2.2.7 Statistical Tool Employed For Analysis: Percentage Method

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2.2.

7 STATISTICAL TOOL EMPLOYED FOR ANALYSIS

 Percentage method
 Chi-square test
 Weighted average
 Rank Correlation
 One Way ANOVA

PERCENTAGE METHOD:

In this project Percentage method test was used. The following are the formula

No of Respondent

Percentage of Respondent = x 100

Total no. Of Respondents

CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS:

In this project chi-square test was used. This is an analysis of technique, which
analyzed the stated data in the project. It analysis the assumed data and calculated in the
study. The Chi-square test is an important test amongst the several tests of significant
developed by statistical. Chi-square, symbolically written as x2 (Pronounce as Ki-Spare), is a
statistical measure used in the context of sampling analysis for comparing a variance to a
theoretical variance.

Formula,

(O-E) 2
c2 =
E

O = Observed frequency

E = Expected frequency
Chi-square analysis in statistics is to test the goodness of fit to verify the distribution
of observed data with assumed theoretical distribution. Therefore it is a measure to study the
divergence of actual and expected frequencies.

The formula for computing chi-square is as follows.

Chi-square = ∑ {(O-E)2 / E}

The calculated value of chi-square is compared with the table of chi-square for the
given degrees of freedom at the specified level of significance. If the calculated value is
greater than the tabulated value then the difference between the observed frequency and the
expected frequency are significant. The degrees of freedom is (n-2) where ‘n’ is number of
observed frequencies and in case of contingency table the degrees of freedom is (C-1) (R-1)
where C is number of columns and R is number of rows.

WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD

 Weighted average can be defined as an average whose component items are


multiplied by certain values (weights) and the aggregate of the products are
divided by the total of weights.
 One of the limitations of simple arithmetic mean is that it gives equal importance
to all the items of the distribution.
 In certain cases relative importance of all the items in the distribution is not the
same. Where the importance of the items varies.
 It is essential to allocate weight applied but may vary in different cases. Thus
weight age is a number standing for the relative importance of the items.

Weighted average method is a simple way of calculation, the result is summed and the
total divided by sum of weights. It is an average in which each quantity to be averaged
allocate a weight .It can be characterized as an middling whose element items are multiplied
by firm values (weights) and the gather of the yield are divided by the total of weights.

The formula for computing weighted arithmetic mean is Xw= ΣWX/ΣW


Here

XW represents the weighted average

“X1, X2, X3……..Xn” represents the value for variable values

“W1, W2, W3……..Wn” represents the weightage give to the variable.

Steps:-

 Multiply the weights (W) by the variables (x) to obtain WX


 Add all WX to obtain ∑WX
 Divide WX by sum of the weights (∑X) to get weighted average.

CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Correlation Analysis is a statistical technique used to measure the magnitude


of linear relationship between two variables. Correlation Analysis is not used in isolation to
describe the relationship between variables. To analyze the relation between two variables,
two prominent correlation coefficient are used –the Pearson product correlation coefficient
and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient .

In this study the Pearson product correlation coefficient is used to find the
correlation coefficient between respondents awareness level at the time of joining with
employees participation in suggestion scheme & respondents awareness level at present and
the counseling. This is also known as simple correlation coefficient and is denoted by “r”.The
“r” value ranges from -1, through 0, to +1.It is calculated using the formula

r = ∑ xy / √∑ x2.∑ y2

4.5.5 Regression

The Regression analysis deals with the nature of association between two or
more variables. In regression analysis we are concerned with the estimation of one variable
for a given value of another variable on the basis of an average mathematical relationship
between the two variables.

Y= a + bX
RANK CORRELATION

Pearson’s correlation coefficient measures an accurate degree of correlation between


two variables. Two variables tend to correlate when the change in value of one variable
causes corresponding change in the value of the other variable.

6 ∑ d 2i
Sperman’s coefficient of correlation = 1−
[ 2
n (n −1) ]
Where

d = differences between ranks of corresponding x and y

x = number of pairs of values (x, y) in the data

The above equation is called as the SPEARMAN'S FORMULA FOR RANK


CORRELATION.

ONE -WAY ANOVA

The basic principle of ANOVA is to test for difference among the means of the
populations by examining the amount of variation within the each of these samples, relative
to the amount of variation between the samples. In One-way ANOVA only one factor is
considered and then observe that the reason for said factor to be important is several possible
types of samples can occur within that factor.

In short, we have to make two estimates of population variance viz., one based on
between samples variance and based on within samples variance. Then said two estimates of
population variance are compared with F-test, wherein we work out.

Estimate of population variance based on between sample variance


F =
Estimate of population variance based on within samples variance
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study.
They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. Together with simple
graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data.
Descriptive statistics are brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set, which
can be either a representation of the entire or a sample of a population.

Measures of central tendency include the mean, median, and mode, while measures of
variability include the standard deviation, variance, the minimum and maximum variables.

Descriptive statistics are broken down into measures of central tendency and
measures of variability

 Mean
 Median

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