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Standard Test Method for

Adhesion and Cohesion of Elastomeric Joint Sealants
Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman Cycle)1,2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C719; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method

1.1 This test method is an accelerated laboratory procedure 4.1 This test method consists of subjecting standard joint
for evaluating the performance of a building sealant in a test specimens to a series of treatments as follows: (a) immersion
configuration that is subjected to water immersion, cyclic in water for seven days; (b) exposure in an oven for seven days
movement, and temperature change.3 while under compression; (c) automatic compression and
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded extension cycling at room temperature at a specified rate and
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical amount of joint movement; and (d) alternate compression and
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only extension of the joint at high and low temperatures,
and are not considered standard. respectively, under specified conditions described herein.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.2 The effects of the test shall be evaluated by visual
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the inspection for cohesive and adhesive failures, sealant
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- deformation, and bubble formation within the sealant.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.3 This test method is applicable to any joint movement.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. The most common test movements are 612.5 and 625 % as
used in the examples.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:4
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates 5.1 The failure of a building sealant in an active joint is
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of usually manifested by cohesive failure in the sealant or
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube adhesive failure between the sealant and the substrate, or both.
Specimens) The method described in this test method relates only to the
C150 Specification for Portland Cement performance of the sealant when properly installed with
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants recommended primers, and does not evaluate sealant failures
caused by improper joint design, excessive joint movement,
3. Terminology improper application practices, and other factors known to
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test cause sealant failure in buildings and building areas.
method, refer to Terminology C717. 6. Apparatus
6.1 Compression-Extension Machine,5designed to automati-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C24 on Building cally compress the joint width of the test specimen from 0.500
Seals and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.30 on in. (12.7 mm) to the minimum dimension desired (Table 1,
Adhesion.
Current edition approved July 15, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally
5
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C719 – 13. DOI: Series 520 Sealing Compound Tester, manufactured by Applied Test Systems
10.1520/C0719-14. Inc., 348 New Castle Rd., Butler, PA 16001, and a durability tester manufactured by
2
This test method is also known as the Hockman Cycle in recognition of Arthur Ambard, Inc., 269-11 81st Ave., New Hyde Park, NY 11040, have been found
Hockman who originated the method at the National Bureau of Standards. suitable for this purpose (Fig. 1(a)). For extension of the joint at cold temperature,
3
Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Request the machine may be designed for extension only (Fig. 3).
RR:C24-1013. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or is Applied Test Systems Inc. and Ambard Inc. If you are aware of alternative
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
the ASTM website. technical committee 1, which you may attend.

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 C719 − 14
TABLE 1 Examples of Dimensions in Compression and 7.1.1 Mortar Block— Prepare cement mortar blocks, each 3
Extension by 1 by 1 in. (75 by 25 by 25 mm) in size, using one part of
Dimension high early strength portland cement conforming to Type III of
Class C—Width of Joint in E—Width of Joint in
Compression, in. (mm) Extension, in. (mm)
Specification C150 to two parts by weight of clean uniformly
12.5 0.438 (11.1) 0.563 (14.3) graded, concrete fine aggregate (sand) conforming to Specifi-
25 0.375 (9.5) 0.625 (15.9) cation C33. Use sufficient water to produce a flow of 100 6 5
35 0.325 (8.3) 0.675 (17.1)
50 0.250 (6.4) 0.750 (19.1) % when tested in accordance with the procedure for the
50/100 0.250 (6.4) 1.000 (25.4) determination of consistency of cement mortar described in
Test Method C109/C109M. After curing one day in moist air
and six days in saturated lime water at 73 6 3°F (23 6 2°C),
prepare the surface of one face, 1 by 3 in. (25 by 75 mm), of
Column C) and extend the specimen from 0.500 in. to the each block by wet grinding either with a belt sander using No.
maximum extension desired (Table 1, Column E) at a constant 60 aluminum carbide sanding belt or using an iron lap with No.
rate of 1⁄8 in./h (3.2 mm/h). The machine shall be equipped with 60 silicon carbide (or aluminum oxide) grain until the aggre-
grips of sufficient strength to withstand, without bending, the gate is uniformly exposed. Return blocks to saturated lime
resistance of high tensile strength sealants (see Figs. 1-3). water storage until needed.
6.2 Cold Box or Chamber, maintained at −15 6 3°F (−26.1 7.1.1.1 Blocks may be prepared and shipped to other loca-
6 1.7°C). tions for use. The blocks may be shipped dry and shall be
returned to lime water storage on arrival until needed.
6.3 Forced-Draft Oven, controlled at 158 6 3.6°F (70 6 7.1.1.2 Prior to use, wet grind the previously ground face to
2°C). remove any laitance, rinse thoroughly under running tap water
6.4 C-clamps, or other device for maintaining the specimen and dry the blocks overnight at 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C).
under compression. Clean the blocks of film or powder by vigorous brushing with
6.5 Spacer Blocks. a stiff-bristled fiber brush. Condition the blocks at standard
conditions for not less than one day and not more than seven
6.6 Room or Chamber, maintained at standard conditions as days.
noted in Terminology C717. 7.1.2 Float Glass— Glass plates shall be 3 by 1 by 1⁄4 in.
(76.2 by 25.4 by 6.4 mm) clear float glass. Prior to use, the
7. Test Specimens glass shall be cleaned by wiping the surface with methyl ethyl
7.1 The standard substrate used in the test shall be portland ketone or similar solvent. Then dip the surface in a detergent
cement mortar, float glass, and aluminum alloy. solution. This should be a 0.04 % solution of an alcohol ethoxy
NOTE 1—When requested, only one or two of the standard materials
may be tested with the sample. Likewise other substrates such as brick,
marble, wood, etc., may be specified by the purchaser in place of or in
addition to the standard substrate for test with the sealant sample.

