidity, wind patterns, and ocean temperatures.
These variables affect the severity of the storm. Calculus plays
a significant role in predicting the storm’s development as these
variables change. Similarly, calculus is used to analyse change in
many other fields, from the physical, social, and medical sciences to business and
economics.
By the end of this chapter, you will
describe examples of real-world applications of rates of change, represented in a variety of
ways
describe connections between the average rate of change of a function that is smooth over
an interval and the slope of the corresponding secant, and between the instantaneous rate
of change of a smooth function at a point and the slope of the tangent at that point
make connections, with or without graphing technology, between an approximate value of
the instantaneous rate of change at a given point on the graph of a smooth function and
average rate of change over intervals containing the point recognize, through investigation
with or without technology, graphical and numerical examples of limits, and explain the
reasoning involved
make connections, for a function that is smooth over the interval a􏰀x􏰀a􏰁h, between the
average rate of change of the function over
this interval and the value of the expression
f(a􏰁h)􏰂f(a)
h , and between the instantaneous
rate of change of the function at x 􏰃 a and the value of the limit lim f(a􏰁h)􏰂f(a)
h→ 0 h
compare, through investigation, the calculation
of instantaneous rate of change at a point
(a, f (a)) for polynomial functions, with and without
simplifying the expression f(a􏰁h)􏰂f(a) before h
substituting values of h that approach zero
generate, through investigation using technology, a table of values showing the
instantaneous
rate of change of a polynomial function, f (x),
for various values of x, graph the ordered pairs, recognize that the graph represents a
function
called the derivative, f ′(x) or dy , and make dx
connections between the graphs of f (x) and f ′( x ) or y and dy
dx
determine the derivatives of polynomial functions by simplifying the algebraic expression
f(x􏰁h)􏰂f(x) and then taking the limit of the h
simplified expression as h approaches zero
1

Prerequisite
Skills
First Differences
1. Complete the following table for the function y􏰃x2 􏰁3x􏰁5.
a) What do you notice about the first differences?
b) Does this tell you anything about the shape of the curve?
Expanding Binomials
5. Use Pascal’s triangle to expand each binomial.
a) (a􏰁b)2 d) (a􏰁b)4
Factoring
6. Factor.
a) 2x2􏰂x􏰂1
c) x3􏰂1
e) x2􏰂2x􏰂4
b) (a􏰁b)3 e) (a􏰂b)5
c) (a􏰂b)3 f) (a􏰁b)5
b) 6x2 􏰁17x􏰁5 d) 2x4􏰁7x3􏰁3x2 f) t3􏰁2t2􏰂3t
Factoring Difference Powers
7. Use the pattern in the first row to complete the table for each difference of powers.
Slope of a Line
2. Determine the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
a) (􏰂2, 3) and (4, 1) b) (3, 􏰂7) and (0, 􏰂1) c) (5, 1) and (0, 0) d) (0, 4) and (􏰂9, 4)
Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a Line
3. Rewrite each equation in slope-intercept form. State the slope and y-intercept for each.
Expanding Difference of Squares
8. Expand and simplify each difference of squares. a) ( x􏰂 2)( x􏰁 2)
b) ( x􏰁1􏰂 x)( x􏰁1􏰁 x)
c) ( x􏰁1􏰂 x􏰂1)( x􏰁1􏰁 x􏰂1)
d) ( 3(x􏰁h)􏰂 3x)( 3(x􏰁h)􏰁 3x) Simplifying Rational Expressions
a) 2x􏰂4y􏰃7
c) 􏰂18x􏰃9y􏰁10
b) 5x􏰁3y􏰂1􏰃0 d) 5y􏰃7x􏰁2
4. Write the slope-intercept form of the equations of lines that meet the following
conditions.
a) The slope is 5 and the y-intercept is 3.
b) The line passes through the points (􏰂5, 3)
and (1, 1).
c) The slope is 􏰂2 and the point (4, 7) is on the line.
d) The line passes through the points (3, 0) and (2, 􏰂1).
9. Simplify.
a) 1 􏰂1
2􏰁h 2
b) 1 􏰂1 x􏰁h x
1􏰂1 c)1􏰂1 d)x􏰁hx
2 MHR • CalculusandVectors • Chapter1
(x􏰁h)2 x2 h
x
􏰂4
y
First Difference
􏰂3
􏰂2
 􏰂1
0
1
2
Difference of Powers
Factored Form
a) an􏰂bn
(a 􏰂 b)(an􏰂1 􏰁 an􏰂2b 􏰁 an􏰂3b2 􏰁 ... 􏰁 a2bn􏰂3 􏰁 abn􏰂2 􏰁 bn􏰂1)
b) a2􏰂b2
c)
(a􏰂b)(a2􏰁ab􏰁b2)
d) a4􏰂b4
e) a5􏰂b5
f) (x􏰁h)n􏰂xn

Function Notation
10. Determine the points (􏰂2, f (􏰂2)) and (3, f (3)) for each given function.
a) f(x)􏰃3x􏰁12
b) f(x)􏰃􏰂5x2􏰁2x􏰁1 c) f(x)􏰃2x3􏰂7x2􏰁3
11. For each function, determine f(3􏰁h) in simplified form.
a) f(x)􏰃6x􏰂2
b) f(x)􏰃3x2􏰁5x c) f(x)􏰃2x3􏰂7x2
12. For each function, determine f (2 􏰁 h) 􏰂 f (2)
h
in simplified form.
a) f(x)􏰃6x b) f(x)􏰃2x3
c) f(x)􏰃 1 d) f(x)􏰃􏰂4 xx
Domain of a Function
13. State the domain of each function.
Representing Intervals
14. An interval can be represented in several ways. Complete the missing information in the
following table.
Interval Notation
Inequality
Number Line
(􏰂3, 5)
􏰂3􏰀x􏰀5
􏰂3􏰀x􏰄5
􏰂30 5
(􏰂3, 5]
􏰂30 5
[􏰂3, ∞)
x􏰄5
x􏰀5
(􏰂∞, ∞)
􏰌
a) f(x)􏰃3􏰂5x
c) Q(x)􏰃x4􏰂x2􏰁4x
e)y􏰃 x2 x2􏰁x􏰂6
f) D(x)􏰃 x􏰁 9􏰂x
PROBLEM
b) y􏰃8􏰁x
8􏰂x x2􏰂4
d) y􏰃 x
c)y􏰃x􏰁2
d) y􏰃0.5x2􏰁1
Graphing Functions Using Technology
15. Use a graphing calculator to graph each function. State the domain and range of each
using set notation.
a) y 􏰃 􏰂5x3 b)y􏰃x
Alicia is considering a career as either a demographer or a climatologist. Demographers
study changes in human populations with respect to births, deaths, migration, education
level, employment, and income. Climatologists study both the short-term and long-term
effects of change in climatic conditions. How are the concepts of average rate of change and
instantaneous rate of change used in these two professions to analyse data, solve problems,
and make predictions?
PrerequisiteSkills • MHR 3