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FOCUS MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY (MELC)

This module presents a systematic program of study intended for SHS students who are enrolled in
Statistics and Probability. At the end of the course, the students must know how to find the mean and variance
of a random variable, to apply sampling techniques and distributions, to estimate population mean and
proportion, to perform hypothesis testing on population mean and proportion, and to perform correlation and
regression analyses on real-life problems.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

 identify regions under the normal curve; and

 convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa;


MODULE CONTENTS
I. Discussion of the Concepts
Chapter 2 – Normal Distribution
Lesson 1: Identifying Regions of Areas Under The Normal Curve
Lesson 2: Determining Probabilities

II. Exercises Worksheets/Assessment (to be submitted)

III. Analysis Questions

NOTE: Please detach the ‘Exercises Worksheets’ and that will be the one to submitted on the
scheduled submission. The rest of the module will be yours for study and reference purposes.

Chapter 2. Random Variables and Probability Distribution Week No.: __3__ Day: 1_

Lesson 1. Identifying Regions of Areas Under The Normal Curve

Objectives: TLO (Topic Learning Outcomes)

I will be able to
 identify regions under the normal curve; and
 convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa;

I. DISCUSSION OF THE CONCEPTS

This point in time, it is expected that you already have mastered the skill in determining the area under
the normal curve that corresponds to a given z-value using the z-Table. The area you just learned also
indicates the probability/percentage/proportion of the given distribution between any two specific z-values
under the curve. This time, you will try to find the area of the regions between any two specific z-values under
the normal curve.

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Illustration 1.
Find the area of the region between z= 1 and z = 3.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point z = 1 indicates
the area from z = 0 to z = 1. Using the z-Table, it has corresponding
area of 0.3413.

So with z = 3, it describes the area of the region from z = 0 to z = 3,

with corresponding area of 0.4987 (using the zTable).

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the given two z-values (red
line).

In doing so, we need to subtract the area that corresponds to z = 3 to the area that corresponds to z =
1. Thus, we have 0.4987 – 0.3413 = 0.1574 Therefore, the area between z = 1 and z = 3 is 0.1574.

Illustration 2.
Find the area of the region between z = 1 and z =-1.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point z = 1 indicates
the area from z = 0 to z = 1. Using the z-Table, it has corresponding
area of 0.3413.

So with z = -1, it describes the area of the region from z = 0 to z

= -1, with corresponding area of 0.3413 (using the zTable). z = 1 has
the same area with z= -1 since the curve is symmetrical about the
mean. Therefore, finding the area of z = 1 is the same as finding the
area of z = -1. The negative sign indicates only the location of the z-
value under the curve. Because it is a negative, it is located at the left
side of the curve.

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region
between the given two z-values (red line).

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 In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 1 to the area that corresponds to z = -1.
Thus, we have 0.3413 + 0.3413 = 0.6826 Therefore, the area between z = 1 and z = -1 is 0.6826.

Illustration 3.
Find the area of the region between z = 2 and z = - 1.5.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point z = 2 indicates
the area from z = 0 to z = 2. Using the z-Table, it has corresponding
area of 0.4772.

So with z = -1.5, it describes the area of the region from z = 0 to

z = -1.5, with corresponding area of 0.4332(using the z-Table).

z = 1.5 has the same area with z= -1.5 since the curve is
symmetrical about the mean. Therefore, finding the area of z = -1.5 is
the same as finding the area of z = 1.5. The negative sign indicates only the location of the z-value under the
curve. Because it is a negative, it is located at the left side of the curve.

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region
between the given two z-values (red line).
In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 2 to the
area that corresponds to z = -1.5. Thus, we have
0.4772 + 0.4332= 0.9104
Therefore, the area between z = 2 and z = -1.5 is 0.9104.

--END OF LESSON 1--

Chapter 2. Normal Distribution Week No.: __3__ Day: 2_

Lesson 2. Determining Probabilities

Objectives: TLO (Topic Learning Outcomes)

I will be able to
 convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa; and
 compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table;

I. DISCUSSION OF THE CONCEPTS

Mathematicians are not fond of lengthy expressions. They use denotations, notations or symbols
instead.
Probability notations are commonly used to express a lengthy idea into symbols concerning the
normal curve. The following are the most common probability notations used in studying concepts on the
normal curve.

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 1. P(a < z < b) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z value is between
a and b
2. P(z> a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is above a
3. P(z< a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is below a
where a and b are z-score values.
4. P(z = a) = 0 this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is equal to
a is 0. This notation indicates that a z-value is equal to exactly one point on the curve. With that
single point, a line can be drawn signifying the probability can be below or above it. That is why,
for a z-value to be exactly equal to a value its probability is equal to 0.

Let us familiarize some of the terms involved in using notations

With all these in mind, you are now ready to solve for the proportion of the area specified z-score value.

Illustration 1
Find the proportion of the area between z = 2 and z = 3.
STEPS SOLUTION
Draw a normal curve. Locate the required z-values.
Shade the required region.

Locate from the z-Table the corresponding areas of z = 2 has a corresponding area of 0.4772
the given z values. z = 3 has a corresponding area of 0.4987
With the graph, decide on what operation will be With the given graph, the operation to be used is
used to identify the proportion of the area of the subtraction.
region. Use probability notation to avoid lengthy P(2 < z <3) = 0.4987 – 0.4772 = 0.0215
expressions.
Make a concluding statement. The required area between z = 2 and z = 3 is
0.0215.

Illustration 2
Find the proportion of the area below z = 1.
STEPS SOLUTION

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 Draw a normal curve. Locate the required z-values.
Shade the required region.

Locate from the z-Table the corresponding areas of z = 1 has a corresponding area of 0.3413.
the given z values. This area signifies only from z = 0 to z = 1.
With the graph, decide on what operation will be With the given graph, the operation to be used is
used to identify the proportion of the area of the addition.
region. Use probability notation to avoid lengthy
expressions.
P(z < 1) = 0.5000+ 0.3413 = 0.8413

This is so because the area of the region from z

= 0 to its left is 0.5 since it represents half of the
normal curve.
With the property that the curve has area equal
to 1, therefore half of its area signifies 0.5000 or
0.5.
Make a concluding statement. The required area below z = 1 is 0.8413.

Illustration 3
Find the area that the z-value is exactly equal to 1.
STEPS SOLUTION
Draw a normal curve. Locate the required z-values.
Shade the required region.

With the graph, decide on what operation will be With the given graph, there is no need to decide on
used to identify the proportion of the area of the what operation to be used since as defined, if a z-
region. Use probability notation to avoid lengthy value is equal to exactly one number then its
expressions. probability or the proportion of the area of the region
is automatically 0.
P(z = 1) = 0
Make a concluding statement. The required area at z = 1 is 0.

--END OF LESSON 2--

Module 3 in Statistics and Probability

II. EXERCISES/ASSESSMENT WORKSHEETS (this must be detached to be submitted)

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