FIG. 1 Compression-Extension Machine

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 C719 − 14

FIG. 2 Compression-Extension Machine with Control Unit

FIG. 3 Top View of Machine in Fig. 2 Showing Three Specimens Ready for Automatic Cycling

sulfate.6 An alternative would be a 0.1 % solution of a clear touching it) in distilled or deionized water and allow it to air
hand dishwashing detergent.7 These solutions should be made dry. The float glass requires reinforcement to survive the rigors
up in distilled or deionized water. Rinse the surface (without of the subsequent testing procedures. This must be done prior
to the compression-extension cycling performed in 9.4. Rein-
6
Neodol 25-35, a registered trademark of Shell Oil Co., One Shell Plaza, forcement is provided by adhering 3 by 1 by 1⁄4 in. (76.2 by
Houston, TX 77002, has been found suitable for this purpose. 25.4 by 6.4 mm) aluminum plates to the two outside surfaces
7
Dawn, a registered trademark of Proctor & Gamble Co., P.O. Box 599, of the formed test specimen. Any adhesive may be used.
Cincinnati, OH 54201, or Palmolive Green, a registered trademark of Colgate
Palmolive Co., 300-T Park Ave., New York, NY 10022 have been found suitable for Commercially available two part epoxies have been found
this purpose. suitable. Although the time of reinforcement is not critical,

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 C719 − 14
application of the aluminum plates to the glass before prepar- a bead of sealant 1⁄2 by 1⁄2 by 2 in. (12.7 by 12.7 by 50.8 mm)
ing the test specimens has been found convenient. between parallel 1 by 3-in. (25.4 by 76.2 mm) faces of similar

FIG. 4 A Motor-Driven Machine That Can be Used for Extension of Specimens at − 15°F (−26.11°C)

7.1.3 Aluminum—The aluminum plates shall be 3 by 1 by blocks or plates (Fig. 5(a),Fig. 5(b), andFig. 5(c)). Use appro-
⁄ in. (76.2 by 25.4 by 6.4 mm) aluminum alloy, 6063-T5, or
14 priate spacer blocks to form the proper size of the bead. Apply
6061-T6 with anodizing process AA-M10C22A31. Prior to polyethylene adhesive tape or any other suitable inert release
use, the aluminum (and other metallic substrates, when speci- agent to the inside surfaces of the spacers to prevent adhesion
fied) shall be cleaned as specified for float glass (7.1.2) (Notes of the spacers to the sealant after cure. Use adhesive tape,
2 and 3). rubber bands, or clamps to hold the test assembly together
before and after filling it with the compound. In the case of a
NOTE 2—Methyl ethyl ketone and similar solvents are both toxic and
flammable and should be handled with caution in a well ventilated hood. pourable-type compound, use masking or any other suitable
NOTE 3—At the request of the sealant producer, the detergent cleaning tape to retain the compound.
step shall be omitted. 7.3.3 Single-Component Sealants——Prepare three test
7.2 Primers—Where use of primer is recommended by the specimens as described in 7.3.2 except that no mixing of
sealant manufacturer, substrate materials shall be primed with components is required. Condition the sealed cartridge or bulk
the recommended primer or primers. container at standard conditions at least 24 h before use.
7.3 Preparation of Test Specimens: 8. Conditioning
7.3.1 Standard conditions of temperature and relative hu-
midity used throughout this test method are defined in Termi- 8.1 Cure specimens made with multicomponent sealants for
nology C717. 14 days at standard conditions. During the second week of the
7.3.2 Multicomponent Sealants—Prepare three test speci- curing period, make attempts to free the compound from the
mens for each substrate that is to be used in the test. After spacer blocks at the ends and bottom without damaging the
maintaining the unopened sample for at least 24 h at standard sealant bead.
conditions, mix thoroughly for 5 min at least 250 g of base 8.2 Cure specimens made with single-component sealants
compound with the appropriate amount of curing agent. Apply for a total of 21 days as follows: (a) seven days at standard

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Test specimens:
(a) Prepared specimen before placement of sealant, (b) Sealant with spacers removed, (c) Sealant between mortar blocks, (d) Sealant in the compressed state during
heat treatment, (e) Sealant in the extended state.
FIG. 5 Test Specimen for Class 25 and Class 12.5 Sealants

conditions; (b) seven days at 100 6 3.6°F (37.8 6 2°C) and

95 % relative humidity; and (c) seven days at standard condi-
tions (Note 4). Separate the spacer blocks from the sealant as
soon as practical during the curing period without damaging
the sealant.
NOTE 4—The producer may request conditions other than those
specified in 8.2 for the curing period of single-component sealants
provided they meet the following requirements: (1) The curing period
shall extend for 21 days; and (2) The temperature during the curing period
shall not exceed 122°F (50°C).

9. Procedure
9.1 Immediately following the curing period allow the NOTE 1—Use longer screw for concrete substrate.
specimens to cool to standard temperature if higher tempera- FIG. 6 Oven Compression Apparatus
ture cure conditions were used. Remove spacers and proceed as
follows:
that has been suitable for the oven compression of the
9.2 Immerse the specimens in distilled or deionized water specimens. It is comprised of two steel members (X and Z) and
for seven days. bolts (W) that hold and compress the test specimens. The
9.3 Following immersion, hand flex each specimen twice, members may be 3 in. high for convenience and sufficiently
about 60° to check the bond. If the bond is still firm, compress long to accommodate multiple specimens. They should be
the specimens to the minimum desired dimension such as given lined with felt, cork, or other material to provide a cushioned
under Column C, Table 1 (Dimension C) for the class under surface. Two long rods (Y) of square cross section (Dimension
test. A c-clamp and spacer bars (Fig. 5(d)) or other adequate C) are used to control the compression of the specimens.
device may be used for compression. Fig. 6 shows an apparatus Where substrates of uneven dimensions are used, individual

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 C719 − 14
spacers may be required. Place the compressed specimens in place to achieve standard temperature. Examine the specimens
the 158°F (70°C) oven for seven days. for adhesive or cohesive failure and deformation.
9.4 After the oven treatment, remove the clamps and allow 9.8 Repeat the compression-extension cycles described in
the specimens to cool to standard temperature. Within 24 h of 9.6 and 9.7 for a total of ten cycles. If complete adhesive or
removal from the oven, place the specimens in the cohesive failure occurs before the tenth cycle, the test is
compression-extension machine. Subject the specimens to ten considered complete.
cycles of joint movement at standard conditions, as follows: (a) 10. Report
compression from the original 1⁄2-in. (12.7 mm) width to 10.1 Report the following information:
Dimension C, followed by (b) extension to Dimension E, and 10.1.1 Name of the sealant producer, type of sealant and
(c) compression again to 1⁄2 in. The rate of compression and identifying number,
extension shall be 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm)/h. 10.1.2 Percentage of cyclic movement,
9.5 At the completion of ten cycles, extend the width of the 10.1.3 Substrates used, and method of cleaning used on
joint in the specimens by hand crank to Dimension E, insert each substrate,
spacer blocks, remove the specimens from the machine, and 10.1.4 Name and description of primers used, if any,
examine them for bond or cohesive failure Fig. 5(e)). Remove 10.1.5 Nature of test effects observed, such as amount of
any specimens showing complete adhesive or cohesive sepa- adhesive or cohesive failure, deformation, bubbles, or other
ration at this stage. characteristics,
10.1.6 Description of and reasons for any variations from
9.6 Compress the width of the joint in the remaining the test procedure, and
specimens to Dimension C with a c-clamp and spacers or other 10.1.7 Statement of time, temperature, and humidity used to
suitable device and, while compressed, place them in the oven achieve cure (describe the cure cycle).
for 16 to 20 h at 158 6 3.6°F (70 6 2°C).
11. Precision and Bias
9.7 Remove the specimens from the oven. Allow them to 11.1 Inadequate precision and bias data are presently avail-
cool for 2 to 3 h with the clamps and spacers removed to able. The precision and bias of this test method is currently
achieve standard temperature. Place them in the extension undergoing round-robin testing by members of Committee
machine within the cold box or chamber maintained at −15 6 C24. Earlier round-robin testing of a similar procedure per-
3°F (−26.1 6 1.7°C). With the specimen grips set at Dimension formed by members of the Adhesives and Sealants Council
C wide and regardless of the amount of recovery of the sealant indicates the test method is capable of discriminating between
after compression, extend the joint width of the specimens to a Class 12.5 and a Class 25 sealant.
Dimension E at the rate of 1⁄8 in. (3.18 mm)/h, while they are
being cooled down to −15 6 3°F (26.1 6 1.7°C). On 12. Keywords
completion of the extension, insert blocks, remove the 12.1 adhesion; cohesion; cyclic movement; elastomeric
specimens, and allow them to warm for 2 h with blocks in joint sealant; Hockman cycle

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